clastres - society against the state - essays in political anthropology.pdf

8/10/2019 Clastres - Society Against the State - Essays in Political Anthropology.pdf

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Ctt

Copeicus and the Savags

Exchge and Power: Philosophy of the Indian Chieftainship 2

Indepenece and Eogamy 4

Eleents of Aerindian Deograph

The Bo and the Basket

What Makes Idians Laug 2

e Duv to Speak 5

Pophets in the jugle 5

Of the One Without the , ny

Of ture in riitive Societies

Societ Aganst the State


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Cperus d the Svges

Sm s Ss h a

n h gwn n b

hs s "] shu hnk

"he s He k hmsf

h hm" Mng

a seious questios egadig powe be aske? A faget of

Bn G E begs : Iasmu as iall ages, as log as

makid has ex isted , te ave also bee uma eds la s

ommuiti s tibes, peop les, states, uhes, a always a geatumbe wo obey i ompaiso wit te sal umbe who

ommad i view, tefoe, oft e fat that obediee a s bee

ostpati d ad fosteed amog makd hiteto, oe ay

easoably suppose tat te eed fo it is ow iate i v yo ,

as akid

offm s wi gives te omad: Thou sal t

uodtioally do som tig uoditioal ly eai fom soe

tig; i shot, Tou Salt. Uoeed as he ofte is aboutth e tue d fals i i s saasm, ietse i h s way, oete

l ss , isolat s ad

auaely d s a e ld of eet io o e


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SOCE G S E S E

consigned o s pecu laive hough alone, bu whih or roughl

wo decades has been nrus d o ru sci nc researchA i ssue s he space o he p a whose cener p poses

isq s ions : ne w hemes new in social anhrpoog of a

growing number o s ud ie s Tha ehnolog so bla edl devel

oped an ineres in he po ical dimension o archai socieie s is

preerenial oj c aer al l is , as I shall r o show, somehing

no ali en o he ver prolem ai c o power I is, rh er, evidece

o a sponaneo us mo de, im manen o o ur cuur and hereorever radiional, o und rsanding he poliical r aons ha prol

rae i oh er soc s Bu h e lag s being compnsae for, he

dec c e made ood nv and descr p

io ns so ha one ma speak of a poliical anhro log, measure

is n ngs, and reec on he naure o ower, is source, and he

ransrmaions his or forces upon , e ending on he s o

soce in whi ch i s exercised I is an am b i ou s rojec , bu also a necessar sk , one accom

she n J apierre's subsana or, Essi su c Indcn

u pui piiquc I s an un er g a ore worh of

eres s nce hs boo asse mes a es d o n form

n concernng no s human scees b soca na

sc s s we o reovr, s ahor s a hiosoer hose n ro

o bear on he daa rove e moern d sc s

"ma s oc o og e no o

I s hn he qu es on o f c oer an , e s b

J e rre ass rs h eer s hman fac co rreso s

n v a necess heher nos from oogca rs

wheer n oer wors per s s b race n r s

'r n aur a cre e e a en

I. J \ lapicTc :a WI / jondccl ( p )(/hL, PubiC


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PER( u AD

E AAGE

inrmed discussion of latest work in anial iology a scus

sion no a al acadeic, athough prdicta n its oucoe the

answr s clear: "he crtical xamina ion ofacuired knedgergardig social pnomena aong aimals,

and

paricuar

rgardig

heir processes ofslegulaion, hashO\

us th asenc

of ay Crm, en eroic, of poliical pwer (p 212) By

carig this rrai, he auhor has scured his qury agais th

rs of exhausting i selfin that direcio

can theur to th

scences

ofculure an isory n order o xamin e "arcac

s f politica pOr in huan societies The houghts thatllow

r especially prmped by a rading of thse pages dvoted

o power aong he Saags

he range ofsocts

considered is impressi',\ide eough

o ispe any doubs the xacting reader mgh ave as o the ehaus

natur of h saming since th analyss s ase on eam

ps aen from Africa h hree Amricas he Sou Sea slands,

Sria, and so on srt, gven is gograpical ad ypoogcaarity,

a al but coplte anthogy of eer drece the prim

i orld ih or comparison wih the nonarcac horizn;

aer srving as heackground agans

whichoos

he shape

of poi ica pwer in ou culture

Imgh asily e thought that all thse dozens of socieies

ha comon

is the archasm ascried t them u tisis

a

ngaiv den as Lapierre points ut, esalished y h

asnceof\iting and

thsocalld susisce econmyThre-

r, arcaic socities can ir proundly aog thmsel's

re we

arer

rovd om he dreary repetitio that\oud

ain all Savages ga

Thus a inimum f er must be roduced ito this ui-

piciy o allow r comarison aong the uits that copse tThis is why Lapier! re or less accping the cassc cssica

ions proposed y :glSaxon an hropoogy, coceivsve ajor


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:T AGA T T TT

types: "statng achac scetes n wic pltcal pe is

stdeelped

s as t ave nally at tsewch exb .

alst n pl ca pwe, nne n the stct sense f te te

(p.

2 29 . P ve cu tues, theee, ae aangd n a ty pgy

basedn te geate lesse "quan y pltcal pwe eac

em aJds t seva n, tis quan y pw being capable

fappacng

ze: " ... se uangups, gin lving cndi

tns enablng the t subsst in sall clsed cie is, a

anaged t d withutpi ical pO\e (p.

25).

et eHect n the pinciple tselfftis classicatin.a

is tsc en? w

es ne dene he thing, psent in geat,

lesse quan i y, that akes it psse t assn ien pace t

a gienscie y?

n the\HJs, wat s eant, if nly pisn

alY, l pi ica pwe? Teuesin is undeniaby impan,

since tein eal pesed

tsepaae

scities i Ou pwe

m hse ith it ugt siuanusy t discs e ess

pwe and its basis. Nw, nwin

Lapie an)s, tir

thness ntwitstning, ne nt'

t impion

ein tn a eak, a icninuiy, a ra ia a tat

\H

nci

n te man rp m teir pr-ol il sgnat on,

\}dtran)rm

temnto

a ivilsoc e. DS t s

man tt

\Cn

societies\ h

a + n and ts \'it sin t n-

s

in i gradl, ontinous, andjuan tt

in nar? r sut as, t ry os bii ofasiying \ou nis

! e\TCn te t\O extrmes so t s \\ it a a nd sie

tis itut po te u appear an innit f int

d ae

degrs, ncivabytn ng ea p1ticua scit

nt

singeCS

t sytem

Morever, a similar ; is in o H

\ taxnmi scee of tis kin s knwdg bout1r

()ieis irs nde r fkres

insigl iO!Cjunty,

\eer \

ud cn nu t e

p and por, cntinuiy, i apearta

n cla n


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C O P E R C U S T E S V E S

of epiica societ ies can enlighen us eihe on the natue of powe

o he ci custaces o ts ade , so hat the id dl e ains

a

i s ysteyowe is ea ized wi th a typical social elation shi p: co

adobedience p

44. Fo hich t di ectly foll os that

societ ies hee this esseia elatioship is not obseved ae soci

eies ithout powe I i l eu to this idea . oth oting st

is he tadiioai s o a concep that u te fa thu l e pesses

he spiit of ehological iuiy: naely, the unues tioned conic

ion that politica powe is aifested i h n a el ation tha u iaely coes dow to coecio. On hi scoe he kiship is close

tha sees appaent beteen ietsche, a ebe state powe

as the onopoy of the legiiate use of io lenc e ) , ad conte

poay ethnoogy. And the i nc i thei especti e laguages

eas ess hath coo

poi t of d epatue: thetuh

ad

eaity of powe cosi st o f ioece; powe cannot be coceptu

ali ed apa o it s p ca : iolence. ehaps that ishow

thigs

eay ae, in hich cas ethology shoud ot be blamed uncit

caly acceptig what the \st has aays beli eved . ut th point

is tha s necessay to ascetan and efy on the teain ioed

hat

of achaic societie whethe, he thee is ne ithe coe

c o o io enc e, i t is po ssibe to speak of powe.

What ae the facs abou the nd as of A eic a I is konthat, wi th the e cepti o of the Highad cu lu es of ei co ,

Cena Aeica, and the Ades , a the India soc iet ies ae achaic :

he ae ignoa of wi tig adth y

ie , ecoo ica y speaking,o a subssence eel . Futhe, a , o alos a , ae

h a d by

eades, chiefs, and ths d cisi featue eits attention noe

of these caciues poss ss s ay powe Oe i scono d, h n,

b a vast costel laion o sociees i hich t he ho des o f haesewhee would be cal led poe ae actua y ithout powe; hee

the poitica is deteied as a doain beyod coecion ad

1


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C i JGAS

volc od hirarchical uorda io; hr

i a wor

o rla iosip ofcoadobdicis i[>.

his is th ajordiFrc of th dia

orld akg possl

to sak of h

mrica

tris as a hoogous univrs dspi th tr

divrsi of t clturs ovg thi t. hus accordig o

I aprrs cri rio th Nw Worl in s vir ual ir would

l i o th prpolitical sctor that is ito th ast group ofhs

tpoog which contais thos socits whr "oli ical powr

aproachs zro.Nohig of th sort is ru hOcLT sic th classica ion i

ustons

puctuat w h Amrcan amls. Idia soc is

aricludd

all th tps a w aog thm happ to lon

o th ast tp which norall ought tocon an

thm all. hs

nvovs

so misundrstandig sic on has a choic of two

thgs: r chiaiships wh powr ar Ud n so soci

tis .. chi wo o giving an ordr s t cutd or dos not xist. 0 dirct ld xrinc th ooraphs o

rarhr an h lt hrni n r doubt o

th cr: if hr somthn colt! n n I nn

th

in n orr r hvin t b ct undr

c crcumtanc ch rvi un mrt xon.

h Iri ar in h r c ln h

rcn ini? Cn th rat Cnc th u h

Ir ln " h il ruimnar r

ntt? Fr "th c cncrn th uncnn

h nr Ki 4 n "xiin W liJ

u". 44, thn

it cnno h h 50 chm

d

m th Iris r nci nitu a st.

