Clean Tech industry analysis

Submitted by :

Manvindra Singh

Intern CIIE-IIMA

3rd year undergraduate, MSE

IIT Kanpur

Contents

Contents Clean Tech industry analysis .................................................................................................................................... 1

Contents .................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Industry definition ................................................................................................................................................... 5

Clean Energy ............................................................................................................................................................ 5

Bioenergy ................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Current market stats ............................................................................................................................................ 6

Indian market................................................................................................................................................... 6

Estimates of Biomass Consumption in India: ...................................................................................................... 8

Global Market Scenario ....................................................................................................................................... 9

Opportunities in bioenergy .................................................................................................................................. 9

Cost and Cost Trends ......................................................................................................................................... 10

Drivers for Sector Growth .................................................................................................................................. 11

Government Initiatives .................................................................................................................................. 11

Fiscal Incentives: Biofuels and Bio-energy Sectors ........................................................................................ 11

Key Issues for Bioenergy: ................................................................................................................................... 12

Key Players in India ............................................................................................................................................ 13

Startups .............................................................................................................................................................. 13

High Capital Risk ................................................................................................................................................ 14

Geothermal Energy ................................................................................................................................................ 15

Current Market Status ....................................................................................................................................... 15

Global Scenario .................................................................................................................................................. 17

Prospects for improvement ............................................................................................................................... 17

Investment Cost ................................................................................................................................................. 18

Potential ............................................................................................................................................................ 18

Barriers .............................................................................................................................................................. 19

Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy ............................................................................................................... 19

Key Players ......................................................................................................................................................... 19

Hydro Energy ......................................................................................................................................................... 21

Market Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 21

Global Market .................................................................................................................................................... 22

Cost trends ......................................................................................................................................................... 23

Risk, Threats and Barriers .................................................................................................................................. 23

Key Player .......................................................................................................................................................... 24

Ocean energy ......................................................................................................................................................... 25

Potential of Ocean energy in India .................................................................................................................... 25

Barrier to Ocean Energy .................................................................................................................................... 25

Current Market Status ....................................................................................................................................... 26

Cost Trends ........................................................................................................................................................ 26

Startups .............................................................................................................................................................. 26

Solar Energy ........................................................................................................................................................... 28

Concentrating Solar Power ................................................................................................................................ 28

Solar Photovoltaic .............................................................................................................................................. 28

Advantage of Solar PV ................................................................................................................................... 28

Market Scenario ................................................................................................................................................ 29

India current status ........................................................................................................................................ 29

Opportunities ..................................................................................................................................................... 29

Cost Trends ........................................................................................................................................................ 31

Key Players India ................................................................................................................................................ 32

Startups:............................................................................................................................................................. 33

Barrier for growth .............................................................................................................................................. 33

Driving factors .................................................................................................................................................... 34

Wind Energy .......................................................................................................................................................... 36

India Potential .................................................................................................................................................... 36

Current Market .................................................................................................................................................. 36

Indian Scenario .............................................................................................................................................. 36

Global Scenario .............................................................................................................................................. 38

Opportunities ..................................................................................................................................................... 39

Key Players ......................................................................................................................................................... 40

Startup ............................................................................................................................................................... 41

Major Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 41

Energy Efficiency .................................................................................................................................................... 42

Energy saving in appliances ........................................................................................................................... 42

Energy saving in building ............................................................................................................................... 42

Market ............................................................................................................................................................... 43

Opportunities ..................................................................................................................................................... 45

Barrier to Energy efficiency improvement ........................................................................................................ 45

Key players ......................................................................................................................................................... 47

Startups .............................................................................................................................................................. 47

Green Transportation ............................................................................................................................................ 49

Biofuels .............................................................................................................................................................. 49

Current market status.................................................................................................................................... 50

Cost and Cost trends .......................................................................................................................................... 51

Issues Involved ................................................................................................................................................... 52

Opportunities ..................................................................................................................................................... 52

Government Policies .......................................................................................................................................... 53

Key players ......................................................................................................................................................... 53

Startups .............................................................................................................................................................. 54

Electro mobility ...................................................................................................................................................... 55

Market ................................................................................................................................................................... 55

Drivers & Challenges .......................................................................................................................................... 57

Government Initiative ........................................................................................................................................ 58

Key players ......................................................................................................................................................... 58

Waste management and recycling ........................................................................................................................ 59

Market ............................................................................................................................................................... 59

E-waste .............................................................................................................................................................. 60

Business opportunities ...................................................................................................................................... 61

Key Players ......................................................................................................................................................... 63

E-waste companies ........................................................................................................................................ 64

Startups .............................................................................................................................................................. 65

References ............................................................................................................................................................. 66

Industry definition A diverse range of products, services and processes that harness renewable materials and energy sources, dramatically reduce the use of natural resources and significantly cut or eliminate emissions and wastes.

Unlike a traditional industry cluster that is defined by specific supply chains and industry classifications, clean technology is defined by products and services that solve the environmental challenges associated with global warming and increased greenhouse gas emissions, poor air and water quality, and/or development that is unsustainable. Clean technology employers are also primarily in the private sector and focused on earning profits and a high rate of return for investors while providing superior performance at a competitive cost. Its subsector are clean energy, waste to energy, green transportation, energy efficiency, green IT, and sustainable agriculture.

Clean Energy Different clean energy technologies and resources exist for electricity, heat and biofuel production. These technologies are at different stages in their evolution and can be categorized according to their position along the development cycle, where the focus is principally on one of the following:

Bioenergy Bioenergy is used mostly for generating electricity and heat.

Types of bio-energy

Gases: Biopropane, Biogas, Synthetic Natural Gas, Syngas

Liquids: Biodiesel, Biobutanol, Biogasoline, Biokerosene, Biomass to liquids (BTL),Dimethyl ether, Ethanol

Solids: Biomass pellets Char/Charcoal. Wood

Biofuels’ will be consider in Transportation sector.

The co firing of solid biomass materials with coal in existing large power station boilers has proved to be one of the most cost-effective and efficient large-scale means of converting biomass to electricity and, where relevant, district heating.

In biomass-based power plants, the heat produced by direct biomass combustion in a boiler can be used to generate electricity via a steam turbine. This technology is currently the cheapest and most reliable route to produce power from biomass in stand-alone applications

In waste-to-energy plants, municipal solid waste (MSW) is converted to electricity and/or heat.

Gasification is a thermochemical process in which biomass is transformed into fuel gas,mixture of several combustible gases. Gasification is a highly versatile process, because virtually any biomass feedstock can be converted to fuel gas with high efficiency

Anaerobic digestion is the biological degradation of biomass in oxygen-free conditions to produce biogas, a methane-rich gas. Biogas can be burned in power generation devices for on-site cogeneration.

Combined heat and power (CHP) plants, which allow an economic use of the waste heat produced in biomass power generation, are an effective way to significantly increase the overall efficiency of a power plant (and hence its competitiveness) from either co-firing or stand-alone biomass plants.

Below figure shows schematic view of the variety of commercial (solid lines) and developing bioenergy routes (dotted lines) from biomass feedstocks through thermochemical, chemical, biochemical and biological conversion routes to heat, power, CHP and liquid or gaseous fuels. Commercial products are marked with an asterisk.

Current market stats

Indian market More than 70% of India’s population depends on biomass and about 32% of the total primary energy use in the country mainly in rural areas is still derived from biomass (EAI). Biomass gasification based power production, is relevant today especially in the Indian context mainly because of its potential to provide distributed power at rural level, especially for small remote villages that have good access to biomass but no access to grid power, and which require only small scale power production. Biomass based power is also relevant in the context of climate change and global warming as biomass based power production is net carbon neutral.

