1 1

Angela Tin

Colombia

September 2018

CLEAN AIR

CHOICE

IMPROVING

THE AIR WE

BREATHE

2 2

OUR HISTORY – 1904 TO TODAY

National Tuberculosis Association

Oldest voluntary heath

organization

Link Environmental Pollution

to Health Concerns

MISSION: TO SAVE LIVES BY

IMPROVING LUNG HEALTH

AND PREVENTING LUNG DISEASE

3 3

WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS!

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WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS

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WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS!

6 6

WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS!

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WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS!

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1. Previous lung disease - tuberculosis

2. Family history of lung cancer

3. Past cancer treatment

4. Previous smoking related cancer (tobacco

products)

5. Lowered immunity (AIDS, HIV)

CAUSES OF LUNG DISEASE & CANCER

LIMITED ACTION

9 9

1. Smoking

2. Exposure to radon gas

3. Exposure to workplace chemicals

(asbestos, silica, dust, heavy metals,…)

4. Air pollution

(transportation and industrial sources

CAUSES OF LUNG DISEASE & CANCER

PREVENTABLE

10 10

Cigarette smoking

rates have

decreased to 16%

2/3 lung cancers

occur in

never/ex-smokers

LUNG CANCER

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12 12

16,6%

64,9%

89,2%

99,2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Lung &Bronchus

Colorectal Breast Prostate

5 YEAR SURVIVAL RATES

13 13

THE COST OF LUNG CANCER

U.S cancer care costs in the United States

$147.5 Billion for all cancers in 2015

$13.4 Billion due to lung cancer (10%)

Lost productivity due to early death

$134.8 Billion for all cancers in 2005

$36.1 Billion due to lung cancer (27%)

U.S. National Institute of Health. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Trends Progress Report – Financial Burden of Cancer Care. November 2015

14 14

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

Health Conditions linked to Air Pollution exposure (such as lung cancer and emphysema) are often fatal

Globally* = 6.1 million death from air pollution (12% of global deaths in 2016) 4.1 million = outdoor or ambient air pollution 2.6 millions = indoor fires and heat

*University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

U.S. NOX EMISSIONS BY SECTOR

U.S. HYDROCARBONS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR

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TRANSPORTATION MODE AND FUEL TYPE

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MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS

Engine operation

Fuel components

Exhaust emissions

In car emissions

Trip emissions

Refueling emissions

Evaporative

emissions

(hot days>cold days)

19 19

U.S. MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS

Carbon Monoxide

Nitrogen Oxides

Sulfur Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide

Methane

Polycyclic Aromatic

Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Volatile Organics (VOC)

Hydrocarbons

(ozone precursors)

Aerosols

Particulates

20 20

WHAT IS OZONE?

21 21

PARTICULATE MATTER

22 22

PARTICULATE MATTER

23 23

RISKS FROM TOXIC COMPONENTS

Petroleum fuels have over 200 + chemicals

that vary by raw material & refinery process

Unburned fuel exposure

Epidemiologic studies support

cause and effect

Hazardous air pollutants

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

toxic at low concentrations

Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic

Spills impact groundwater sources

of drinking water

Oil exploration/refining/spills

(massive, tremendous impact)

24 24

PETRODIESEL EXHAUST

• Hundreds of particles in gaseous/ particle form

• On and off-road sources

• After emission: dispersion and transport into

atmosphere (hours to days)

• Large surface area

• Can enter deep into the lung

• Cross into bloodstream

• Acute and long term effects

25 25

CLIMATE CHANGE & GREENHOUSE GASES

Carbon dioxide

burning of fossil fuels

(coal, natural gas,

& petroleum fuels)

Result of chemical

reactions (mfg of cement)

Usually removed by plants

as a part of biological

carbon cycle

(except when in excess)

26 26

OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Haze & smog

Cloud formation &

precipitation

Water acidity

Damage to crops

Effects on ecosystems

Corrosion and damage to

materials/buildings

Injury to vegetation

Accelerates aging of rubber

materials, dye fading and

paint erosion (at low levels

long duration)

27 27

ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARDS

Acute (short term) health effects

Irritation to eye, throat, bronchial systems

Neurological symptoms (lightheadedness)

Immunologic responses (allergens, asthma)

Chronic (non-cancerous) Emphysema, COPD, Birth defects

Chronic (cancerous) Lung cancer

28 28

FINDINGS HAVE INCREASED SINCE 1990

Respiratory symptoms in adults

Lung function in children

Respiratory systems in children

Neurological degenerative diseases

Low birth weight

Cognitive function in children

Mortality long-term effects

Mortality short-term effects

Diabetes

Dementia

Parkinson’s Disease

Multiple sclerosis

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U.S. ACTIONS TO REDUCE POLLUTION

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CLEAN AIR ACT PROGRESS

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USEPA MOBILE SOURCE CLEAN AIR ACT RULES

Clean Cars and Passenger Trucks –Tier 3

Clean Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses

Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule

Clean Non-road Diesel Engines and Equipment

Locomotive and Marine Diesel Standards

Ocean-going Vessels

Small Gasoline and Recreational Marine

Standards

Ultra-low Sulfur Fuel Requirements

Renewable Fuel Standards

A new vehicle today is up to 95% percent cleaner than a new vehicle

in 1970. Still, by 2020, mobile sources are projected to account for

up to 50% of the NOx emissions, and substantial hydrocarbon and

PM emissions.