nt t iic llinc i

iit

v Iritri.

r ti

icn i r rhsrlan t h c cntnt t

thcannt rv a a ol r mrca cs l it rpatd

2


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C O P E R C S E S V E S

thee i s o essentia ieece betee the I ouois sachem a

the eae o f the smaestoa

ba A i t shou bepoint

out that h th ouois co atio ighty aouses the nt stof speciai sts thee wee

att mpts

esehee ess otewothy

ecause they eespoaic a g tiba eague s by the upi

uaai of ai l an aaguay aong othes

he aoe maks ae iteed to poematie the tatoa

fo in hich the pobeatic of poe is po se I t is o t ei et

to me that coecio and suboiation constitute the essece of

poitica poe t ll tms nd n ll pls. Conseuent y an alteatie pesets i tsef: ei te the cassic cocept of powe is aeuate

to the eaity it co tepates i hich case it mus t accout fo

onpowe heee it is ocate ; o its ia uat

a must be

isca d o tasfom Ho it is p tin t at the outs t to

pobe the tal

attitue that aos such a co cep t to op

An th s pupos th ocabuay of ethno ogy i ts ef is capabe

of putti g us on the igt tack Fi st ofal let us ai th citeia tha t ene achas : th

absence ofitg

assst c

ecooy othi ng ee be sai

aboutth st sice it inoes a ai tte fact: ei the a society

is fai a ith wit ing o it i s ot O the othe ha the ee

ace ofth secon citeio appeas ess cetain Actua y hat

os sbsis tence me a It eas i ing i a pemaet y fagi e

euibim betee aietay ees a the meas fo satis

fyig them A society ith a subsstece conomy the is one

that baey anages tof its ebes an thus s i s lf at

the ecy o f the slight st atua acciet ough too

etc ;

a decine in its souc s ou

autoaticay make itimpossib

to fee eeyone I othe os achaic socet ies o not

they sui ; th i ist c is a eness stugge agais t s taatio fo they ae inpl of produng surplu because of techno

ogica a beyon that cutua eci ency o th ng is oe


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C E 1 Y [

erss en tan s e ofr e

socty an at te sae te

notngs ore s aen

f t has becoe posslerecen y

to

seak of grous of paleoltc untersan gaterrs as te rst

auent socetes ho l neo hc agrculturasts be

descrbe Ts s not te lace to wel on a queston ofcrucal

ortance for etnology et t be remarke mery tat agoo

any of tosearcac

socetes a suss enc econoy n

South erca reae

rouce a quanttyof srps food

oencqui\o cnt

to te aount requre r te annual consu-ton of te county a roducton capabe therefore ofsa s-

Ing ts nees tce oer or caable ofeng a oplaton wce

ts se ously tat dos not ean ha archac socetes ar

not arcac; te a s sply to puncture e scn c concet

of the concept of te susstence economy a concept tat reHects

the atttudes an ats ofstern obserers th regard to prm-

te soctes ore an te economc reaty on c tosecutures are base n any case t s not becaus

hy

ha a subss

ence conom tat arcac socetes "ae suriedn a state of

extrm unereeopment up to the present tme p 225) In

ct, t strs m that, usng ths stanar, th trat an under-

nris Europan protarat o th ninenth cntury wou

b m apty scr as archac In raty, th nton o th

ubsistnc cnomy bons t th oogca urew of thmrn st an n at a to th concptua store ofa scenc

n t s paraoca o s thnooy bcome the ctm of suc

a cru mystcation, somethn spcay angrous nasmuch

as thnooy has ha a part n orientin the stratey o th nus-

raz

natins ss th socae unereope or

) P" 6W

Regarding the poblem raie b efnition th ncoithi, 'C It hapte.


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C R C T V

objetio wi b aid tat vytig wi a b

aid ay a i ttl beaig o te pobe o f po i ia powe

O t otay: t a e otoo tat giv i to t a of pi itive pope a bei g e iv ig wit iffity i a bitee

ooy i a tat of tia ddvopet ( p 319) ao

dteie te aig ad te to of te faiia dioe

gadig pow ad po it ia if aiia i tat t e eo te

btw te Wet ad e avag a away bee a oa io fo

peatig t ae dio oeig te Wite fo

x ap ow te t opea expo of Bai ib d tpi aba Idi a : ope wi tot god aw ad ig Ti

brha, o ief atay a o powe at o d b

tag fo pop oi g o t of oieti e i w i atoi ty

iate i te abot oaie of ae otgal o pai?

Tey we ofoted by babaia wo did ot i ve i i vi i d

oiety otat ti axiety ad iitatio at di g te-

eve i te peee of te aboa di appeaed i Motea

Mx io o i te e of te I a ee te oq iado od

bat e te ae o d ai a ot tiatig aope e fo

of iai e oeio i a wod of gi e powe Now a

eaab oti it y a b obevd btwee ta gaio

ate a d o igt ay avage di oe a d tat o f peetday

oa ad eeae Te jdg i ae tog oedi oe d iat te ad oe d de Lapi ee igae a

b of expe io oi tet wi t t o oo peep-tio of poi tia powe i pii tiv oie ti ae e fol lowi g

exape: Do ot t Tobiade o iopia ief o d a oia

atoity ad a eooi powe tat i vey developed a oppo

to a ty poitial pow a i qit bryon ( p 24) O:

No i oti pope a bee abe to i o te eve o f e etaied ogaiatio of e geat Bat igdo (p 365 ) Ad

ao: Lobi oit y ha s bn nab o eate a poli tial ogaiatio


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O C E T S T T E S T T E

p 43, noe 34 ha s p by hs kn d of ocabuay

n h ch he ods embyon c , nascen, poo d op deuenly app a h ob c s no o foce a ael h a

auho, fo I am e awaeha

hs s he ey anguage ofanho

poogy. Wha s aned s access o ha gh be caeh

ache

oogy of h s anguag and he knoedge ha pofesses o eege

by eans of he ues on ben ase s : ha eacy s hs

anguage sayng and ha s he ocus ohch

says he h ngs

s sayng\ hae seen ha he dea of a sus sence ecooy pu pos

o be a facual appasa, bu noes a alue ugen abou

he soce e s o h ch he concep s app ed hs he eaua

on da y desoys he obecy ha s s soe ca

he sae p udc nay s ha pees ad oos

he aep o eauaepo ca

poe n hese soce e s ha s

he oe o hch poca poe s efee a h n bhch s easued a cosue in dvn by he ea \sen

c ao has shaped a eeope o s bens o

c ha coce ed of po ca po s

o h ch e

a ho a ela os o co a obe c y

o pssb of po c u b

p

eaon h ch a p pss ss o p

euc o s o po o o s o c s ha h bc y c

p pso a h b c p c po I

s o oy oc sh

s s s

poe ll us asy s o l o

bsaccosay

aho sc h

c

c c c h

y

l p h

Clast," '1phsis.


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S T S S T T

Because anthropology, followig Lowie's exaple, has rejected

the teets of orga and nes as siplistic, it is no longer ale(at least where the political question is at issue) to express itslf

in socioloica ters Bu since, on the other had, the ep a-

tion to ctiue hikig alog the sae lies is too strng, bio!oUie

etaphrs are invoked. hence the vocaulary noted ave:

eronic, ascent, oorly developed, etc. Scarcely a halcetury

ago the perfect oel all cultures tried to achieve hrough he

historical rocess was the Western adult ale educate and fsoun ind (perhaps a PhD. i the physical sciences) Such a thin

is still iagied no out, but it is no longersai Yet, if the language

has chane the iscourse has nt Fr what is an erynic wr

if n that which could an shoul dvlop to the adult state? nd

ht is this au state whoe eryonic eginins are discO\'

ere here ndere?

I is none other than the type of power to

hich the ehoogis is accusoed that beoin to the culurehich produces ehnolois s, the est. n hy are those culura

tuss lways desine o perish? ow does i hapen that te

socieis hch conciv th aort so requntl? Obviousy,

this cnnit raity is ttribut to thir archais, tir unr-

vnt, t th c ty r not t est rcic soci-

t ul tu cicl ots, icl o rcn

t nr u st ithou trn i.

Th ii ths prssion is clery r

tn t uriv in t acnt estrn cviction

nvcin in on sar by thnooy, r at eas y

it rtitinrs h histr onay stret, tht soc-

tis witout wr r th ia ht w have cas o ,

n tt t u cu u s t t thy hv c n n n i u yst pr cnsr th bt,

th rcic scits r evn pary to siiar rsuasion

or to ecare that "o ilotic peope as ben ale to rise to the

8


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C O P C U S E S E S

central ized level o the political organizaions o the great Bantu

ki ngdom s" o r that Lobi socie has been unabe to create a

politica organization is to assert in a sense that hese peopeshave undertaken to provide themse lves wi th a ru poli tica power.

What reason coud there be or saing that the i ouxIndians have

ailed to achieve something attained b the Aztecs or that the

Bororo have been incaabe o raising themselves to the pol i tical eve o the ncas? The archeolog o anthropo ogical language

woud l ead us to uncoer a secret kinship beween i de o og and

ethnolog. And without the need for much digging since thegroun i s nall rather thin as a matter o act i care i s n ot taken

ethno og is destine to splash about in the same uagmir as soci

ol og and pscholog.