The current availability of biomass in India is estimated at about 500 million metric ton per year. As of December 2010, the total installed capacity of biomass based passed power in India was 2559MW (MNRE) .As per figure on below left India foresees biomass after coal as the sector with most growth potential fuelled by demand for power generation. As per figure on below right demand for biomass in industry will increasing very fast.

Based on studies by TERI and others (NSSO, 2008), biomass delivers nearly 90% of energy used in rural households and about 40% of energy used in urban households in India. An analysis of India’s Energy Balance (IEA, 2009) also substantiates the role of biomass-based energy in India’s energy basket contributing 29%.

CRW (combustible, renewable and waste): 97% of which is biomass both commercial and noncommercial.

According to EIA Energy balance estimates (2010) 80% of CRW energy is used in residential areas of India.

Estimated potential of Bioenergy in India is 23700MW. Capacity installed in India up to December 2010 is 2632 MW.

Capacity under Development which is proposed to be commissioned during 2012-13 to 2016-17 for bioenergy sector is 1970 MW.

Estimates of Biomass Consumption in India: Estimates of biomass consumption remain highly variable since most biomass is not transacted on the market. Mean estimates of biomass use are: fuelwood- 298 million tons, crop residue- 156 million tons and dung cake- 114 million tons.

Dependence on biomass (used for generation of bio energy) is expected to continue in India, due to the projected increase in rural population in absolute terms and continued lack of access to commercial fuels in rural areas particularly for cooking.

Source: http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/bio/pot/biomass_power_potential.html

Despite the existence of national policies promoting renewables market, each state in India has a unique policy and regulatory support mechanisms, making the total growth in India’s renewable power market rather uncoordinated and fragmented. According to India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), the renewables installed capacity of biomass power and cogeneration plants (non-bagasse) is 238MW, with biomass gasifiers’ installed capacity at 125MW at the end of June 2010.States like Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh are prominent in biomass based power generation. In India, biomass technology installations include bagasse cogeneration and grid connected biomass power projects. The potential to reach higher efficiencies in heat recovery and usage could make investors enter India’s cogeneration market. The MNRE has announced a target of creating 10GW (10,000MW) of installed biomass power capacity by 2020.India’s demand for biomass power technology capacity will likely be constrained by pressures of food security and the issue of high biomass power generation cost, compared to the cheaper cost of generating electricity from coal.

Global Market Scenario Biomass is mainly used for generating power and as heating source

Electricity supply from bioenergy has been rising steadily since 1992, and in 2009, bioenergy provided some 249TWh of electricity, equivalent to 1.24% of global production. Globally, an estimated 62 GW of biomass power capacity was in place by the end of 2010.This energy was principally derived through combustion and power generation via steam turbines. Cofiring of biomass with coal is an increasingly important route for using biomass for power production at a large scale. IEA Bioenergy Task 32’S online database that tracks cofiring globally now has over 200 entries (IEABCC, 2011b)

The United States continued to lead the world for total biomass power generation. Other significant producers included the EU, led by Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and Brazil, China, and Japan. Most US biomass electricity is derived from wood, agricultural residues and black liquor burned as fuel for cogeneration in the industrial sector.EU electricity production from solid biomass tripled between 2001 and 2009, and by early 2010 some 800 solid biomass power plant.

According to BTAC 2000a,Biomass consumption in the industrial sector will increase at an annual rate of 2% through 2030, increasing from 2.7 quads(1quads=1.055 × 10^18 joules) in 2001 to 3.2 quads in 2010,3.9 quads in 2020, and 4.8 quads in 2030.Additionally, biomass consumption in electric utilities will double every 10 years through 2030. Combined, bio power will meet 4% of total industrial and electric generator energy demand in 2010 and 5%in 2020.

Opportunities in bioenergy Biomass is a versatile energy source that can be used for production of heat, power, and transport fuels, as well as biomaterials and, when produced and used on a sustainable basis, can make a large contribution to reducing GHG emissions.

Biomass is the most important renewable energy option at present and is expected to maintain that position during the first half of this century and likely beyond that [IPCC, 2007; IEA, 2006a]. Currently, combined heat and power (CHP), co-firing and various combustion concepts provide reliable, efficient, and clean conversion routes for converting solid biomass to power and heat. Although the future role of bioenergy will depend on its competitiveness with fossil fuels and on agricultural policies worldwide, it seems realistic to expect that the current contribution of bioenergy of 40-55 EJ per year will increase considerably. A range from 200 to 400 EJ may be expected during this century, making biomass a more important energy supply option than mineral oil today – large enough to supply one-third of the world’s total energy needs. Bioenergy markets provide major business opportunities, environmental benefits, and rural development on a global scale. Feedstock can be provided from residues from agriculture, forestry, and the wood industry, from biomass produced from degraded and marginal lands, and from biomass produced on good quality agricultural and pasture lands without jeopardizing the world’s food and feed supply, forests, and biodiversity. The pre-condition to achieve such a situation is that agricultural land-use efficiency is increased, especially in developing regions.

The long-term potential for bioenergy will be determined by the likely availability and costs of the fuel feedstocks. Thus the potential is inevitably uncertain because of the many factors influencing the availability of suitable wastes, residues and other potential fuels including energy crops.

Opportunities are diverse, and are present in such different sectors as, R&D, agriculture (biomass cultivation and processing), transport services, bioenergy production, manufacturing of core equipments and EPC, as shown in the below representation.

Source:http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/bio/biz/biomass_biz_opp.html

Various Avenues of R&D for Biomass Energy

• Establishing of standards, best practices and monitoring protocols in the biomass projects • Enhancements to existing biomass resource assessment and management strategies to cover wider

biomass resources and period of analysis • Exploring extent of potential for replacement of fossil fuel by biomass in sector-wise industrial and

commercial usage. • Evolving of specifications and standards for biomass energy devices and providing technical support in

establishing test center

Many biomass processing techniques are in need of (pre)processing the feedstock to reduce the bulk volume of biomass, by producing uniform size pellets or briquettes, thus providing exciting opportunity to wood pellet and briquette manufacturers.

Feedstock logistics includes all of the unit operations necessary to move biomass feedstocks from the land to the bio-refinery and to ensure that the delivered feedstock meets the specifications of the bio-refinery conversion process.

Cost and Cost Trends The costs of heat and/or power production from bioenergy depend not only on the technology and operational scale but also on the quality, type, availability and cost of biomass feedstock, and on the pattern of energy demand (especially whether a steady demand exists for heat), meaning that cost estimates

inevitably span a wide range. The investment costs for a biomass plant with a capacity of 25-100 MWe are between USD 2 600/kW and USD 4 100/kW. With a fuel cost of USD 1.25/GJ to USD 5/GJ, the electricity cost would be between USD 0.069/kWh and USD 0.15/kWh at a 7% discount rate (IPCC, 2011). The capital cost of co-firing is much lower (USD 430/kW to USD 900/kW, depending on configuration), and at the same fuel costs, co-firing provides electricity at USD 0.022/kWh to USD 0.067/kWh (IPCC, 2011).

Many key components of bioenergy systems (such as boilers) are very well established, and the scope for cost reduction may be limited. However, considerable scope for overall project cost reduction may still be available through cost-effective design and plant standardization, where this is possible. The technologies for producing heat from the various biomass sources are well established and can provide heat cost effectively in favorable circumstances. Critical factors influencing the competitiveness of bioenergy heating systems include the scale, constancy of the heat load, and the availability and cost of the fuels. System and fuel costs also vary significantly between markets. The scale of heating plants, for example, can vary between 5 kW and many megawatts. At a small scale, investment costs vary between USD 310/kW and USD 1 200/kW

(IPCC, 2011).

Drivers for Sector Growth • Increased dependence as a nation on imported fossil fuels vis-à-vis the abundant availability of

biomass in India. • Improved technologies for biomass based energy systems including the use of biofuels as an

alternative or additive (displacing) fuel. • Government has formulated and implemented a number of innovative policies and programmes to

promote Bio-energy technologies through fiscal incentives and regulatory initiatives such as renewable purchase standards (RPS).

