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NORTHERN COLORADO CLEAN CITIES

Natural Gas Vehicles Overview Maria DiBiase Eisemann

Co-coordinatormarianccc@Comcast.netOctober 21, 2014

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INTRODUCTION:Clean Cities Mission…

To contribute to the energy, environmental, and economic security of the Unites States by supporting local decisions to reduce our dependence on imported petroleum.

• Supported by the US Department of Energy

• A community-based, voluntary program that fosters partnerships among stakeholders in the public and private sectors to reduce petroleum use.

• Alternative fuel neutral

• Goal: Reduce U.S. petroleum use by 2.5 billion gallons per year

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Clean Cities Coalitions

• Nearly 100 coalitions in 45 states

• 775,000 AFVs using alternative fuels

• 6,600 fueling stations

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Natural Gas-clean burning, domestically produced and inexpensive

• Hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH4) and others

such as propane

• High octane rating, excellent for spark ignited ICE

• Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and noncarcinogenic

• Not a threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater

• Lower ozone-forming emissions than gasoline

• Extracted from gas and oil wells

• Increasing amount form biogas resources

• Existing vast pipeline distribution system in US

• Used for decades to fuel vehicles

• Accounts for approx. ¼ of energy used in US (residential,

commercial, industrial, elec generation) 1/10 for transpo fuel

Basics

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Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)• Stored in onboard tanks under high

pressure• Fuel economy similar to gasoline• 1 GGE = 5.7 lb CNG

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)• Kept at cold temperatures (-260 F)• Stored in double-wall, vacuum-insulated

pressure vessels• Heavy-duty vehicles• 1 GGE = 1.5 gal LNG

Basics: CNG and LNG

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• Ford Transit Connect CNG taxi with tanks stored in rear of

• vehicle

Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles

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Dedicated Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV)• Run only on natural gas• Better performance• Lower emissions• Increased cargo capacity

Bi-fuel NGVs• Two fueling systems

o Natural gaso Gasoline

• Fueling flexibility

Dual-fuel NGVs• Run on diesel and natural gas• Heavy-duty vehicles only

Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles

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Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles

Operates much like a gasoline spark-ignited engine

A: Gas fill valve

B: High Pressure Cylinders

C: Master manual shut-off valve

D: High-pressure fuel line

E: Regulator, reduces pressure for fuel injectors

F: Natural gas solenoid valve, allows gas into fuel injectors

G: Fuel-injection system-natural gas mixed with air burned to produce power

Some HD vehicles use spark-ignited CNG systems

Adapted from Compressed Natural Gas: A Suite of Tutorials. Courtesy of Thomason & Associates, Inc.

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Benefits and Considerations

Public Health and Environment• Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions• Lower particulate pollution and carcinogens• CNG Honda Civic cleanest ICE on earth (USEPA)

Energy Security• Plentiful in U.S.• Existing infrastructure

Driving Range• Shorter than gasoline, function of tank size• Comparable power and speed

Deployment• Proven and established• 112,000 natural gas vehicles in U.S. in 2011

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Generally better for high-mileage, centrally-fueled fleets that operate within a limited area

Light-Duty NGVs• Suitable for light-duty needs in private and

government fleets• Honda Civic GX

Medium-Duty NGVs• Vans and shuttles• Airports and taxi fleets

Heavy-Duty NGVs• Refuse haulers• Transit buses• School buses• Street sweepers• Snowplows• Short-haul delivery trucks

Use: Fleet Applications

Natural Gas Vehicles for Americawww.ngvamerica.org

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CNG Trends

19951996

19971998

19992000

20012002

20032004

20052006

20072008

20092010

2011

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000 Estimated Consumption of Alternative Fuel by AFVs in the U.S.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)Liquefied Pe-troleum Gas (LPG)85% Ethanol (E85)[1]Liquefied Nat-ural Gas (LNG)Electric [2]Hydrogen95% Ethanol (E95)[1]85% Methanol (M85)*Neat Methanol (M100)

Mil

lio

n G

GE

s

Trends in alternative fuel consumption in alternative fuel vehicles, by fuel type, from 1995 to 2011. (CNG) consumption has increased steadily since 1995, owing largely to state and federal government incentives, increased natural gas supply, and falling natural gas prices. Use of propane, on the other hand, which was once the most common alternative vehicle fuel, has trended downward as CNG has become more popular. E85 use has been growing as the availability of flex fuel vehicles from major manufacturers has increased, and as an increasing number of fueling stations offer E85.