I s apo tca anthroolog

possibl e? That is doubtu when one

consiers the sti gowing stream o literature devoted to th

probe m of power.hat is especiall strik ing in this l i ratr s

th e gradual dissolution of the political . Fai l ing to nd it wherethe

xp ct d,

the authors be lieve the havelocat d it

at ever

leve oarchac

socie ties with the result that everth ing ll s wihin

the ouns o the politica . Al the subgroups and u nits ( kinsh ip

gops

age groups production unit s and s o orh) hat make u p a

societ are haphazardl endowed with a political signicance which

eventual covers the hole socal sphere and con seuentl los es

its spec ic character. Fo r i pol itical reait i s ound everwhere

it is found nowhere. hi ch makes one wond er or that matter

whether thear

tri ng to sa preci sel i . e . archaic societies

are notauth ntic

societies because the are not pol iical so cie

tie s. n short thethnograph r would b e just i ed in proclaiming

that po itical power is nconc ivabl in these soci t i s s ince he

annihi lates i t in the v r act o graspng it. Nothing howeverprecludes the

assumption

that ethnolog onl raises problem s it

can solve. o i t is n ecessar t ask: what condit ions m us obtain

9


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C

before po it ia power beoe oeivabe ? I f atropoogy i

goig owere te reao i beae it a oe to a dead ed

ad eed terefore to age ore e road o wi it a

goe atray i te eaiet te oe tat a be fowed bidy;

te oe a pped o t by or ow tra word; t i ofar a it

fod wi ti t e ivera bt rater iofar a it ow it e fto

be jt a iited a ay oter e eeary ditio i to

abado eti a y a it were te xotc oep ti o of te

arai word a oeptio wi i te at aayi overweigy araterie a egedy ieti diore regardig tat

word i i pie te dei io to tae sros{ , at at te e

ad woe wo ive i pr ii tive oieti e fro ever vi ewpoit

ad i a t eir dieio : te poitia di eio ided eve

ad epei a we te atter i e perieed i arai oieti e

a te egatio o f it oppoi te ber i te Weter word t i

i perative to a ept t e ide a tat egatio o ot igi fy otige; tat we te i rror doe ot reet or o iee it

o ot prove tere i otig to priv or ip : j t a o

t e y eogie tat prii ive a i t a i bt

ii via at i te ae er it i it poe i oe to o ee i o etive t i t e

peop e it o t a ii te a e t

t itae ietie i ito t e e e pt a r rai i o o t je te i pabe

e i tir pie i overi te pp rpit

ti to t i pb e ee tat i it i t

te tt i te itie i i te oobeiee e

ti i (at i i oietie evoi o poii po)

i p i i ai t immediate social conrol,

i t e t i oo i apoliical. t t i b a tte et ? at i te poi tia rt tat ae it

pib e b otrat t pea o te apoi tia ? Bt to be preie


22/224

C O R C U

there i othing po itia in w ar aing wit oiti witout

power how te

an on paofth apoitia? itr t po itia

i prnt, een i thoe oiti , or t xprion idiatoia otro e fontraitory a n any a tautoogia n

t, wat o w an fro it onerning the oiet e towh

i t i appie? And o w xating i owi expanation, fo intan,

aoring

towi, in oiti witout powr, tr x i t

a

unoa

powr of pbi opin ion? t wa rard that i fevery-

thing i po it ia , tn nothg i but if ow t xit

oeting that an b a e apoi tia , thi an tat wrth oeting poitia! ogay peaing, an apolitia oity

wou nooger

hav a pawithn

th phr of u tur , but

righty b pad aog ai a oietie govene by natura

raton of oinationa ubiion

r we hav pa th an obtae a iatougt

regarding pow i t i ipoibe to th t apoi tia wtout

thpoitia ,

iiat oia otro witout tonept

of

eiat io in a wor , soc

ho pOr.

ope fu l i t ha been

hon tat t pit oogaobtae

tatpotoogy ha

tu r bnunable to ovro ie witin the tura tno-

entri of Wt n thought, i tf ine to an exot i viw of

ontern

oiti f tnograpr pit n rting on

powe, tarting fo th auran tat it tr for ha bee rea- ze n ou r utr, an i f they ontinu to a thi for t

eaure ofa

toter, even

oftheir to, tn uive oni

tnywi

b abandon , an the in wi be a owe to egen

erate ito oinion rap there no n for the in of

an ut gien t d trination to etabi i t an to artiuateth e etnoogia di our, t i appropriat to arai utur

a t t e pt an to a on f about t va ity of u a t-gori a ubitn

eonoy or iediate oial onto If ti

ritia ta i not pefore one i in dangr rt of etting t


23/224

S T S T T S T T

socil relity esce oe's grs, the of isdirec ing the emiricl

descritio i sel I this wy, deedig o the socities oservedd o the

imgi io of the oserver, oe eds y dig soe

thig olitic everywere ory dig it owhere t

ll

We elieve the reviously ci ed exle of eidi socie

ties ilustrtes quite we the iossiility of seking of societies

without oiticl ower This is ot te ce to dee the sttus

of te olitic i this tye of cuture We shll go n further th

to reject wht ethocetrists tke r grted: tht the ouds ofower re set y coercio, eyod which d short of which no

ower woud exist I fct, ower exists (ot oy in Americ ut

thr rimiti ltrs) ttll serte f ilence

d rt fro y hierrch. Cosequety, ll socities, whete

rcic or ot, re oli ic, eve if te iticl is exressed in

ny voices, eve if theireig

is ot iediatey dcie

e, n eve if oe hs to solve e ridde of oress Tis eads to uer of coclusios:

Scieties cot e divied ito to rou: citis \


24/224

C C)

5 0 V

pr n t v n

there eq ton

of poer i poe not n te

i eain ene of atn to aont r an ipo b abene

bt i n te ontrary ene ereby perap yt rouy 5mcx

wi e

anc fpo it a poer not a nee ty nh r nt

in an natre i e n an a a natura beng an here et

i ron) t i a nee ty nherent noa

he po ti an

be on iv apart o vo n te oa annot be oneive

thot

thepo t i a n oter or tere are no o t i

thot

poer h hy e an e poy for or on prpo

in ertain r p t B . e ]ov n ruaon t a beoeapparent tat

athorty at reate te oa bon an -

taneoybrb fy to apiere ri i i of t For a e

bel i eve t e po t a at te very ar t oia annot be

nertoo n e o\ n ter For thepo t a appar-

enty bo \ n to t perona nene of ron nv

t

not poibe to be o renay (bt

i t rea y a att er of

nav t etnoentrie abo

r ar pen a perpeven \

o ae te

t ory apierre arue troot te Ur ton of

i boo olit a poer r o oa nnovation p 29

an aain otap r eveop t or r ai y a oia

innovaton beoe ore iportant it ryt ore ntene

i ope or rann p 621) e ator eonra-

ton pport

a it i y nero eap e ee rgoro an

onn an \ an ny ar or areent t anay

an onlionth one reervation O \r te poia pr

nvov

te type erivin o oiannation

t p\r

\ a l o r v at \ an tatLap rr

tory i

onerne ith o ti n \ te o anobe ene rela-

t ion ob bt not i t oter nan oet e a p annot be thot of a oie in po t al poer

eri o oiainnovaton n

oter or oannovat on


25/224

E T Y l E

prapte a

of oiv po i tiaper bu t e rtan

not t bai of nonoriv powune it i e ie oe

tng po b le) tat ony orv powr it rang o

Laperre' tor i ii ted to a ertan tp oi ty ape

od ofpo t a powr n it an p t tat wr t

nooa l nnovation ere i no po tia powr t onibute

a valuabe n gt nonth : v i at po i ia ower a or

ion o vio n t

tap o hsoia ot i tat i o

t i bear wit n t t au o nnovaton ang an tor ty u t

woul b poib t o orr t vaiou oiete

a ong ane

a i : o t wt nonoi po t al p r

oit wtouttoy oiete wt orv o tia powr

a torao e t e

An arrang nt qu te erent o that

p d b urren tining aout pow equ ate oti itout

i or o o t i witout powr

nnaton terere t e ba o orion no t p t l

Simiar processes were observed aong

ga a t

aa ee r Tpi pepescpy-

i ng te midd e and pp r reaces o f te Amazon , among wom

te atority of a c ie f was brogt to b ar not o ny on te reat

ose bt on th commn ity in its ntir ty: te s ize of te atter

cod b e qite substantia , seeing tat an maga vi age was saidtocompris 0 ose s, ea c one odg ing om 50 to 0 persons

t so be ot rter tat te Garani , ctray cosey reate

to te Tpi namba , aso possessed igy eveoped chieftainshi ps

ut by viewing Tp i c tre in ts po i tical dyna ics as nd-

g "i ngdos, i s

tere no t te ris of aying to o much stress o

ts origina i ty copare i th te ropica l orest as a hoe , assm-

ng it to be a cult ura entity i nepe nen t of the area i which werst si tated i t? Tat o d amon t to di sregarding ientica pro-

cesses, thog mc h saer in sc ae , among peoples beoging

to oter i ngu stic sto cks We are rem nde , r eape , tat te

Ji varo too presete this moel of mlti commnity orgaiation,

snc e mi itary ai ace s ere concl e beteen oca rous : i t

2 5 . aue I ( "i-Sra\ ( } Jon \( 1 1 tn Nt Yok Critrion Boo % p X X X

2 I I I I


77/224

S Y S S

i s i n tis fasio tat s v ra jvr te mJw of tese I ndians

jon d forc s to

wage ar agaist te Spas In add t io , te

Cari tribes of the rioco sed oca exogamy as a m ans to extedpo t ca egeony over severa comm iti es In varying ways,

th , th For st r v as tet d cy to estab s socia groupi ngs

tat are more\id ranging

tanay r e se on t cot n nt

I t sod n be rgotten, owever,tat

te str gt o ts

tred varied t te cocrete ecoom c ,d mograpic, and

r igos

c rmstaces of te ctres n wict was ma-

sted e dir c etwee te upi and te ot r soci t i sas ot in kid but i degree; tis

im p i s , cons {u ty,

tat

t r not o tt r abe tan teot rs

to b d o te

pae of soca strctur a mod o orgaiatio tey shar d I t

aso eas te yaics immanet tot Forest ctres a{ir d

a ster ryt ad acc rat o among th pi tans w r

Grant d, t Am rdia soc t i were arcaic , bt gativ y

so, fyou w , d t oy in r at io to our Europ a crit r ia

I s t i s reaso og to term cu t r s "stationary wos d v -

opme t does not cofor to or \n scemata? M st tese soci-

ti s be seen as avg o istory? e re te qesti on ca ave

ay eaig, i t s

ecessary to frame i t i n sc a way as to make a

r p y

possib e , tat i s , witotpostuatig te niv rsa ity oft

stern mo d is to decares i t s f i mani fo d was , adchag s

accordig to te dir nt perspectives in wic it is viewed :