• Government has also set targets, for instance, in the current Five Year Plan period (2007 to 2012), the government’s target for biomass power capacity is 1200 MW.

Government Initiatives The MNRE has announced a target of creating 10GW (10,000MW) of biomass power generation by 2020. According to the MNRE and US EIA, India’s installed biomass and waste generation capacity could record a CAGR of 16.1% by growing from 1GW in 2010 to 10GW in 2020. The MNRE proposes the encouragement of small biomass power plants ranging 133 between the installed capacity size of 1MW and 2MW, indicating opportunities for investors to enter India’s renewables market. Historically, government programs concerning biomass power undergo revisions in India, based on various technologies and operating conditions under which electricity is generated. Going forward, India’s government will play an increasingly important role in biomass power development as India’s population largely suffers from limited access to appropriate financing schemes to overcome the high upfront costs of cleaner energy technology. Government program including the Remote Village Electrification program, the Biomass Gasification Program, the Biogas Power Generation Program. Under the 11th Five Year Plan (2007–2012), bagasse cogeneration and grid connected biomass power projects earn incentives in the form of capital subsidies.

Fiscal Incentives: Biofuels and Bio-energy Sectors 1. Accelerated Depreciation

According to IREDA, 100% depreciation in the first year can be claimed for the following power generation equipment:

a. Fluidized bed boilers.

b. Back pressure, pass-out, controlled extraction, extraction and condensing turbine for Power generation with boilers.

c. High efficiency boilers.

d. Waste heat recovery equipment.

According to MNRE: 80% depreciation in the first year can be claimed for the following equipment required

a. Back pressure, pass-out, controlled extraction, extraction–cum-condensing turbine for co-generation with pressure boilers.

b. Vapour absorption refrigeration systems.

c. Organic rankine cycle power systems.

d. Low inlet pressures small steam turbines.

2. Income tax holiday: 10 years tax holidays.

3. Customs and Excise Duty: concessional customs and excise duty exemption for machinery and components for initial setting

up of projects.

4. General sales tax: exemption is available in certain States.

5. Loans availability: soft loans are provided through: ƒ IREDA, a public sector company of the Ministry. Nationalized banks and other financial institutions for identified technologies / systems

Key Issues for Bioenergy: The most vital issue for bioenergy in India is the development of market for biomass energy services. Two broad responses to this are:

i) Ensuring reliable and enhanced biomass supply, and ii) Providing energy services reliably with biomass technologies at competitive cost.

Reliable and Enhanced Supply of Biomass: The potential availability of agro residues (bagasse, rice husk, coconut shells etc.) and wood processing waste is estimated to sustain 10,000 MW power. The sustained supply of biomass will require enhanced production of energy crops. The critical factors in this regard are land supply, technology interventions to enhance land productivity, economic operations. Enhanced reliability of biomass supply shall need adequate logistics infrastructure (transport and T&D).

Reliable Energy Services at Competitive Prices: A softer but effective response to improve productivity at competitive price is better management of biomass systems through options like:

i) Shift of ownership from government to private, co-operative and community organizations, ii) Professional management of biomass plantation and end-products systems, iii) Improved institutional support by co-ordination with multiple agencies, iv) Policy support for awareness, capacity building, technology R&D, and enacting regulations for tariff

guarantees, wheeling and banking of electricity by the utilities.

Another cause affecting biomass penetration is the subsidies to fossil fuels. In India, the substitute commercial fuel for biomass in the domestic cooking sector is kerosene. In commercial energy market, the biomass competes with kerosene in domestic use and with diesel in irrigation pumping and rural electricity generation. The implicit price of biomass on the market is equivalent to replacement price of kerosene and diesel. Kerosene and diesel are subsidized in India. The kerosene is subsidized to the tune of sixty percent. Under the circumstance, the biomass producers are unable to fetch economic prices in commercial energy markets.

Key Players in India Company Location Plant Location(s) Cumulative Installations Clenergen Corporation Chennai Tamil Nadu, Karnataka Cumulative capacity of

19.5 MW in operation and 20.5 MW under construction

Green Infra Delhi Orissa and Bihar The company is developing five biomass power projects with a cumulative capacity of 68 MW.

Greenko Group Bangalore Chattisgarh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh

41.5 MW from 6 biomass power plants

Husk Power Bihar Bihar HPS had 65 fully operational plants, and a further 10 under construction or starting operation. 48 plants are wholly owned and operated by HPS, and the other 17 run under some type of franchise or partnership. HPS’ plants have capacity of 35-100 kW each.

All Green energy Bengaluru Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Madhya Pradesh

10 biomass plants have been proposed to set up with a capacity of 6.5 MW each.

Startups CoolPlanetBioFuelsa Camarillo, Calif. start-up company developing a technology that converts low-grade biomass into high-grade, carbon-negative fuel, has secured $8 million from North Bridge Venture Partners and GE Energy Financial Services, General Electric’s energy financing unit.

AllGreen Energy has been founded to become one of the leading players in the Indian Biomass market, through the installation of 6.5 MW biomass gasification power plants using agricultural waste.

Eco Grab & Go Cups : Biomass Packaging, has created a new line of environmentally friendly single serve food packaging solution called 'Greenware", that helps package foods that don't keep well together once mixed stay fresh with an added bonus of been eco-friendly.

Biomass Power Ltd is a cleantech startup, developing Biomass and Waste to Energy Power Stations, providing clean and renewable energy and tackling the increasing problem of waste management. Biomass Power Ltd’s highly optimised process of staged gasification with steam cycle ensures advanced conversion technology without the technology risk.

High Capital Risk India’s demand for biomass power technology capacity will be constrained by pressures of food security and the issue of high biomass power generation costs, compared to the cheaper costs of generating electricity from coal. Being largely agriculture based, close to 100m households in India use biomass feedstock to meet cooking, heating, and lighting needs, impacting biomass feedstock availability for the purpose of electricity generation. Further, the majority of the rural population does not have access to grid-connected electricity. Moreover, the available biomass power technologies, both for combustion and gasification technologies are yet to achieve commercial viability in India - due to infrastructural bottlenecks in the biomass feedstock supply chain. Essentially, each biomass operator could draw feedstock from sugar mills and rice mills as opposed to a distributed source (cotton stalks, mustard or rape seed stalks). The majority of the biomass power projects depend on captive feedstock supply chain, creating risks which revolve mostly around question of physical availability. As biomass feedstock supply is dependent on factors including rainfall, harvesting effectiveness, and productivity, which make the existing feedstock supplies chain insufficient and unreliable in India. Additionally, the lack of national level policy on a uniform Feed-in Tariff for biomass power, uncertainty in power purchase rates, and insufficient financing mechanisms may continue to hinder the growth of India’s biomass power market

Geothermal Energy Geothermal technologies use energy stored in rock and in trapped vapours or liquids such as water or brines. These resources can be used for generating electricity and to provide heat. Power generation typically relies on geothermal resource temperatures of over 100°C. Geothermal resources spanning a wider range of temperatures can be used in applications such as space and district heating, and other low-temperature applications. Geothermal heat can also be used to generate cooling using adsorption chillers (IEA, 2011c).