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CLEAN AIR ACT LAWS (1970)

Engine technology

Fuel components

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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGY

DOC=Diesel oxidation

catalyst

DPF=Diesel particulate filter

SCR = Selective Catalytic

Reduction

Exhaust gas DOC LD Diesel

SCR DPF DOC

NH3 (urea)

tank

HD Diesel

DPF SCR

NH3 (urea)

tank

Untreated

Engine Exhaust

Treated

Engine

Exhaust

Untreated

Engine Exhaust Treated

Engine

Exhaust

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Exhaust flows through porous wall-flow elements – PM is trapped on the walls of the filter

When exhaust temperature is high enough, PM is burned off – In most cases, unburned diesel fuel is injected to accomplish this

Precious metal is loaded onto filter walls to lower the temperature required for regeneration (i.e. burning trapped carbon to CO2).

Issues the PM system must overcome : – Regeneration at low temperatures/duty cycles

– Plugging with incombustible materials like lube oil ash

DIESEL ENGINE PARTICULATE FILTER

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CAR MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

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BIODIESEL

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Biodiesel, n. - a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, meeting ASTM D6751, designated B100.

Biodiesel Blend, n. - a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, meeting ASTM D7467 where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel. (ex. B10, B20)

BIODIESEL

Photo credit: Chicago Park District Source: NBB

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TRANSESTERIFICATION

Source: NBB

Making Biodiesel

Hacer Biodiesel

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Toxicity

PAHs

Aromatic (BTEX)

Cyclo alkanes

Branched chain

--------------------------------

Straight chain

T

O

X

I

C

I

D

A

D

T

O

X

I

C

I

T

y

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FEEDSTOCKS

Corn Oil By-Product

from Ethanol Plants

Yellow Grease

Poultry Fats

Soybean Oil

Beef/Pork Fats

Algae

Sugarcane

Sweet Sorghum

Potential

Canola Oil

Source: NBB/University of Illinois

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A clean, domestic, renewable, advanced biofuel for diesel engines

made from fats and oils, such as soybean oil and used cooking oil.

CanolaOil9%

Dis- llersCornOil14%

SoybeanOil48%

AnimalFats14%

YellowGrease15%

BIODIESEL

Source: NBB

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US BIODIESEL PRODUCTION GOAL

Source: NBB

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US BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PLANTS

Source: NBB

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US TERMINAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Biodiesel is available at terminals in 369 cities

Petroleum diesel is available in 453 cities

Source: NBB

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US RETAILING INFRASTRUCTURE

U.S. Retailers Selling Biodiesel Blends of B10 to B20

Source: NBB

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B2

B2

B20

B5

B2

B5

Implemented

CT: B20

MA: B5

RI: B5

VT: B3

Source: NBB

US STATE REQUIREMENTS (MANDATES)

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US STATE TAX INCENTIVES

Currently

Implemented

Source: NBB

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US STATE CONSUMPTION MANDATES

LCFS Active

LCFS Potential

5 billion

gallons +

Source: NBB

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WELCOME August 9, 2018

FUEL QUALITY

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ASTM STANDARDS FOR BIODIESEL

ASTM D6751 is the approved standard for

100%

Performance-based standard

49 states have adopted these specifications

D7467 Covers blends containing 6% to 20%

D975 Covers petrodiesel and blends up to 5%

D396 Covers heating oil and blends up to 20%

biodiesel in boilers and home heating oil units

53 Source: NBB

CRITICAL QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS

Test Criteria Why it’s important

Free Glycerin Injector cloging

Total Glycerin Injector cloging, filter plugging

Flash Point [Methanol] Shipping/handling safety, injector life

Acid Number Long term storage, fuel system fouling

Water & Sediment Fuel system contamination

Visual Appearance Indicates moisture or impurities

Oxidative Stability Long term storage, fuel filter clogging

Sulfur EPA regulated specification

Cold Soak Filtration Filter plugging, control minor components

Cloud Point Cold weather storage /handling

Source: NBB

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BQ-9000 AND FUEL QUALITY

The biodiesel industry has an excellent fuel

quality program called BQ-9000

(www.bq-9000.org)

Helps ensure that only the highest-quality

biodiesel meeting ASTM specifications is

produced

ASTM Grade Fuel, BQ-9000 Companies

Over 90% of US biodiesel produced is by

BQ-9000 accredited companies.