"h

oppo siti o betwee progressi \ctr s

and static ctur s

thus

seems to rs t, rst, om a r c o s7

he te deny to rm slm , evey rea i7ed i dep tand

t sion d pdi g o te regio cos d r d , ads s cas

ofth s v ry d r c s to grant te cutur s of ti s ar a a "dia

Claude (i-Stra:, UCU \nlhp H ' Jiq u ayto, ra. N\ k Rai

k \ I


78/224

D E E D E E A D e O G A M

cronic die nsio n, one a can e ocaed noa aog e

TupiGuarani :

ence ese are n o socieies wiou isor is

on e eve o poic a o rganiaion u c ore an in ecologica doain a e sarpes anie sis is o e ound eween

arginal

and or s cu ures Bu nei er are e is orica soci

e ies n is sense es rca

and inverse conras w e

Andean cu lures is us as srong ereore e po i ica dai c

a assigns e ores socieies ei r specic woud p ace e

on a srucura pane and no a a cronologica sage a we

ig ca l prhiori. T e Margna s urni s e ea ple oaisorica soci i s e ncas o an aread isorica cure

appears reasonae en o assuea

e dna ics c aracer

is i c of e Trop ica o res is a oniion opoibii fo r e ki d o

isor a conquered e Ades. Te poliica proeaic o

ores reers o e o panes a se is iis: e gneic

plae of e rplac o eins i u ion

and e isorica plae

o is desi n

77


79/224


80/224

E l e m e n t s o f

A m e r i n d i a n D e m o g r a p h y

Som e may be surpri th x cncered mn l w dmog

ra s oul d accoma sud es d evoed o ol cal anthopog.

Tere s o comel l g reaso , ould see , o oke suc ev

dece as e sze ad d es of e so ce e s uder scu e

e obje c s o aalze e fuc o g of oe ela os ad es uo s a gover em. Tee s oug o es a d of

aoom of e see of oe ( or o -oer), maag ad

rerouc g sel f aa fo a oec from a eal

ueces , as for eamle e s ze of e oa o. Ad, c ,

s ea of a a q u re la os be ee e go a s

of oe aars o corresod farl closel o rl

seed b arcac soce es, c ko a acce a od s fo coro g ad ree g e gro of e ou

a o : aor o , i nfnt c de seual aboos, lae eag, a so

o. No s al o f e saages o code e of e dog

a asgradual ly a daed e e l ef a a r e soc s

ecessar a "sce soce, sc e e are ol a so-cal e

sbs sec coom oul o be a e o sl e e of a

are ol a o .Te ad oal mage of Sou merca ( le us o g s

m age as dra lage a b e ol og sel f) s a eceo-

79


81/224

S O C I E T Y A G A N S T T H E S T A T E

ay good i ustration of that mixture of al-truths, errors, and

prejuices whih results in cts being treated wth astonishing

ight-indess (se, in th Handbk j Suth Amecan ndans,

the cassicatio of South American so ciet is ) On the one sie ,

t h e Anes an e H ghand cutures hic h succeede eac h other

in that reion ; n the other, al the rest: forests, savannas, a nd pam

pas, teemig wth smal socetie s, al simar a ono too us repe

tit ion of the sae that appears to d isp lay n o i rence. It is not so

much a qustion of how much truth tere is i n a l ts , u t rather

ofgaging th xtent of falsehoo . To ret rn to the po int o fdepar

tre, the proble of the connection between demography and

polit ica athority divdes into to l i n e s o i n q r y : ( 1 ) Ar a l

the rest socitis of Soth America on a par wi th one a nother at

the lvel o thesocio-poitica

nits o f wh ch they consist?( 2 ) Does

the ature of pl t ical poer remain unch anged when its eld o

eographic apcaton exans an grows m ore dense?I t as in iscssing the chieftainshi p i n piGuarani s ociet is

that e met th deographic probe m T h i s grou of tribes, very

homogeneous oth inguistical ly ad clturaly, ofers two rather

remarkabe characteristics that mark th em o cleary o the other

Forest societies First , te che ftansh asserte itself w th greater

orce among tese Indans than esewhre seconly, the eo

graphic de sit of the socia l nits the oca grops was dist inctly higher than the mean ensit ies comonly acceted as

norma or South American societi es Whi le not assert ing that the

transormatio

of po t ica power among theTp-Guarani as

. For bets rLtin tu th S i tlcnth. scvcntlTnt h, a n d c i g h n h u'ntril


82/224

L M O A M R I N I A N M O G R A Y

caused y deograpic expansio n

sees o us a eas jusi -

a e o p ace ese wo speci c di ensio ns o ese ribes in per-

specive Bu a is poin a signican quesion arises: were eoca groups o e Tupi uarani acu a y uc arger an ose

o oer cu ures?

Tis rings up wo

probe o sources and e r d nc

ey sou d e graned Te Tup u aran ac ee e parad o

aving a os c op ee y vanis ed ong ago (a u a ew ou-

sand o e w o survive n araguay) and o bei ng noneee ssperaps e sknown

indigenous peop e o Sou Ameria A

very aundan ieraure is avaiae abou e : a o e i rs

eporr n ld b e eui \ g m ance

Span and oruga as eary as e dsieen cenury ere

ae o oserve a eisure ese savages wo occuped e eire

Bra ian coas and a a rge par o pre sen day araguay. o s nds

o pages are devoed o des crb ing e eveyday i o ese nd -as

i r w d an d cu ivaed pa ns e way ey married ra sed

ci dre an d made war eir ceremona k ng o prsoes ea-

ons beween gro ps ec e rsand accous o es cro -

cers gie a deren imes and paces sow an eogra

cos senc a s n e n So meica were o e s os

oen ce w anr m ngs a c ra ranao

e u pGa ra presen e reverse s ai on: y were re socaed osads o m es rom on e aoe r g e same

nd o prac c ng e sae r es a n spea g e same an-

gage Garan om araua woud ave been on perc m-

ar ground among e T p o arano an d e e aer re

4000 omers away s e rea n e o croice s c

somimes pro irsme s nc ei as see a es

same a S i proie a so naio o orsince e o a ae one anoer : ooa and are mss o-

aes amo ng aran o araga eco Te e and TY o

8


83/224

G I N

i si e he Tui m o Ri o 60 ers eore So h he -

e o he roiers, mos o wh om were ere me

i hu ose rers, ws ou le wi h e reie u ior mi o he e o e s u r o s e r i o o m h e i r m e e i g , h i o r

Ameriiss , eeioll riho o meril is si e,

meri reserhers re o .

e r l h e ro i e r s e m e o o m e m e h e i r

esri ios i h umeri o e imes i os o hehou ses , he sre re e i ro s, e i ses serig

heig s, , oe , e

um r o ihis i e regios

he is i e. ourse, heir moies rie wi ess h eho-

grhi rigor r, he mi ir o eii o Se , he mi-

i srie reouio o he mi ssi orie s ho eee o ke

esus o he eoes u r heir oro u o is oi ,

ohers oo , quiie i ormio , whehe r gere mog

he G uri or he u i , i Mrho or he sou h o r i , showso isgreem rom oe e o he

s rrior ouie

he TuiGri o he oher, he gures reore re muh he

sme Srgel eough, he sei iss i Souh Ameri he hus

r omee igore his i is esei ue s

i i s oe er reise or he re ee i ourigh T h reso

iok

he roilers grossl gg r

he size o he ie

ouio. Oe is hus e ere er uusu siuioeerhig he hroiers wroe is misse, exe he g-

ures he g! No oe seems o e ohere he h e

errors, i o he ie s, o he hroi ers re l oe wii e

sme orer o mgiue

h ees emiig rs i s

i i o h e r i i i s m s

l l

hroi ers' esi mes Te re or e mos r

oee isusse i he work o he mor seil is iAmerii emogr, Age Rose l T h e meo h uses

o u he iigeous oulio o Souh Ameri he


84/224


85/224

A A H A

eein t emen mehing ike cnju i ng ick Ren-

i in fct n cnent ie high popuin eniy

echn gy f inen ive gicu u e; he n he pek f gepiic in he ing in n he he ie f te.

depie l i imp ie hi efeence h e e he mk

nd ee civ ii in ele n y i nce ht i ne -

e u hee. he eeni poi n cme ne u h i e he ge

cu ue reched he gic u u ge nd in Peu he m nd

pc ee uccefu y dmeic ed he gee p of he coni-

nen ived o huning fshing nd gheing Huning pepe need

v pii . p p h f d hemeve from huning nd

hing e ced cic cetin nmdim. Th e e h

neve heeed ge ppuin ecue f he high miy

e icul ci mgic cnii n he ugge ih inec

nd id e he cciy f di pln . . . . Ec he

gicu u ne hi ch reche u i n nr i p he engh f he Ande . . he coninen in w n iene foe o eppe"4

u e mi ke e i eve i f ime exmine

uch teen f nn R nt enie d mgrph

i ed n i nd hi k i i he e fence n he uce f

Ameicnit ineeed in he pe m f ppu i n

Th e uh ppch he ujec i ummy. Hu ning pe-

pe n din ge de f pce h ve d niy popuin;n Suh Aeic m e nie y ccupi e y ie f hunt-

e; he nive pulin he cninen h f ve

. The i micin cn u n y he e ime f he chni-

ce mp e e cmp y dicun d inc hey

pu fd eive y high ppui n g ure .