Geothermal technology using naturally heated steam or hot water from high-temperature hydrothermal reservoirs (the first type of resource) is well established and fully commercial. Many existing geothermal power plants use steam produced by “flashing” (i.e. reducing the pressure of) the geothermal fluid produced from the reservoir. Geothermal power plants today can use water in the Vapour phase, a combination of vapour and liquid phases, or liquid phase only. The choice of plant depends on the depth of the reservoir, and the temperature, pressure and nature of the entire geothermal resource. The three main types of plant are flash steam, dry steam and binary plants. All forms of currently accepted geothermal development use re- injection as a means of sustainable resource exploitation. Flash steam plants, which make up about two-thirds of geothermal installed capacity today, are used where water-dominated reservoirs have temperatures above 180°C. Dry steam plants, which make up about a quarter of geothermal capacity today, directly utilise dry steam that is piped from production wells to the plant and then to the turbine. Binary plants constitute the fastest-growing group of geothermal plants, because they are able to also use the low- to medium-temperature resources, which are more prevalent. Binary plants, using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) or a Kalina cycle, typically operate with temperatures varying from as low as 73°C (at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska) to 180°C.

Current Market Status Geothermal Energy in India is nonexistent with not a single functioning plant as of 2011.However potential for this renewable energy source exists in a number of sites in India with a total potential of around 10 GW. Note India has massive energy needs and with a 15% energy requirement from clean sources by 2020,it will need to develop all renewable sources. Geothermal Energy is regarded as a poor cousin to its more glamorous cousins Wind and Solar. However long project development time and large capital investments have deterred fast growth in geothermal energy in the world. However some countries like Iceland, Indonesia, Philippines and USA have a strong geothermal energy industry. Market for geothermal will increase in India. It has been estimated from geological, geochemical, shallow geophysical and shallow drilling data it is estimated that India has about 10,000 MWe of geothermal power potential that can be harnessed for various purposes. Rocks covered on the surface of India ranging in age from more than 4500 million years to the present day and distributed in different geographical units. More than 300 hot spring locations have been identified by Geological survey of India. Different orogenic regions are – Himalayan geothermal province, Naga-Lushai geothermal province, Andaman & Nicobar Islands geothermal province and non-orogenic regions are – Cambay graben, Son-Narmada-Tapi graben, west coast, Damodar valley, Mahanadi valley, Godavari valley etc. India has good place to exploit geothermal energy.

India distribution of geothermal sources

Global Scenario The newly released 6th Edition of the Geothermal Report from ABS Energy Research expects that the world Geothermal market will grow by 78% from 10,711 MW at the end of 2009 to 19,016 MW in 2015. Growth in the USA was boosted by the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 which extended producer and investor tax credits to 2016 and funded several development stage projects. However, in terms of new capacity, growth markets will be the three biggest geothermal countries: the USA, the Philippines and Indonesia. Countries generating electricity from geothermal is expected to rise from 24 at the end of 2009 to 36 in 2015.

The United States led the world for installed capacity, with just over 12.6 GWth, followed by China (9 GWth), Sweden (4.5GWth), Germany (2.5 GWth, including 2.2 GWth from heat pumps and 0.1 GWth deep geothermal for district and building heat), and Japan (2.1 GWth).These five countries accounted for 64% of total global capacity in 2010. China led in actual annual energy production at 21 TWh, followed by the United States (15.7 TWh), Sweden (12.6TWh), Turkey (10.2 TWh), Japan (7.1 TWh), and Iceland (6.8 TWh).In 2009, the main types (and relative percentages) of direct geothermal applications in annual energy use were: space heating of buildings (63%), bathing and balneology (25%), horticulture (greenhouses and soil heating) (5%), industrial process heat and agricultural drying (3%), aquaculture (fish farming) (3%) and snow melting (1%).

Prospects for improvement Geothermal resources can be integrated into all types of electrical power supply systems, from large, interconnected continental transmission grids to onsite use in small, isolated villages or autonomous buildings. Since geothermal energy typically provides base-load electric generation, integration of new power plants into existing power systems does not present a major challenge. For geothermal direct uses, no integration problems have been observed, and for heating and cooling, geothermal energy (including GHPs) is already widespread at the domestic, community and district scales.

Several prospects for technology improvement and innovation can reduce the cost of producing geothermal energy and lead to higher energy recovery, longer field and plant lifetimes, and better reliability. Advanced geophysical surveys, injection optimization, scaling/corrosion inhibition, and better reservoir simulation modelling will help reduce the resource risks by better matching installed capacity to sustainable generation capacity. Refinement and wider usage of rapid reconnaissance geothermal tools such as satellite- and airborne-based hyper-spectral, thermal infrared, high-resolution panchromatic and radar sensors could make exploration efforts more effective. Special research in drilling and well construction technology is needed to improve the rate of penetration when drilling hard rock and to develop advanced slim-hole technologies, with the general objectives of reducing the cost and increasing the useful life of geothermal production facilities.

EGS(Enhanced geothermal system) projects are currently at a demonstration and experimental stage. EGS require innovative methods to hydraulically stimulate reservoir connectivity between injection and production wells to attain sustained, commercial production rates while reducing the risk of seismic hazard, and to improve numerical simulators and assessment methods to enable reliable predictions of chemical interaction between geo-fluids and geothermal reservoirs rocks. The possibility of using CO2 as a working fluid in geothermal reservoirs, particularly in EGS, is also under investigation since it could provide a means for enhancing the effect of geothermal energy deployment, lowering CO2 emissions beyond just generating electricity with a carbon-free renewable resource. Currently there are no technologies in use to tap submarine geothermal resources, but in theory electrical energy could be produced directly from a hydrothermal vent.

Investment Cost Geothermal projects typically have high upfront investment costs, due to the need to drill wells and construct power plants, and relatively low operational costs.

The investment costs of a typical geothermal electric project are: (a) exploration and resource confirmation (10 to 15% of the total); (b) drilling of production and injection wells (20 to 35% of the total); (c) surface facilities and infrastructure (10 to 20% of the total); and (d) power plant (40 to 81% of the total). Current investment costs vary worldwide between USD2005 1,800 and 5,200/kWe.

Geothermal electric O&M costs, including make-up wells (i.e., new wells to replace failed wells and restore lost production or injection capacity), have been calculated to be USD2005 152 to 187/kWe/yr, but in some countries can be significantly lower (e.g., USD2005 83 to 117/kWe/yr in New Zealand).

Estimates of possible cost reductions from design changes and technical advances rely solely on expert knowledge of the geothermal process value chain, as published learning curve studies are limited.

Potential Geothermal energy can contribute to near- and long-term carbon emissions reduction. In 2008, global geothermal energy use represented only about 0.1% of the global primary energy supply. However, by 2050, geothermal could meet roughly 3% of the global electricity demand and 5% of the global demand for heating and cooling.

Taking into account the geothermal electric projects under construction or planned in the world, installed geothermal capacity is expected to reach 18.5 GWe by 2015. Practically all the new power plants expected to be on line by 2015 will be flash-condensing and binary utilizing hydrothermal resources, with a small contribution from EGS projects. Geothermal direct uses (heat applications including GHP) are expected to grow at the same historic annual rate (11% between 1975 and 2010) to reach 85.2 GWth. By 2015, total electric generation could reach 121.6 TWh/yr (0.44 EJ/yr) while direct generation of heat could reach 224 TWhth/yr.

Carbon policy is likely to be one of the main driving factors for future geothermal development, and under the most favourable GHG concentration stabilization policy (<440 ppm), geothermal deployment by 2020, 2030 and 2050 could be significantly higher than the median values noted above. By projecting the historic average annual growth rates of geothermal power plants (7%) and direct uses (11%) from the estimates for 2015, the installed geothermal capacity in 2020 and 2030 for electricity and direct uses could be as shown in Table below.

Table: Potential geothermal deployments for electricity and direct uses in 2020 through 2050

Year Use Capacity* (GW) Generation (TWh/yr) Generation (EJ/yr) Total (EJ/yr)

2020 Electricity 25.9 181.8 0.65

2.01 Direct 143.6 377.5 1.36

2030 Electricity 51.0 380.0 1.37

5.23 Direct 407.8 1,071.7 3.86

2050 Electricity 150.0 1,182.8 4.26

11.83 Direct 800.0 2,102.3 7.57

Source:IPCC Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation 2011

By 2050, the geothermal-electric capacity would be as high as 150 GWe (with half of that comprised of EGS plants), and up to an additional 800 GWth of direct-use plants.