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FUEL PRICE VOLATILITY

DieselRetail price $4.43/GGE

(early 2008)

Distribution and Marketing

26%

42%

9%6%18%

Natural Gas

OperationsMaintenanceAmortization

PipelineElectricity

Taxes

ElectricityRetail price $1.14/eGallon

25%

30%

30%

15%

Fuel Costs

Capital Costs

Transmission and Delivery

Taxes

COSTPER GAL$5.00

$4.00

$3.00

$2.00

$1.00

$0.00

64%

21%

5%

10%

Crude OIl

Taxes

Refining Distribution and Marketing

GasolineRetail price $3.77/GGE

(early 2008)

75%

10%

5%

10%

Crude OIl

Taxes

Refining

CNGRetail price $2.10/GGE

(early 2008)

Source: US DoE EERE, EIA, and NGVA

PPPump Prices of certain alt. fuels are lesssubject to changes in market prices for energy

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Fuel Prices

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Offsite, Public Access• Utilize an existing public station• Operated by retailer, utility, or fleet• Anchor fleet or pool of multiple fleets

Onsite, Private Access• Exclusive use by fleets• Time-fill stations always private access

Onsite, Public Access• Often located outside of restricted areas• Benefit from economy of scale• Promotes public use of NGVs• Must have fast-fill capabilities for public

Use: Fueling Stations

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Fleet-Owned and -Operated• Fleet works with vendors on station development• Fleet owns and operates station

Outsourced to Independent Provider• Outside development, ownership, and operation• Fleet provides demand threshold• Long-term price agreement• Public access possible

Fleet-Owned, Contractor-Operated• Reduces fleet risk• Fleet relies on experienced operator• Usually a 5-7 year contract

Use: Station Ownership and Operation

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Time-Fill Fueling• Good for centrally-based fleets with consistent schedules• CNG is dispensed slowly, often overnight• Lower cost investment

Fast-Fill Fueling• Fueling takes place in minutes• Necessary for public-access stations• Good for vehicles with little downtime

Combo-Fill Fueling• Time-fill and fast-fill• More flexibility in fueling

Use: CNG Fueling

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Mobile Fueling• Tanker truck with metering and dispensing equipment• Provides temporary fueling option

Starter/Containerized System• Complete fueling station, including storage tank, dispensing,

metering, and required containment• Turn-key solution

Custom Station• Larger storage tanks• Multiple dispensers• LNG and/or CNG dispensing

Use: LNG Fueling

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Questions to Ask• How many vehicles will be fueled each day?• How much fuel will each vehicle need?• When and how often will vehicles need to be fueled?• What are the site development requirements?

Use: Getting Started

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Prepare Fleet Inventory and Replacement Schedule• Identify vehicle replacement potential• Determine station sizing plan

Explore Your Options• Contact vehicle vendors• Contact equipment vendors• Meet with station developers

Visit Existing Sites• Fast-fill and time-fill• Private and public

Ask Questions• Clean Cities coordinators• Station developers• Vendors

Use: Getting Started

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Codes and Standards

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For More Information

Clean Cities

AFDC

FuelEconomy.gov

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For More Information

Clean Cities websitewww.cleancities.energy.gov

Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center websitewww.afdc.energy.gov

Clean Cities Coordinator Contact Information and Coalitionswww.afdc.energy.gov/cleancities/progs/coordinators.php

Natural Gas Vehicles for Americawww.ngvamerica.org

Some of the information in this presentation was provided by Natural Gas Vehicles for America, in the presentation, “The Compelling Case for NGVs in Public and Private Fleets,” by Stephe Yborra, Director of Communications for the Clean Vehicle Education foundation and NGVAmerica, May 26, 2010.

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Maria Eisemann

Co-coordinator

Northern Colorado Clean CitiesMarianccc@comcast.net

970-988-2996

www.northerncocleancities.org

For More Information