ge ithu ying (u i much ee i ) h hi i

pteny e Rent pu m hin i n Ameic f nmd

I pp . - t e m p as s s ne


86/224

M S F M M P

hunters s as t cause acceptance f a emgraphic estimae

Athugh it shu be nte hat he shs himsef t be re

generus than Kr r ) hat ere things ik in America in 150 0then? xact the ppsite f hat Rs nbatt asserts Mst f

the cntin t as sette b sedentar agrcuturaists h ere

cu tivating a ie variet f pants the s f hich e i nt

repruce here \ can even erive an axi m t his bas ic act

b stang that herer agricuture Vas ecoogica and technoogia/feasibe it as presen ths eterminatn f the pssibe ara-be space akes n the immense OrincAmanParanaParaguasstem a even the Chac the n regin t be excue

h s habitat is the papas thax nd frm erra de Fue

abut the 32nd parae a hunting and gathering territr ccu-

ped b he hu lch

and Pueche trbes n n y a sa

part f the cntent s pprts Rsebatts argu en t Perhaps

be b ected that nsid e the e here agrctur s asbese pepes d nt pract ce i F rst 1 1 I pit u t hhes staces ar e treme rare and

cai d the uaa i f

Prguy, h Sr f B v a ad the ahb Ca

Sndy, I reca that has bee pss b e t vrify hat s

ar n i n s an s o ru l y a rh i p p s bt h nrry,

cii h o aicuur r part I v shwn h

Gu ayk i , wh o arc pu r hu nrs and noms of h rs , gv u pu iva i ng orn owars h n ofh s i xn nury. I n sr ,

r i s nohin o suppor Rosn 's ndvr. This sn o n ss ar i as d o u n h ur 785 i n h b i n s

g i v e n y h i m j ) r South Am r i a I i s s i mp ha , a t r-

v i us s i m s , i t i s p ure ar i rar, an d i wu ma r o f

han i f i p rv rre F i n a , s e e i n g hath e raon

Rsnblatt gives j < )r rejing th pris eai s i ni- rs u s o u o o y w i ms i , w r wi h i n o ur r ighs i n

s y i ng : s i n n o va d r um n s th demgraphc at f


87/224

C G N

h hroirs who yn r h s i i s eer, s-

igsie h s re is, o k srio s or o wh

h s . h is wh w sh r o o.or s her is o q si o o kig h ssi ro rko-

ig h Ii oio o he whoe of oh Ameri i 1 5 00,

imoss i sk i o r iw. w m o ermie

how m ri is hr wr he i m . Th m is

si or o rsos he rs res o h is osi io o heir

rri or, whih ws qi homogeos , w ih kow h

msr e ri s. Th sme is o r o e T i he

ihi s h e ir rziios,

i i so

kow

how r hir ri seee

k io h irior ;oseq y,

i is o ossi o g h e e o hir erriory. Th so

rso hs o wih hmeri . As wi se, i i s

mor e if h o migh sose, o w o i r e-

goris h oi i h sieeh r h egi-i g o f h seh h ogig o h e o h

seh r h gi ig o f heigh h.

The -

r, sid h sis, is or o wih h Gri.

A s or h orer, i ri shs fs o h e ri h T,

ore

o h Ti h h ri. hs soiies

wr so homogeeos i rss h he e mogrhi ime-

sios o h uri Ti o grous ms h e rsiir. oows h whi h Ti oio gres o

e mehi ie o h Gri ri , s h

ssm o h s orr o mgi e wh hr i s

k o i ori o rgrig h ri .

Cos er sish r er we h is o

rzi h Euros , ro i h rs e o he si -

h r, i h rh Porgs srig rrswho m hg me oos hey m goos for

rzi woo ( i . , b d b. The rs ers o he Jesi mis


88/224

E L E M E S O F A M E D D E M O G A

s ore s wo seed o g e T m de ro1 5 4 9

Te

eero o w es o e he r o he oe ook le

dr g e rs o he e T e Ss h s e g o ser o e I

Eldordo

s led u e R o de Pl he he

Prg Te rs o d ig o eos res orred 1 3 6

der ressre ro e res he Coqsdors hdo

-

do lmos medel d we o o d s 1 3 ;

h s ow er eom g he l oPrg ws he o

more se r

org g eed o s o oqes d

e lo ro d reed ow rds e de s rom wh h he Srdsw r

sered h

vsesso h

Cho ws he G

I ds msers o h e whole rego w h whom heSsh

lled

emselves hese r e h sorl r lrs el wh he u -

Gr eme kow los s erl s he e s d s

h ws he omoso o he lol gros or ls o

h G r ? ll he s r w ll kow u hre e

soe o r ll g he essels Gr or vl

o r sed or o egh lre om l ho ss h maJow, os -

rd er l rr (H os r- os h es o h maJow r

rrs o h r r

wr w 5 r l

lr o h ur u I1UJO[ u r r r r r

r ( r r -

u r 17(Iow) ru

4 r wr r h

l(Jow) rh r h u

r h r u w

u h l r r -

r l h r r o


89/224


90/224

L O A A D O A H

popultion gi ve cle r proof of the dem ogrphic mplitu f the

upiGurni ocietie . ( I t ought to be undertood tht l ue

tion re ting to r nd th e n umber o f locl group involv inthe ll nc net ork re ver relevnt to both the demogrphic

problem nd the politic probl m. We cnnot inger on thee

ue tion here. I il merel note in ping tht b their dur

tio n nd the m formti on the brought in to pl the il i

trxp dt ion no long r hve nthing in common ith at i

clled rre in the other South Americn tribe hich narly

l c onit of hi tndrun rid c onducted t dn b nd

fu of ttcker . e ond t he d i ffere nce i n the nture ofrfr cn

b g n n t nte of po tic po .

All thee fct re concerned ith the up of the cot. ut

ht out the Gu rni ? Wh ile the Co nui tdor proved to be

merl th gure regrding them e do kno tt the vil

ge e up in te c e of the upi of four to eght Jole the rt eplorer i th th e mpreion of crod . lvr ez

Cbez de c hving left the Atntc in ovber of 1 5 4 1

rece Auc rch of 1 542 e ccount o f hi cring

of te etre Gurn terrtor i full of rerk cocernn e

uber of v ge v t nd t e nuber of bnt ec

te S e d b Do go e r l rrve t te te of

t o Aunc te me cotct t te to cieo contole te reion the ter cou utu ound o

to te e . te f t nuercl dt cocer ng te u

r te ore convncng t prece. A ort te fter the

coc uo n o f te l nce tee to cc[ue re ble to r e

t ut dee be cle n r eght tound e ho

e p o er co t te A t e o re

u t te Sp . n 5 4 2 , t lte r h to gve bt to ret Gurn c e br o co n ed eigt tound r

rior . I 1 5 0 , there ne revo t of t e Gur tree t ou


91/224

A A A

nd of ho ere p d ou by heir ne mer . he re ou

be no en o i , f e ere o r up co un of gure, of

h ch f i hn he m e orde r of mgnu e. Le u cie feore, hoeer, fro ong hoe furnih d by he Jeu . I

knon h he r rducon , eb ed he begn nng of

he eveneenh cenury by Ruiz Monoy, mmeey fe vc-

i o he u of hoe ho ere ce h Meuco hee

mur rou nd, me up of Poruguee nd m izo, oueve he S o oo regon n or der o cpure, in Gurn coun-

ry, he mxium number of Ini n , ho hey oud i n urn

e ve he coo ni ong he co he ory of he begin-

nng of he M on h of h r rugge gn he Meuco

I n he pce f yer, he e r, o y h e rch ive of he

Jeu, kied or ook cpve hree hunre houn Indn.

eeen 1 6 2 8 n 1 6 3 0 he Poruguee kinppe xy hou-

nd Gurni o he Miion I n 6 3 , Mono regne he fo evcuing he to remin ng ruc on of Gu ir Prov-

nce ( i ue, herefore, i n Poruguee erriory) . nder h e-

erh p, e hound I nin ou upon ournfu nbi

four houn urvivor reche he Prn. I n on e vi ge, onoy

coune 1 0 f ie , or, he oe eie, popu ion of800 o 85 0 pron.

hee dere fc, hch cover nery cenury (from 1 5 3 7ih he Conudor o 63 1 i h he Jeui ) , n hee g-

ure, hough hey re roughy pprox me, e n e, hen joi ned

o he up gure, one n he me orer o f gniu e. Anch ,

onoy oppoie nuber n rzi , rie h in 1560 he oc-

ey ofJeu hd rey brough uner guri nhi p eighy hou-

nd In d n . h demogrphic hom ogen e y of he up iGurn

c for o en ve concu i on . he r i h , for hee I ni-n, i necry o ccept he high eie. (I men hgh n

comprion ih he uu re of oher nigenou ocieie . )


92/224

L T S F R Y

The secn is that when need we can egitiate ake use

f the Tupi gures fr iscus sing the Guarani reai t prvie we

enstrate an that i s what we sha attept t the ai-it f ur eth.

Hence e t it beth Guarani ppua tin whse si we wat t

cacuate. Iti s rst f a a a tter f t rining the area the

territr ccupied these nians. Un ike the Tupi habitat hich

is ipssib e t easu re the task here is reatie eas eve if i t

es nt perit us t btain the precise resuts fa caastra sur-

ve. The Guarani h eand was rugh bune t the West b

the Paragua River that is b that part f it s curse which is situ-

ate between the 2 2n parae upstrea an the 28 th wnstrea.

The suthern frntie r was cate a i tte t the suth f the j nc-

tin f the araga a the Paran. The shres f the tantic

cnstituted the eastern bunar apprxi ate the Bai-

ian prt f aanagua t the nrth ( the 26th para e ) t the pre-sent Urugua rder frer the hean th Chara Indi-

as ( the 3rd parae ) . One thus has t parae nes ( the crs

f the aragua and the seacas t) s that a e have t d s i k

her end s t d scver the nrthen and suthen bundares f

h ara territr. hese udares crrespn ast eact

t he urthest e pansi f he uaran . hs quadr atea

ard 5 00000 squae k eters as t h ccped the Gara s i c ther t bes ved n the eg many th

Caga. can est at the area f Garani terit at 3 5 0000

square iters .

ssuing ths t e tru a d g the e n es t the

ca gp s ca e d et e the ta ppat ? udhav t sa sh th u r ca rps th th -

ares the rtr. v s at h s e cacat acncerned t h averaes ru us and th esuts e

hpthe t ca h ch des t ea the ae arbitrar.