Barriers The main barriers to extending the geothermal contribution are associated with the complexity of regulations, which have not been developed with energy production in mind and need to be made as simple and supportive as possible. From a project developer’s perspective, the main issue in these markets is the risk associated with finding and proving good resources, and this can be a barrier to securing the necessary investment funds. As geothermal technology is more widely exploited, the availability of skilled personnel can also be a problem. In newer geothermal markets, or in case of binary plant development for low- and medium-temperature resources, some fiscal support may be necessary to stimulate investment.

The main risks for geothermal projects are associated with finding and proving a resource. If water flow rate and temperature are not high enough, geothermal development can fail, particularly if the necessary flow rate cannot be reached in low-temperature projects. Given the high uncertainty in finding a geothermal resource when drilling, debt financing usually only becomes an option when the resource has been successfully proven. Reservoir risk insurance schemes reduce the need for equity through partial coverage of costs should the project become uneconomical.

Energy source such as wind, solar and hydro are more popular and better established; these factors could make developers decided against geothermal. Main disadvantages of building a geothermal energy plant mainly lie in the exploration stage, which can be extremely capital intensive and high-risk; many companies who commission surveys are often disappointed, as quite often, the land they were interested in, cannot support a geothermal energy plant. Some areas of land may have the sufficient hot rocks to supply hot water to a power station, but many of these areas are located in harsh areas of the world (near the poles), or high up in mountains. Harmful gases can escape from deep within the earth, through the holes drilled by the constructors. The plant must be able to contain any leaked gases, but disposing of the gas can be very tricky to do safely.

Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy Fluids drawn from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases, notably carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3). These pollutants contribute to global warming, acid rain, and noxious smells if released. Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of 122 kilograms (269 lb) of CO2 per megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity, a small fraction of the emission intensity of conventional fossil fuel plants. Plants that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are usually equipped with emission-control systems to reduce the exhaust. In addition to dissolved gases, hot water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic chemicals such as mercury, arsenic, boron, and antimony. These chemicals precipitate as the water cools, and can cause environmental damage if released. The modern practice of injecting cooled geothermal fluids back into the Earth to stimulate production has the side benefit of reducing this environmental risk. Plant construction can adversely affect land stability. Subsidence has occurred in the Wairakei field in New Zealand and in Staufen im Breisgau, Germany. Enhanced geothermal systems can trigger earthquakes as part of hydraulic fracturing. The project in Basel, Switzerland was suspended because more than 10,000 seismic events measuring up to 3.4 on the Richter Scale occurred over the first 6 days of water injection.

Key Players Here are some of the major companies planning to enter/entering the geothermal energy area in India

1) Tata Power- Tata Power holds an 11.4 percent stake in Geodynamics Ltd., which is building a geothermal plant with Origin Energy Ltd. in Australia. The company plans to set up two 5 MW plants in the western state of Gujarat. 2) Thermax - It is a major publicly listed power equipment company. The company has a JV with Iceland-based Reykjavik Geothermal to explore the Ratnagiri region in western Maharashtra state. A pilot 3 MW project is slated to be set up in Puga Valley in Ladakh. 3) Geosyndicate Power is founded by D Chandrasekharam, a professor at IIT Bombay. It has already entered into a power purchase agreement (PPA) with Warangal-based Northern Power Distribution Company under the aegis of the Non-conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Limited (NEDCAP).The plant should come up by 2012 with with an initial capacity of 25 MW if the company can managed the financing of the cost of the $ 64.66 million plant in the Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh (AP). 4) Panax Geothermal – Panax is an Australian company which has tied up with Geosyndicate to develop a 60 MW plant in Puga, Himachal Pradesh. However the project is still in the very initial stage with permits or a PPA. 5) Avin Energy - This is a small company which plans to develop a 5 MW plant in Gujarat. However it seems to being having difficulty in finding financing and seems to have changed its focus to solar energy. 6) NTPC - The 800 pound government owned power utility has its fingers in all the energy pies in the country. The company had tied up with National Geophysical Research Institute to identify potential sites for geothermal power projects in the country but nothing has come up as of now. 7) LNJ Bhilwara – The LNJ Bhilwara Group had tied up with the now bankrupt Glitnir Bank of Iceland for a $10 million investment into geothermal energy E&P.A with others, nothing has resulted from the JV and with one of the partners bankrupt, the future looks quite uncertain.

Hydro Energy Hydroelectric power is renewable energy source where power is derived from the energy of water moving from higher to lower elevations. Turbines place in the water flow extract its kinetic energy and convert it to mechanical energy. The amount of power generated depends on the water flow and the vertical distance that the water falls.

Hydro power is fully commercial and well-established mature technology, although scope exists for improving efficiency and costs and for developing more cost efficient technologies for small capacity and low head applications.

Hydro power projects can have significant environmental and social impacts, and analysing the balance between the benefits and effects can be a difficult task. All environmental and social impacts need to be identified and considered during the planning process so that appropriate steps can be taken to avoid, mitigate or compensate for the impacts.

The three main types of hydro schemes are storage, run-of-river and Pumped Storage River. In storage scheme, a dam impounds water in a reservoir that feeds the turbine and generator. Run-of-river schemes use the natural flow of a river and may employ a weir to enhance flow continuity. Pumped storage scheme require two reservoir.

Hydro power projects are generally categorized in two segments i.e. small and large hydro. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station capacities have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects. Further, these are classified as:

Class Station Capacity (KW) Micro Hydro Upto 100 Mini Hydro 101 to 2000 Small Hydro 2001 to 25000

Market Scope India is both a major energy producer as well as a consumer. Currently, India ranks as the seventh largest producer and fifth largest consumer of energy in the world. However, over one half of India’s one billion people do not have access to electricity or other forms of commercial energy. Concerted efforts are being made to increase the power capacity in the country both in public and private sectors.

India has immense economically exploitable hydropower potential of over 84,000 MW at 60% load factor (148700 MW installed capacity), with Brahmaputra, Indus and Ganges basins contributing about 80% of it. In addition to this, small, mini and micro hydropower schemes (with capacity less than 3 MW) have been assessed to have 6781.81 MW of installed capacity. Of this enormous hydro potential, India has harnessed only about 15% so far, with another 7% under various stages of development. The remaining 78% remains un-harnessed due to many issues and barriers to the large scale development of Hydropower in the subcontinent.

With an estimated potential of 15000 MW, SHP (Small hydro power) stands as a great potential for improving overall energy scenario in the country, specially the remote and inaccessible areas. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has created a database of potential sites of small hydro and 5718 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 15384 MW for projects up to 25 MW capacity have been identified. From a regional perspective, nearly 95% of the potential of the north-eastern states of the country is still untapped, primarily in parts of Brahmaputra river basin.

The installed capacity of 38GW of hydro-electric power accounts for nearly one-fifth of total power generation capacity in India. With an estimated potential of 150GW of hydro power from all available sources, the opportunity lies in the 75% untapped hydro potential in India. The slow pace of hydro power growth (CAGR of 3.87 % from 2000-01 to 2010-11) can be attributed to socio-economic issues including land acquisition, R&R and environmental clearances. Due to the limited progress in hydro generation sector over the past few decades, its share has diminished from 40% in 1990s to 21% in 2011 in the generation mix of the country. The renewed interest in the hydro power development comes from the central government’s 50 GW Hydro Initiative and the sustained pressure from the global community to reduce the carbon footprint. Since after wind power, the SHP is the second largest renewable energy contributor in India, there is vast opportunity for equipment manufacturers to cash in on the growing market and potential of the sector.