Source: NBB

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WELCOME August 9, 2018

IMPACT

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EMISSION REDUCTIONS

Analysis from EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002

Source: EPA

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NOX EMISSIONS

Source: NREL

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EMISSION REDUCTIONS

EMISSION TYPE B20

(20%)

B100

(100%)

Unburned Hydrocarbons -21%1 -67%2

Carbon Monoxide -11%1 -48%2

Particulate Matter -10%1 -47%2

Nox +-2%3 +10%2

Sulfates -20%4 -100%2

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -13% -80%2

Nitrated PAH -50%7 -90%2

Oxone potential of Hydrocarbons (HC) -10%2 -50%2

Lifecycle CO2 Emissions -16%8 -86%9

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ADVANCED BIOFUEL DEFINED BY USEPA

Advanced Biofuel -- means

renewable fuel, other than ethanol

derived from cornstarch, that has

lifecycle greenhouse gas

emissions that are at least 50

percent less than baseline

lifecycle greenhouse gas

emissions.

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LIFECYCLE

U.S. biodiesel on average provides a 80% reduction in

carbon emissions compared to petroleum diesel1

Energy balance2 1:5.4

=

Energy Balance Lifecycle GHGs

Source: USDA

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ORIGINAL ENGINE MANUFACTURER (OEM)

BIODIESEL SUPPORT

• All major OEMs producing diesel

vehicles for the U.S. market support at

least B5 biodiesel blends

• Over 90% now support B20 in all the

engines coming off production lines

Source: NBB

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BIODIESEL IMPROVES DIESEL PROPERTIES

Blends with petrodiesel in any percentage

Once it is blended it does not separate back out

Higher Cetane rating for smoother, more complete burn

(ignition property similar to octane rating in gasoline)

Higher Lubricity (lubrication)

Virtually Zero Sulfur - ULSD <= 15 ppm or less

Zero Aromatics - Reduces Toxicity and Burns Cleaner

11% Oxygen - Reduces Black Smoke (Particulates)

Source: NBB

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WELCOME August 9, 2018

HEALTH

65 Source: Member Data/USEPA

EMISSIONS IN ILLINOIS

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HEALTH HEALTH BENEFITS IN ILLINOIS

“Vehicles fueled with B20 biodiesel generate fewer harmful emissions that contribute to asthma, bronchitis,

cardiovascular disease and other health ailments. Considering hospitalizations, lost work days and other

health costs, using B20 translates into an estimated savings of $1,218,100 for the communities where B20

Club members operate.” – John DeRosa, Director of Clean Air Initiatives, American Lung Association

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ETHANOL

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REFORMULATED GASOLINE

Why need?

Cars are 98% cleaner (than 30 years ago)

Twice as many cars on road today

Cars are kept longer (due to costs)

Reformulated gas

Gasoline w/ additional processing and refinement

Has reduced evaporation

Includes an oxygenate to improve combustion

10% ethanol in 98% of all gas in U.S.

Less benzene by 43%

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2018

51% Decrease

in Ozone

31% Decrease in

Carbon Monoxide

CONTINUOUS AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN ILLINOIS

Continuous monitoring

at 80 monitoring sites

with more than 200

instruments

Start of

Reformulated

Gas in 1995

25%

Decrease

29%

Decrease

67%

Decrease

Reformulated

Gas in 1995

With the removal of lead from gasoline,

there is almost no lead in either the air or water

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REFORMULATED GAS SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES

HARMFUL GASOLINE EMISSIONS

Emission Type Percent Reduction (E10)

Air Toxics -28%1

Volatile Organic Compounds -17%1

Nitrogen Oxides -3%1

Carbon Monoxide -13%1

Sulfur Oxides -11%1

Carbon Dioxide (Green House) - (43% - 76%)2

Particulate Matter -9% (-50% for fine PM)1

Reduced Cancer Risk -20 – 30%1

Health Benefits

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SUMMARY

The Clean Air Act has been successful in dramatically reducing air

pollution in the United States.

Reduction in pollution from all types of motor vehicles has been

critical to meeting air quality goals.

Regulation of motor vehicle fuels at the national level, combined with

local fuel requirements, has brought many areas to within health-

based air quality standards.

Use of oxygenates in fuels, primarily ethanol, has been an important

component of fuels programs in the U.S.

Both Ethanol and Biodiesel, will play a very strong role in national

fuels programs in the future, including efforts to address GHG

emissions.

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Angela Tin Vice President

Environmental Health

American Lung

Association

Angela.Tin@Lung.org

217.787.5864

www.CleanAirChoice.org