93/224

A G A N A

or hi s erio so r s we kn here onliss

single

oul io n enss or he gi en errior is he on e ken he

eginning o e seeneenh en ur Fther C 'Aeileon he Isln o Mrnho, ring he ls ren h e o oo

rzil Sre oer hi s re o 2sr

kioeers,

Tui

Inins ere iie ino 7 ol gros, w h i h gies n rg

o 4 5 ersons er i ll geouing n

erge re o 45squre kiloeers Thus, he ensi o he oul io on he I sn

o Mrnho s el inhins er sqre ki o eer

is no ossile o rr his ensi oer o he rni lnre ( hih oul

i l 3 5 nins) o h suh g

ure woul l r us , u he si i on on Mrnho nno e gen

erlize I ws ull zone o rege or he Tu in who

w o ese he Porugese; onsqenl, he isl ws

oeroule Proil, h oless elins he s

size o he grous here were oon iges In he osl

zone in he iin i o hei s ln,

he Frenh iss ionries h

oune 5 o grous Ter, 5 o 2 gros Co,

n o 2 4 rous ong he Ci . There we he o o 5 o 6 4 grous whih us he ssele ewee 3 n4 in iiuls An, ori ng o he hronil ers , eer one

o heseil s iserse oer h s r re hn h o

he isln , ws ore olous hn hose o he is n In shor,he I sln o Mrnho, gien he ensi o is o io n, is

soewh errn se, no sl e or our ros e

Ver orel , we n i n he hroni ers rie les s ie e o

inrmion oing ro Sen During h 2 onhs h this

s rison o h Tui n n rie ong o gro

o gro, he le ie o osere he l i e o hi s sers He

noes h in enerl he iges were sere isne o9 o kiloeers, whih wol gie roun 5

squr

kioe

ers er ol grou Le u s kee his igure in in n suose


94/224

L M S O F M R M O R H Y

tat te sam edtru

amo ng te Guarani I t is ow possibe to

nd t num b r a b i t ypotetica and stat ist ica of Guarani

oca groups It woud amount to 350,000 divid d by 50, or about2,340. et us agr on

600

persons a s acr di average nuber

per unit We woud ten hav : 2,340 x 600 = ,404,000 inabi-

tants Hence, neary ami ion and a a f Garani In dians be re

tearriva

of th ites Tat impi s a d nsity of ur inhabi-

tants pe r squareiom t r n th Is and of arano it as 0

inabitants per square iom t r

is gure \i app ar enormous , improbab , inadmissabt o

s o m e , i f n o t tomany

And et not ony i s th r no r aso

xc t id ooica ) tor c t i t

bu t Itin or st i at

i s v r

modest Tis is th point at whic to cit the studi s of hat

is ca ed the ereey Scoo l , a grou p of demograpic i storians

hos e or overturns from topto

bottom the cassic certai tie s

regardin America and its popuation Pierre Chau desrves

the credi t r havingca d to te attentio o r s arc rs as eary

as 1960 te xtr i portance o the discover s m a th

rk y Sco rr tt \ t xt s

i w hi ch h pss a cear

a d cosey asd statemt o he etho ad rsts o f t

Ameica invs igars .

i l l s im ply say ht hi mogaphic suis , cuc i h

iepachables r i c n s s ,

a d u s adm i p pula i o g urs addsiy as hrof)r u su spc ad bi g th ici -

T hus , h jx ica eio o f Aahuac ( 4 000 sCIUatT k i -

m s ) , Boa h a d C ok d c i d e up ap o p u la i o n

f2

m i ion

519 ha i s , i Chauu's \ ords "a si y, compaabe Fac

i 19 0 i hab i a s pr s qua i omee. h is m eas ha

[n e h/{r, \ '0 1 V I Q6 P" 6 :\ < .1 Popubtiol de 1 ;\nHTi( I i dil H .

()U\ cll' "lc ' e \ L It J , YO! ( q ). p. ! X

9 3


95/224

S O C E Y G S S

as it prgresse s the degraphy f Berkeey n t hypthetica ik e

ur s but prven tends t cr the highe st gures . The recent

rk fatha Wacht dea ing with t he A nes a s estab ishesppuatin rates in that area uch hig her

tha

were thught ps

sibe: 10 i i I ndians in the I nca Epi re in 1 5 3 0 T he necessar

ccusi the is that the research cndct d in exic ad the

ndes bg s s t accept the high estiatesr garding the indige

us ppuati fAerica. And that is why ur gure f 1 5 00000

uarai I ndias absurd in the eyes f cas sic d egraphy Rsen

att and cmpan) becmes quite reaabe when paced inthe demgrahic perspective traced by t he Be rkeey Sch .

I f we are right if 1 5 00 000 Guarani I dia ns d id in fact inhabi t

a territry f 3 5 0 000 square kieters th en i t i s necessary t

radicay transr r ntis abut th ecn ic i f fre st

pepesnt the stupidity f the cncept f subsistence cy)

thr ut the Oish be iefs abut the purprt d inabiity f that

type f agricutur t sustain a substanti a ppuati n ad tta y

ethik th e questi f p itica pwer. wud pint ut that

thig preveted the Guarai fr having a arge ppu atin. n

fact et u s csider the amunt fctivated space ecessary. I t i s

kwn that arund ha f a hectare is requi red fr a fami ffur r

ve persns his gure is sidy estabi shed b the very precise

easureents facques Li t ang the Yana i he discvered ang the at east as regards the grups in wh ich he ade

his survey) a average f 1 00 square eters c u tivate per per

s. ece if haf a hectare is required fr ve persn s 1 50 000

hectares wi have t be panted fr 1 500000 p rsns that i s

1 500 squar kieters This aunts t saying that the tta area

f the and cutivat d at ne tie i n rer t eet the needs f

1 500 000 Indians takes up ny 2 20th f the tta t rrtry. On

6 nrmin prnll mmni b iz

94


96/224

O O H

the I sland of Marnho, a sp c ia case, as we hve seen, the ar-

ens st i l l occupie on y 90th of the surfce of the is nd . An ,

accorin to ves 'vreux and Claude d'Abbevill e, it d id not appeartht the island's tlve thousand i nhabi tants were especial y threat

enedwi od shortaes ) Conse uen tly, our fiure of 1 , 500,000

Guarani , hypothetical thouh it is , is no mprobable in the s iht

est On the contrary, it is Rosenblatt's estimates that ppea pre

post rous to me, seein that he concudes there wee 280,000

nians i n Pruy in 49 2 \ at he bases hs calculations o is a

mysery As for Steward, he discoves a density of 2 8 inhabitntsper 1 00 squre ki ometers r the Guarani , which shoud result i n

tota of 98 ,000 ndians Why then does he decide tat tere

ere 200,000 n 1 5 00 Suc is te mystery an the inconsistency

of cassic" Amerind n de moraphy

m ot rett n tat our own ure remins potheic

( tou one mit consider possib i ty of vin estblise

popu tion sc bearin no ret on to previous calc ations aucces s o, e ave v b e a mens of cecki n e v

cc tios Te us o th go hod br nt y u s

b rey Scoo , w seve a coueve fc o

corr urc

, b s roc i : bsd

r \ v t to poss

d b J i e t dia ou a

u o , t s , t e virt en ety

t G W o st Fter S He r tes tt n

0 c os n , o of c rboed

t tus s , svr v moe ta it

b c , v t c

, r n G ( c- b c v

c , o as u n , of nbt o t s


97/224

S O C I T A G A I N S T S T A T

ss t i s ather Lzan the histria f the Sci et f Jess

h sets frth the resuts i h i s irrepaceab e Hstoa d 1a Coqusta

d Paragua he ppati as 1 30 000 perss i 7 30 . Let uscsier thi s ataAs is sh b th disapp arac i e ss tha a hacetr f

mre than a thir f the pp ati the Jesui t is sis ard the I ias

r siig ithi them scat prectin agaist d pp

ati Quite the ctrar the cncetrati f pepe i hat

gre t the sie f sma ts ms t have ere a ch ice meium

fr the s pread f epidemics The e tters f the Jesuits are strei th hrried i sc sures ccerig th ravages fsmapx and

i na ather Sepp fr xamp s tates that i 6 87 a epi

demic kie t thusad dias a g Msso a that i1 65 a sapx epideic d cimat d a th rduct s t

i s

quite

vid t that the d ppati prcess i nt begi at th d f

the seveteeth cetr b t as s a s the whitesarriv d i the

midsixtee th cetur ather Lza takes te f thi s at thetime f his ritig the Hstora the Iia ppuati had beerastica redce cmpare ith the ppat i prir t the

Cqest Ths h e rites that at the en f the si xteeth cetr

there were i the regin f Asnci a e 2 000 codaI dias I 7 30 there ere 2 000 eft A the tribes that

ihabite that part f araga t der the authri t f the Jesui ts

cmpete isappeare accut f coda s aver a epi demics A fu f bitteress La writes The prvice f

araga was the mst ppuate fthe I nes a ta it i s ear

eserted e fi s there thse f the M i ssi s

The Be rkee i vestigatrs have p tte the ppati curve

fr the Aahac regi I t is appa ig s ince f 2 5 mi i Iias

i 1 5 00 there were mre tha a i i e i 605 . Wachte

N W L Vs s " s , Pr G i r


98/224


99/224

S O C E Y A G A I S E S A E

throughout Arica. Th thing bcos vn or absurd w ith

Stward i f thr wr 00 ,000 Guarani (givn Stwards dn sit

of 2 8 in habitants pr suar kiotr i n 3 0 , thn this woudb th

ony

instanc o f a popu ation showng astad growth

during th sixtnth and svntnth cnturis! t shoud not b

takn sri os.

nc, in ordr to thoriz about th Guarani , i t is ncssar

to accp t ths basic facts ty numbd ,00,000 bo t Conqust spad ov 0,000 squar klomts t a dnsty o a lttl

o tan u na btan ts p qua klom t. Th is st iat hassignican ipicat ns.