India has a wide base of manufacturers of equipment for small hydro power projects. State-of-the-art equipment is available indigenously with around fifteen manufacturers fabricate almost the entire range and type of SHP equipment.(MNRE)

Global Market Hydro power is the dominant source of renewable energy worldwide, producing 3 252 TWh, which is equivalent to 16.2% of global electricity production in 2009. The world leaders in producing hydro power are China, Brazil, Canada, the United States and Russia. For Brazil and Canada, hydro represents the largest share of each country’s power generation, roughly 80% and 60%, respectively, depending on weather conditions in a given year. Many developed countries have also successfully tapped into their hydro potential, especially for large hydro installations, and they continue to develop their small hydro potential. Global hydro power has grown by 50% n the next decade, hydro power will increase by approximately 180 GW of installed capacity if projects currently under construction proceed as planned. This increase corresponds to roughly one quarter of currently installed capacity. One third of this increase will come from china alone. In the OECD, Turkey will see the largest capacity additions

Carbon credits benefit hydropower projects by helping to secure financing and to reduce risks. Financing is the most decisive step in the entire project development process. Hydropower projects are one of the largest contributors to the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol and therefore to existing carbon credit markets. Out of the 2,062 projects registered by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Executive Board by 1 March 2010, 562 are hydropower projects. With 27% of the total number of projects, hydropower is the CDM’s leading deployed RE source. China, India, Brazil and Mexico represent roughly 75% of the hosted projects.

Cost trends Hydropower is often economically competitive with current market energy prices, though the cost of developing, deploying and operating new hydropower projects will vary from project to project. Hydropower projects often require a high initial investment, but have the advantage of very low O&M costs and a long lifespan. Overall, there are two major cost groups: the civil construction costs, which normally are the greatest costs of the hydropower project; and electromechanical equipment costs. The civil construction costs follow the price trends in the country where the project is going to be developed. In the case of countries with economies in transition, the costs are likely to be relatively low due to the use of local labour and local materials. The costs of electromechanical equipment follow the tendency of prices at a global level. The initial investment needs for particular projects must be studied individually due to the unique nature of each hydro power project. Construction costs for new hydro power projects in OECD countries are usually less than USD 2 million/MW for cale hydro (> 300 MW), and USD 2 million/MW to USD 4 million/MW for small- and medium-scale hydro (< 300 MW). The generation costs of electricity from new hydro power plants vary widely, although they are often in a range of USD 50/MWh to USD 100/MWh. Generation costs per MWh are determined by the amount of electricity produced annually.

Risk, Threats and Barriers Hydropower has had slow development in India. This has primarily been due to:

• Long gestation period

• Time consuming process for project clearances

• Until recently, the national focus has been on thermal generation

• Highly capital intensive and absence of committed funds

• Poor financial health of State Electricity Boards (SEBs)

• Technical constraints due to complex geological nature of the projects

• Inter-state disputes as Water is a state subject

• Absence of long tenure loans makes it difficult for private investors

• Advance against depreciation is disallowed

• 14% return on equity (ROE) is not attractive enough for investors

• Dearth of competent contracting agencies to construct the project site

The current condition in India indicates its profligate approach towards exploiting hydro potential. Many hydro power projects have faced hurdle because of environmental (and often political and social) factors. Careful evaluation at the planning stage could have helped particularly large schemes that involve damming rivers to

hold back large volumes of water. In this milieu, India could follow the benchmarks established by European Countries in hydro power generation. Like, Austria, where a combination of 154 large and 2,400 small hydro generators, built within the framework of clearly-defined regulatory support system, now provides over 60% of the country’s electricity needs. Such an approach would enable India to exploit its hydro potential at least to the levels of 40-50% like many developed nations.

Key Player NHPC – State owned like NTPC, this hydro power focused power company came out with an IPO with much fanfare. However slow implementation and lower profits have resulted in the stock prices declining a lot. However the company aims to double its electricity generation of 5 GW in the next 5 years or so by focusing on hydel generation in the Northern states of India. SJVN – SJVN is the second largest hydel power company in India which is a JV between the Indian government and the Himachal Pradesh state. The company owns the largest hydro plant in India the Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric 1500 MW Power Project .The company is trying to expand like NHPC but has been facing execution problems. Other major hydro power focused companies in India are JP Hydro

Ocean energy Five different ocean energy technologies under development aim to extract energy from the oceans, including: Tidal power: the potential energy associated with tides can be harnessed by building a barrage or other forms of construction across an estuary.

Tidal (marine) currents: the kinetic energy associated with tidal (marine) currents can be harnessed using modular systems.

Wave power: the kinetic and potential energy associated with ocean waves can be harnessed by a range of technologies under development.

Temperature gradients: the temperature gradient between the sea surface and deep water can be harnessed using different ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) processes.

Salinity gradients: at the mouth of rivers, where freshwater mixes with saltwater, energy associated with the salinity gradient can be harnessed using the pressure-retared reverse osmosis process and associated conversion technologies

Potential of Ocean energy in India The most attractive locations are the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kachchh on the west coast where the maximum tidal range is 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively. The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans in West Bengal also has good locations for small scale tidal power development. The maximum tidal range in Sunderbans is approximately 5 m with an average tidal range of 2.97 m. The identified economic tidal power potential in India is of the order of 8000-9000 MW with about 7000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay about 1200 MW in the Gulf of Kachchh and less than 100 MW in Sundarbans.

The potential of wave energy along the 6000 Km of coast is about 40,000 MW. This energy is however less intensive than what is available in more northern and southern latitudes. In India the research and development activity for exploring wave energy started at the Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras in 1982. Primary estimates indicate that the annual wave energy potential along the Indian coast is between 5 MW to 15 MW per meter, thus a theoretical potential for a coast line of nearly 6000 KW works out to 40000-60000MW approximately. However, the realistic and economical potential is likely to be considerably less.

Barrier to Ocean Energy • Intermittent supply - Cost and environmental problems, particularly barrage systems are less attractive

than some other forms of renewable energy. Expensive to construct • Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out. • They can only be built on ocean coastlines, which mean that for communities which are far away from

the sea, it's useless. • Wave energy needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong • Ocean thermal energy Conversion (OTEC)-produced electricity at present would cost more than

electricity generated from fossil fuels at their current costs. • OTEC plants must be located where a difference of about 40 degrees Fahrenheit occurs year round. • Ocean depths must be available fairly close to shore-based facilities for economic operation.

Current Market Status The production of energy from ocean-based system is so far dominated by the La Rance barrage, which produced 491GWh in 2009.Capacity for other wave and tidal devices in Europe, is estimated at 5.9MW. Significant capacity also is present in Canada like 20MW. Plans exist for scaling up deployment of wave and tidal power. The renewable energy action plans developed by EU countries to show how they will meet their obligations under the EU renewable energy Directive indicated that a total of 2.1GW will be deployed in the European Union by 2020 (ECN,2011). The 254 MW Sihwa Barrage (South Korea) is become operational in 2011.

The principal investors in ocean energy R&D and deployments are national, federal and state governments, followed by major energy utilities and investment companies. National and regional governments are particularly supportive of ocean energy through a range of financial, regulatory and legislative initiatives to support developments. Industrial involvement in ocean energy is at a very early stage and there is no manufacturing industry for these technologies at present.

Cost Trends Cost estimates indicate that wave and tidal power are currently not competitive, but have the potential for cost reduction. A report to the UK and Scottish governments (DECC,2011a) indicates that, although wave power costs in 2020 are expected to be between GBP 177/MWh and GBP 253/MWh, these costs could fall to between GBP 71/MWh and GBP 101/MWh by 2050.

The analogous analysis for tidal stream technologies estimates that costs could fall from GBP 141-250/MWh in 2020 to GBP 82 to 66 /MWh by 2050, with the technologies becoming commercially mature and reliable operation of ocean energy technologies.

Startups Norwegian CleanPower develops and markets patented axial flow turbine technology for small hydropower plants. With the Turbinator turbine, CleanPower accesses a working range that is not properly covered by other turbine types. Outside of the primary range of both Kaplan Francis and Pelton turbines, it is optimised for sites with medium water flow and medium head.

Aqua Energy Solutions (AES) develops and commercializes its patented tidal stream technology. The AES concept consists of sails attached on wires. The tidal current pushes the sails, which pulls the wires, turning a gearbox and eventually producing electrical power via a generator.

Dexawave develops a floating wave energy converter which consists of two rigid pontoons. The pontoons are hinged together in the center, which allows one pontoon to pivot in relation to the other. In between is placed a power takeoff system, based on Aquagear, a low pressure power transmission technology, based on water. Dexawave's objective is to be able to deliver the wave energy converter to a price of DKK 11 million per installed MW.

Norwegian Euro Wave Energy develops patented wave energy converters (WEC) based on the floating-absorber principle. The converter’s generator can be placed subsea or on-shore. The patents are owned by Craft Services AS.

Solar Energy Direct solar energy technologies are diverse in nature. Responding to the various ways that humans use energy—such as heating, electricity, and fuels—they constitute a family of technologies. It has four major types: 1) solar thermal, which includes both active and passive heating of buildings, domestic and commercial solar water heating, swimming pool heating and process heat for industry; 2) photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation via direct conversion of sunlight to electricity by photovoltaic cells; 3) concentrating solar power (CSP) electricity generation by optical concentration of solar energy to obtain high-temperature fluids or materials to drive heat engines and electrical generators; and 4) solar fuels production methods, which use solar energy to produce useful fuels.

Concentrating Solar Power Concentrating solar thermal power and solar fuels technologies produce electricity and possibly other energy carriers (“fuels”) by concentrating solar radiation to heat various materials to high temperatures. A concentrating solar power (CSP) plant comprises a field of solar collectors, receivers, and a power block, where the heat collected in the solar field is transformed into mechanical energy, then electricity. In between, the system must include one or several heat transfer or working fluids, possibly heat storage devices and/or back-up/hybridization systems with some combustible fuel

A number of regions, including Spain, Algeria, some Indian states, Israel and South Africa, have put in place feed-in tariffs or premium payments. Spain, for example, lets the producers choose between a tariff of EUR 270 (USD 375)/MWh, or a premium of EUR 250 (USD 348)/MWh that adds to the market price, with a minimum guaranteed revenue of EUR 250/MWh and a maximum of EUR 340 (USD 473)/MWh. This approach has proven effective, because it offers developers and banks long-term price certainty, and makes CSP a less risky investment in the power sector.

Solar Photovoltaic Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems directly convert solar energy into electricity. The basic building block of a PV system is the PV cell, which is a semiconductor device that converts solar energy into direct-current electricity. PV cells are interconnected to form a PV module, typically up to 50 to 200 Watts. The PV modules, combined with a set of additional application-dependent system components (e.g. inverters, batteries, electrical components, and mounting systems), form a PV system. PV systems are highly modular; i.e. modules can be linked together to provide power ranging from a few watts to tens of megawatts (IEA, 2009a).

The most established solar PV technologies are siliconbased systems. More recently, socalled thinfilm modules, which can also consist of nonsilicon semiconductor material, have become increasingly important. Although thin films generally have a lower efficiency than silicon modules, their price per unit of capacity is lower. Concentrating PV, where sunlight is focused onto a smaller area, is on the edge of entering full market deployment. Concentrating PV cells have very high efficiencies of up to 40%. Other technologies, such as organic PV cells, are still in the research phase

Advantage of Solar PV Module manufacturing can be done in large plants, which allows for economies of scale. PV is a very modular technology. It can be deployed in very small quantities at a time. This quality allows for a wide range of applicat-ions. Systems can be very small, such as in calculators, up to utility-scale power generation facilities.

Market Scenario From 2000 to 2010, in terms of the annual rate of market growth, solar PV was the fastest growing power technology worldwide. IEA Estimates suggest that cumulative installed capacity of solar PV reached roughly 40 GW at the end of 2010, up from 1.5 GW in 2000. At least 17 GW were added in 2010, about 7.4 GW alone in Germany. Based on full available data for 2010.Germany maintains its massive lead of the market. Italy and the Czech Republic also show PV boom, resulting from generous FITs and rapidly decreasing costs. Preliminary data for 2011 suggests that Italy took the position as largest PV market from Germany with an added capacity above 7 GW in 2011.

India current status India is densely populated and has high solar insolation, an ideal combination for using solar power in India. In the solar energy sector, some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km2 area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 GW to 2,100 GW. In July 2009, India unveiled a US$19 billion plan to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020.Under the plan, the use of solar-powered equipment and applications would be made compulsory in all government buildings, as well as hospitals and hotels. On 18 November 2009, it was reported that India was ready to launch its National Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, with plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013. According to a 2011 report by GTM Research and Bridge, India is facing a perfect storm of factors that will drive solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption at a "furious pace over the next five years and beyond". The falling prices of PV panels, mostly from China but also from the U.S. have coincided with the growing cost of grid power in India.

With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretical solar power reception, on only its land area, is about 5 Petawatt-hours per year (PWh/yr) (i.e. 5000 trillion kWh/yr or about 600 TW). The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2 with about 1500–2000 sunshine hours per year (depending upon location), which is far more than current total energy consumption. For example, assuming the efficiency of PV modules were as low as 10%, this would still be a thousand times greater than the domestic electricity demand projected for 2015.

India installed capacity The amount of solar energy produced in India is less than 1% of the total energy demand. The grid-interactive solar power as of December 2010 was merely 10 MW. Government-funded solar energy in India only accounted for approximately 6.4 MW-yr. of power as of 2005. In October 2009, India was ranked number one along with the United States in terms of solar energy production per watt installed. India’s solar PV market has grown by 75% in 2010 and 50% in 2011 by then.

Opportunities Some noted think-tanks recommend that India should adopt a policy of developing solar power as a dominant component of the renewable energy mix, since being a densely populated region in the sunny tropical belt; the subcontinent has the ideal combination of both high solar insolation and therefore a big potential consumer base density. In one of the analyzed scenarios, India can make renewable resources such as solar the backbone of its economy by 2050, reining in its long-term carbon emissions without compromising its economic growth potential.

In the latest budget for 2010/11, the government has announced an allocation of 10 billion (US$199.5 million) towards the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and the establishment of a clean energy fund. It is an increase of 3.8 billion (US$75.8 million) from the previous budget. This new budget has also encouraged

private solar companies by reducing customs duty on solar panels by 5% and exempting excise duty on solar photovoltaic panels. This is expected to reduce the cost of a roof-top solar panel installation by 15–20%.

Solar installations worldwide are increasing at a hectic pace. In 2009 alone, annual solar PV capacity worldwide increased by a whopping 55%, rising from 14 GW by end of 2008 to over 21 GW. In 2011, preliminary estimates suggest that this number could be as high as 17.5 GW, an astonishing 130% growth over the previous year.

Based on likely predictions of growth for the next decade, the solar module demand worldwide until is forecast as follows:

Demand for Solar PV Modules by Year (GW)

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 2020 13.6 20.2 23.8 33 45.3 85 200

These significant demand projections indicate excellent potential for the solar PV module industry.

Source: http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/sol/business_oppurtunities.html

Opportunities for solar startups lie at every step of the value chain. Under product manufacturing, production and supply of PV cells and the raw material, that is, silicon holds great promise.

There are several entry points for starting a large and durable Business in India in Solar power sector. The first one is as PV manufacturing business (at different levels in the value chain), the second one is as Solar Power Plant developer (i.e. PV systems integrator) and the third one is owning/operating a Solar Power Plant and generating revenue by feeding electricity to the grid.