A s rgards th dography" tha t can b dducd fro th

rough stimats of th chronicrs , it u st b concu dd that

th wr rgh. Th ir vauatins, a consistnt with n anothr

aong th sa sca f popuation , ar ua y consi stnt wi th

th rsu ts obtaind by our cacuations. This iscrdit s traitiona

dography b donstrating its ack f scin tific rigr. aks

on wondr wh Rosnbatt, Stward, and Krobr systatica

optd against th vidnc for th sa st poss ib s iz of

th ndian popuation .

( 2 A s rgards th ustion of poi tica powr, wi da wi th

t xtnsiv at a atr point. wi conn sf for th ont

to th rark that btwn th ar of a and f Guayaki noadhuntrs consist ing o f 2 to 30 prsons, r th c hif of a part of

00 warrirs in th Chaco, and th grat mbuuvca th Tupi-Guarani ads who d armis of svra thousand n nto co-

bat, thr i s a radica di ffrnc, a iffrnc in kind .

3 But th ssntia point cncrns th gnra ustion of ndian

dography for th coing of th hits. Th rsarch of

th Brky Schoo for xico and that f acht r th Ands ,in addi tion to cnvrging in thir rsuts , h av in coon what

thy contribut t th socad ighand cu tur s. Now, our od


100/224

L M T S O F M R M O R H Y

est ideas o n the Guarani , a forest eoe , moves from the stand-

oint of its rests in the same d iretion as the works jst aluded

to: for h popls of th orst too t s ncssary to adot the higherouation ratio Hene, at this oint I wish to ar my agree-

ment with P. Chaunu :

Th e resuts of Borah an d Cook ead t o a omete revisio of

our pereptio o f Ame rian h istory I t is no onger r Rivet's

40 miion men, a figure hed to be exessive, that mus e

assumed for reCoumbian Ameria, but 80 and perhas 0 0

mi io n sous T atastrohe of the Conquista as as great

5

C prclim i .

An d thi s i l i ng on usion : "i t aears that onefourth of an-

ki d as anih i lated by te mi robi shoks of the s ixteenth

entury8ur aal ysis o a very l oali ed in stane of forest dell ers ought

to appar, i f aepted , as a on rmation o te Berkel ey hypothe-

ss t e u s o dmi t te hi ger demograpi estiae or a

1mric, o ol or t ilnd ul tures Ad tis autor

i ll r h o i i pi r o th Guarni

pli i i i i i l " ur h rat

v hih th Brl Sl s urgi u o inr t l 5 ar

I I H

9 9


101/224


102/224

T h B w a n d t B a s k t

With lost o trsit io , ight hs te ho th rest ,

the mass ofgr at trees app ars to m oe earer With the darkess

aso

comes s i c ; the irds a mokeys are qiet ad oy te

s ix is a , oror otes of te t ca e heard A, as iy a

tacit d rstaig wi th te geera i troersio that b igs adthi gs are prepar ig for, o frther sod ari ses o thi s frtivey

ihai ted space where a i tte grop of me i s campig A ba o

Gaai I ias has stoppe h ere. Sti rred p fro tie tot

y a gst o wi , ther ddish

gow o f si x fai res ex tats

fro the shadows th teos rig of palm rach sh t rs , te

sy a trasi tor ao e o the oads, each oe proii g

pot ctio r a miy i ee o fa restig pace he whispeecoversatios tha t owe the ea ha e graa cease; the

woe are sleep ig, thei r ars st i l caspe aro their crep

ch re e ight thi that the e had e aseep t

seate aro the r re, eep ig a mute ad utterly otio ess

atch, the ar ot s eepig hei r thoght gae, ra to the

ghori aress, shows reaxp ctac For th e

ar getti g rea to si , a th is eei g, as soetimes happesat that aspic ios hor, the w i l si g the hter's sog,

ach

a

sigig separatel : thei r mei tatio prepares the r the harmoy


103/224

S O I T Y A G A N S T H S T A T

of a so and a moment that wi nd e xpres sion i n the words to

come Soon a voice i s raised p, amost i mpercepti be at rst, com-

i ng as it does from with in , a d iscreet mrm that refrains fromennci ating anthing di stinct, for i t i s engaged i n a patient search

for j st the right tone and the right discorse Bt i t ri ses b degrees,

the s inger is sre of hi msef now, an d s dde n, te song rshes

ot, od and free and strong second voice is stimatedand

j oin s wi t the rst, then another; words are ttered i n qick sc-

cessio n, i ke answers awas given in advance of the qe stion s

the me n are singing now The are sti motio ness, their gaze a

i tt e more ost than before; the a si ng together, bt each man

sings his ow song The are masters of the n ight and each man

means to be master of himse

Bt w ithot the knowedge o the ch [ i e , aaki h nt-

ers, the ir hast, fervent , earnest words come togethe r in a diaoge

the were intended to sppress ver oticeabe opposition organizes and res the everda

i fe of the uaaki : the opposition of men and omen Their respec-

tive activities, characterized b a strict sexa divisio of tasks,

constitte to di stinct separate domais s wi t a I nd ian soci-

eties, these domains are compementar, bt in contrast to the

oter societies, the aaki do not know an form of work in

which both en and woen take part gric tr e, for i stance ,d p nds

on ascine and feminin e activit ie s a ike, s ince, whi e

as a re the women d vot themseves to the soing, the weed-

i ng of te gardens , and the harvesti ng o f vegetab es and grains , i t

i s te me n ho occp themseves wi t h reading pot s for pant-

i ng b fe ing trees and brning o the dr vegetat io n Bt athog

the ro es are qi te d isti nct and are never exc hanged , the never

h h f f h .

102


104/224


105/224

S O C I T Y S T H S

do the basketry ad pottery ad make e stri gs for the bows ;

they do t h cookig, take care of the c i d re, ad so forth t

turs out, the, that the wome, far from be ig id e , devote thei retire t ime to the eecutio of a these e cessary abors But it

remais true oetheless that the c omp letel y mi or part payed

by the woe i the basic area of foo d productio eaves theme the egrossig ad prestigious moopoy of it r, more pre-

ci sel y, the d i ferece betwee the me ad th wome at te evel

of ecoom ic li fe ca be uderstood as the o ppos iti o o f a group

of produce rs ad a group of cosume rs

As wi ll be see, Guayaki thought ex presses c early the ature

of this opp ositio which, because it is si tuated at the very root of

the socia l i fe of te tribe, domiates the ecoomy o f its everyday

ei stece ad gives meaig to a set o f attitdes ito whic h the

eb of social elaios is wove he space of omad h uters ca

ot have the same dividig l i es as that o f sede tary agricu lturists he ater is structured ito cocetric circl es, wi th a divi sio

betwee a cultura space comprised of te viage ad gardes,

ad a atural space occupied by the s urrou dig forest co-

trast , the Gu ayaki space i s cotiuay homogeeous, reduced to

a pure e tesi o i wich the di fferec e betwee ature ad cu -

ture i s seeigly doe away with Bu t i real ity the opposit i o

aready brogt to l ight o t e materia pae of i fe furishes thepric ipl e o f a spatial dichotomy as wel , o e that is o ess perti -

et r beig more cocealed tha i s the case i so cieties beog-

ig to a d i fferet cu tura eve Amog te ayaki here e i sts amascu i e s pace ad a femii e space , de e d respectivey by the

forest wher the me do the ir hutig, ad he ecampmet where

the wome reig t i s true that the ayovers are very temporary:

they rarey last more tha tree days Bt tey are the pace ofrepose where the food pr par d by the wome is cosum d,

whereas th orest is the place of movme t , the pace especi a y


106/224

E B O A N E B A K E

cons crt d to the ecrsons o m n ent on ndg ge. It

shol d not e n erred, o cors e, tht the woen re n es s

nomdc thn the me n. t owng to th e te o econo on whchhngs the e stence o the tre , the tre msters o the ores re

the me n: the nest t n re w, com d s the re to elore

t s eerd tl

n order to sst mtcl e lo t t s resources .

or the me , the rest s dng ros sce , sce o rsks , o

eer renewed dentur e, t or the women t s, on the contrr,

sce ssed throgh etween two st o s, onotono s nd tre

some crossng, s ml etr ense At the ooste ole,th e encmen o rs t he hter th e trnq l l t o rest nd th e

chce t o do h s rotne hndwork, heres or the woe t s

the lce where ther sec c ct t es re crred ot nd where

m l e u od s nder t he r r mr sers on he ores nd

the encet re ts otted contrr sgs deend on

whether t s te en or the wome w ho re te rerece t .

ght e sd tht the spce o th e "d l routne s te restor te woe te ece r e e: or the tter, es

ce o l eco es e ntc wen the ge concrete re t

s ers tt s e rest; d r te woe, we es

o es o rsor r ec

s w s oers

c l scp o t soc ococ os t o

w w c ged sr s t srres

t sc o te Gk. ow, e do o o the

ctul e r ce o s to re outs o hougt te

e cr wrss o te sequ r o e eco c

rl os

s prss k o ts s s

sition oj the V n he . c o s s rs s

s r s s sc r s t oos crll pt

srt. s r c ssr to sress t t ow, ters

(


107/224

S O C E Y G N S E S E

oly eapo, is strictly a mascl ine tool , ad that the basket, the

omes cosummate ob ect, s sed onl y by them: the me ht ,

the om carry. I the main , ayak pedagogy i s ded onths great separato of roles. Scarce y havig

r ach d the age offor or

v , he l i ttle oy receive s from h s th r a l itt l e o that

matches his ize; om that moment he il begi to practice the

art o f shooig th arro. fe ears later, he s give a mcharger

bo, hs tme ith eectve arros , ad the bird s he brings

ack to his mother are proof that he s a respo nsi ble boy and the

promise that he ll be a good hnter. When a fe more yearshave gone b it is time for the ii tiatio ; the loer lip of the yog

man of abou t 15 is perforated , he gai s the right to ear the labial

ornament , te bt ad he is no look d upo as a true h ter , akybucut. s sges that in a short hile he il be able totake a fe and coseetly ill have to spply th needs of a

e hosehd . His rst cocer, therefore, is to make hm sel f a

bo; hecefrth a prodctiv member of the bad, he ill h tth a ap shaped by his hand s ad nothing bt d ath or old

age ill s paat him om his bo The omans lot is comple

metar and parallel . The ie o r teyearol d li ttle girl receives

om her mo her a miiatre basket, the makng of hich sh e has

folloed i th rapt attetio. obtle ss she carries oth ing insid e ,

t the gratos postre sh e assmes h il e alking, he r head

loered ad er neck straiig in atici patio o f i ts eort to come,

prepares her for a ftre that is very nar. For the appearace of

her rst metruatio , aroud the age o 2 or 1 3 and the rital

that ratifies e adv t of omahood make the yo g oma

nto a r a oma soo to be t he fe of a hu ter. s the rsttask reui red y her e status, and the ar of her d i iv

codtio, se the ak s her on baskt. d each of the to,the yog mn ad the yong oma , master ad prisoer, thus

gas entry o adultood . I the ed, he the huter dies , his


108/224

T H E B O W A B A K

ow rrows re ritu urie s i s the wom's st set :

r ei g th e ver sigs o th erso s the ot out live thm

The uki e erie e the eets o ti s gret oosit io owi h the o ertio o their s oie t e es through sse

o

reiro rohiit ios: oe ris the wome to touh the

huter's ow the ot er ke e s the m e om hlg the st

eerls kig

the toos istrumets r seul eu

ter so to sek: me d wome ike me use o them is

too ith reset to hsil ott ith the most le

emems o the oosi te se thus mk s it ossie to voi trsgr ssio ohe soioseul orer

ht

govers th li o h e

rou It issruulous resete oe ever wtesses he

i rre me eti g o om ow or too ludi rous to g

i e th t o huter ske t he ee li gs voke i e o

the se e s eltive t o te iv i legeo t

o the othe se e er

r t:

hu ter oul ot r the sh e o rri sket

wheres his i e oul e ri to t ou hi s o h is s s

ott twee o ow s uh or srous

tt et skt wo w k t u

s to l ol o ow s wu t l i w t

w th pan, tt s lu t t w u

us r t uk o s t t t

s t sk s iks i s isl t l t wht rs ov l l l s pan. F w l s

t to s r tl urs ul to s ht

u

ss h s u t t t s

s sust : t ow uslss ow is

lt m u t t i ul t

tk k w k

l th w ut h utr t u t r s t

ow ro t t o wo Crl i

07


109/224

O C E Y G I N T T H E T E

onger manages to reaize i mse f as a u nter a the same time e

ceases o e man. oing from the o o the asket metapori

ca e bcs a ma. s a matter of fact te conunction ofthe man

and te o cannot e broken i ou t cangi ng in to its

compementar opposite: th at of e oman an th asket.

No t e ogic o f tis cose sstemmad u p of our t erms

grouped in o to oppos ite pairs as actua e: among te

uaaki tere ere to men o carre askets . One name

Chachubutachug as pa. e i no t possess a bo an the

on untng e occasiona nuged in as e capture ano armaio an coatis. toug t s tpe of unting is com

mon practiced a te uaaki it i s ar from e ng regared

b them as haing the same digni as o unting the od.dded o

i

as th circumstance ta Cachuuaachugi as

a ioer and since he as pa no oman oud ae ant ingto o it im not een as a seconar usand . Nor

did

he tr

to e int grat d into the fami of one of s r ati s : the atter

ou a fund te continua presence o a man ose tecni

ca i ncompetence as aggraated an c l nt appetite une

sira e. Wihout a o and hence itout a ife e ad no furher

coice u o accept is sa o t. e neer accompan ie e oter

men on teir unting epeiions u t en off aone or in te

compan of omen to ook for he arae one or fruit e adspotted preous. n in orer to carr e resus of hs gaer

ing e tote a asket hich a oman a gien to im as a pres

ent . His access to omen arred b a uck a unting h ost

in par at east h isman uait an tus n imse f reegate

to te smoic e of te asket .

Te s cond instance i s sight ifferent. Kr mb gi as n act

a soomite . e i d as a oman in the mist of om n as a ru eearing hi s hair conspicuous o nger an te ohe r men and

on oing omans ork: e kne o to eae" and om

8


110/224

T B W A T H B A S K T

the animal teeth the h nters gave h im he made raceets that dem

onstrat d an artisti c taste and apt it de that ere mch more ro

no nced than in the things made y the omen nd nall, heas of cors the on r o a asket I n rief, Kr m gi ths tsti

ed to the eistence it hin ayaki c tre o a renement rdi

nari y resered r les s rstic so cieti es This incomprehensl e

pederast conceived of himsel f as a oman and had adopted th e

attitdes and ehavior pecliar to that se or eampe, he uld

rese the contact of a o i th as m ch conviction as a hter

old that of a asket; he cons idered his rightf l place to e theorld of omen Kremegi as homoseal ecase he as p.

Perhaps hi s ad ck at hnting also stemmed from his eing re

iou s an nconscio s invert t any rate the condentia asdes

of h s companions let t e knon that his homoseality had

ecome ocial that s socially r cogni d hen it ecame apar

ent that he as incapale of sing a o: to the aaki them

seles, he as a kvpy

-n (ansmake lo ) ecase he as pn.Moreoer, the ch maintained a ite dirent attitde toards

each of the to asket carr iers me nt one aoe The rst

Chach taac , as the tt o enera r cl e ae t ree

o rea meanness The men made g t o ore or ess opely

th oe aghed ehind h s ack an the childre respeted

hm ch l ess ta the rest o te adl t K remeg o the onrar attrace no spec a a tenti o ; h s eptness as a ter an

hs homoseaty ere deeme eident and take r graed

o te certan ters o d make t er seal art

er d sp layg tese erotc games more a iess t l

ee than perersio t th s neer reste ay e ig of

scor r h their part ec procal ly es t Gayak s

sel y apt t tir e sta ths r g to te age the r o sce ty crated r te st as

Kree as coforta e p aci , ad seree n hs ro e oa an


111/224

S O C Y A G A I S - H S A

come a oan , soCacubutawacugi

apeared an iou s, ner-

YU S, an oendiscont nt at

xa ins

tis dir nc , brougt

y te Ac ito te treatmen t accorded two ind i idua s wo, ateast n fora terms , were ngatly i nt ica? Te ex anation is

tat, wil e theyot

occupied te sameosit ion in reat ion to

t oter en i n tat tey were bot pan, teir positive status

c as d

tob qui nt because one,

Cacubutawacugi,

atoug

rced to gi e ui part i s ascui n attribu t s, ad r main d

a

man, wereas teoth r K r mb g i , ad gone so far as to assu

t utimate ons qu nc s of is conit ion as a nonuntng manby "b comin a woman r, in oter words , t latters homo-

sexuaityad

ermitted im to nd te topos e was ogicay

consigned toy hi s untn ss

to occuy t space of men ; in return ,

te oteran, r sing

te oeent of tesam og ic , was

epee tecirc

of te men, but w itout being assimi-

at d

into tat of te wo n Tis eant tat cons u nty, h

ltrally a nr and tat e was i n a muc o re uncomfort-

abe situatio tan Krebegi In te eyes of te Ac , te att r

occui d

aw d n d ,

toug aradoi ca ace ; as i s osit ion

in t

groupas

in a sense uncomp romi sed byany ambigui ty, it

came out as norma v n i f t is n w nor wastat

of women

Cacubutawachugi, on the oter and, constitu ted i n isv ry

person a ind of logica scanda. ecause e was not s i tuated inany ceary den ed pace, e eaded te syste m and introduc d an

eement of dsord r into it: om a c rta in i woint i t cou be

said ta t te abnorma w as noneot r

tan eW nc

no doubt

te e cre t agress ieness of te Guayakitowards

im tat some-

times cou d d t ct d und rn at te d r i s ion ence too ,

more tan ie y, te psycoogica dicu t i s e w as eerienc-

i ng, and an acute ing of abandonm nt: tat i s ow dicut i ti s to mantain th asurd conju nction ofa man and a bas t Pateti-

cay, Cacubutawacugi

tried to reain a man witout being a

110


112/224

B W A D B A K

huter: he tus lay himse lf op n to r i icul a j rs , for e was

the p oi t of cotact betwee two areas that are ormally separate

I t i s logical to assume that these two me preserve with respectto thei r baskets the direce i the rela tios ips they etertaied

with th ir mascu i ity s a matte r of fact K remb egi arri d his

basket l ike the wom , tha t is , wi th the h aband ound i oe

ed s for Chachubutawach ugi , he passe the same adeau und

i e ad ever roud his for h a his was a otoriously uncom

fortable ay of carryig a baset, more ti rig ta ay other; but

r him it was a lso the oly meas ofshowi g that, eve wi thout abow, e as st il a man

tral in its position a powerful i i ts ects, the great oppo

sition of me ad wome thus puts its stamp o all aspects of

Guaaki l i fe I t is again t hi s opp os it io that underl ie s te differ-

ece between the siging of the m en and that of the women

masculie p and te femi i ne cnguv in ct ar total oo

sit es in style and content ey e press two moes of e istence,

o presences i t e rl , t o a ue systems tat are qui t d i

rt om one noter ain, o ca scarcel speak of

in i ere te on ar concer d ; i t is rea a mattr of a

r izd tarfu a u ai o" : n t ar not ri t

ri a sraer or a rltive o a b asnt r a o

i , t o s i" i pi n a pa it iv to butlu i, quatti it tei r c s id dn b teir ads, te

uc uat r rae wit tei r cat com osed of strident sob

i ll t ome sin toeter and te i reated b

i r cocr wai i rts on te unwitting listeer an imrs

io o a is ns surr is is o i creased b te it of t

r cm c r n vrti or t is

p ri t i i i t n ini asccur o riual caions ; itr urin t pricipa rmo

nie s o fG uayai socie t, o r b takin advan tae of te man opor

I I I


113/224

O A A H A

tunit ies povided by eveyday i . Fo exap le a hunt bings

some ania l into the camp: a woan geets" i t b cying because

it calls to id some depated elative; o again if a chil d hutsh imse l f w i l e play ng his mothe i d a t l y beaks into a

en8uv xactly ik all the othes. The woen's si

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