Manufactures entry

(i) Manufacturers of Poly-Silicon feedstock material,

(ii) Manufacturers dof Solar grade Wafers,

(iii) Solar Cell Producers and

(iv) Module Manufacturers

Cost Trends Putting up a solar PV module making plant presents an affordable business opportunity to many entrepreneurs and businesses. A solar PV module plant costs about $150,000 MW. This is much lower when compared to much higher costs for manufacturing facilities for solar cells ($1.25 million / MW) and solar wafers ($0.6 million / MW). Thus, as an entrepreneur, solar module production offers an exciting opportunity.

The costs of PV have been falling consistently over the last three decades, exhibiting a learning rate of 19.3% (i.e. a reduction in cost of 19.3% for every doubling of capacity). PV is expected to be cost competitive in some favourable markets, at least compared to retail electricity prices, by 2013

Source: Breyer and Gerlach (2010).

Over the last decade, for each 50% increase in installed capacity of solar water heaters, investment costs have fallen 20% in Europe. According to the IEA, further cost reductions in OECD countries will come from the use of cheaper materials, improved manufacturing processes, mass production, and the direct integration into buildings of collectors as multi-functional building components and modular, easy-to-install systems. Delivered energy costs in OECD countries are anticipated by the IEA to eventually decline by around 70 to 75%. According to EIA, PV is now Cost competitive in some stand-alone applications. If capacity continues to grow, PV can be expected to become competitive with retail power prices and eventually with wholesale prices in an increasing number of markets over the next 10-20 years. This change will open up the possibilities for

deploying the technology in a much wider range of countries, many of which have a rich solar resource and in which PV costs will be lower than in some of the current markets such as Germany. The IEA World Energy Outlook projects a global installed PV capacity of 748 GW in 2035. The total electricity generated from PV is estimated at 838 TWh (IEA, 2010a).This total corresponds to 8.7% of global installed capacity and 3.7% of generated electricity.T

Key Players India 1. Tata BP Solar Ltd:-Tata BP Solar has unmatched experience and an incredible track record in providing

grid-based solar power solutions in India and abroad. Tata BP Solar is a fully vertically integrated solar solution provider. Tata BP Solar manufactures both solar photovoltaic and solar thermal products. Tata BP Solar’s products include solar home light, solar street light, solar sodium lamp, solar lantern, solar portable lamp, solar LED lantern, solar refrigerator, photovoltaic modules, solar indoor LED lantern, solar water pump, solar water heaters etc.

2. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd:-BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India in the energy related/infrastructure sector, today. BHEL caters to the core sectors of the Indian Economy, viz. Power, Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Renewable Energy, Oil & Gas and Defence. BHEL manufactures solar photovoltaic products, solar lanterns, solar water heating systems etc.

3. Azure Power:-Azure Power fuels India's growth using solar energy. Azure Power's 2 MW Punjab facility is the first and the only private, utility-scale solar power plant in India. The facility is operational, exceeds world-class power generation standards, and provides electricity to 32 villages and 20,000 people in the Amritsar District of Punjab.

4. Icomm Tele Limited:-Incorporated in 1989, ICOMM Tele Limited has grown tremendously science and is now touted as the most innovative EPC Business Enterprise among the public and private sector giants. ICOMM, leveraging its decade long experience in Telecom Infrastructure Services and Solar, developed Solar Solution to energize Telecom sites.Solar products include solar water pumps, solar water heaters, glass tube solar geysers, flat plate solar geysers, solar garden lights, solar street lights, solar lanterns, solar fencing systems etc

5. Photon Energy Systems Limited:-Photon Energy Systems is a leading manufacturer of solar PV modules, solar PV systems and solar thermal systems in India. Photon Energy Systems manufactures solar pumps, solar lights, flat plate solar collectors, evacuated tube solar collectors etc.

6. Andromeda Energy Technologies Private Limited:-Andromeda Energy Technologies Private Limited is engaged in manufacturing, sales and service of solar photovoltaic and solar thermal products. It manufactures solar lanterns, off-grid modules, on-grid modules etc.

7. Sungrace:-With an ambitious goal of promoting Solar Photovoltaic Modules & systems in every remote part of rural India, “Sungrace” started as a system integrator of PV Systems and elevated itself to a professional Solar PV Module Manufacturer, equipped with full range of C certified Machines to produce quality Solar PV Modules of International standards ranging from 3 Wp to 270 Wp, with an installed capacity of 10 Mw. Sungrace manufactures SPV modules, solar lanterns, solar home systems, solar street lights, solar power packs, solar water pumps, evacuated tube collectors, flat plate collectors etc.

8. XL Energy Limited:-XL Energy Limited (formerly XL Telecom & Energy Limited) was incorporated at Hyderabad as a private limited company in 1985 and became a public limited company in 1990. The company is partnered by Coming, Inc., and Kyocera Inc. of USA. XL is one of India's leading end to end solution provider established in 1992 in the field of Solar Power with expertise in the field of

production of Solar Photovoltaic Modules. XL has over 17 years’ experience of manufacturing its Solar Photovoltaic Modules and systems to various agencies in India and overseas.

9. Thrive Energy Technologies Private Limited:- TET is an independent Renewable Energy Solutions & Technology provider focusing primarily on the Solar Photovoltaic Applications and has built a significant track record in implementing Solar Projects world-wide. Products include solar LED home lights, solar LED street lights, solar power packs, solar panels etc.

10. Titan Energy Systems Ltd:-Titan Energy Systems (TITAN) develops and manufactures high-quality solar photovoltaic modules. For the Indian market, in addition to manufacturing and sales of solar modules, TITAN also undertakes design, construction, operation and maintenance of grid-connected and off-grid solar systems on ‘turnkey’ basis for end customers.

11. Moser Baer:-Established in 1983 in New Delhi, Moser Baer is one of India’s leading technology companies. Moser Baer Solar Limited (MBSL) (erstwhile PV Technologies India Limited) is a subsidiary of MBIL. MBSL’s manufacturing subsidiary is Moser Baer Photo Voltaic Ltd (MBPV).

Startups: 1. Applied Solar Technologies: Applied Solar Technologies is a Delhi based, off-grid solar energy service

provider. AST is helping commercial establishments reduce their dependence on diesel by implementing its solar hybrid solution. AST is implementing its technology in the telecom towers industry, which consumes close to 2 billion liters of diesel every year, and is looking to expand to other verticals

2. Kiran Energy: Kiran Energy is a Mumbai-based start-up grid connected solar energy producer. The company is building a portfolio of grid connected solar photovoltaic power plants within high insolation zones in India.

3. Shriram EPC Ltd.: Shriram EPC is a specialized engineering services company addressing the Indian infrastructure sector. SEPC is focused on providing turnkey solutions for ferrous & nonferrous, cement, aluminum, copper and thermal power plants; water treatment & transmission; renewable energy; cooling towers and material handling. It got listed on the public markets in 2008.

4. DURON Energy Pvt. Ltd: DURON Energy is a manufacturer and distributor of affordable consumer solar power products designed for off-grid use in emerging markets. Current products from DuronTM include Duron Pro, Duron Breeze and Duron Mega, all-in one portable solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems designed for use in rural India. Headquartered in Bangalore, the company operates on a market-driven approach to help address the challenge of inadequate access to electricity around the world.

5. Vortex Engineering:- Vortex, an IIT Chennai incubated startup has developed solar powered ATM targeted for rural India and the solution built with partners works for large banks as well as smaller ones. The solar powered ATMs consume less than 10% of the power used by normal ATMs and have low Capex.

Barrier for growth Study by World Bank consultant says that around 63% of the developers interviewed stated that barriers in policy and regulatory aspects were the most significant barriers. Around 53% of the developers stated that along with policy barriers, the infrastructure barriers are critical too. Approximately 37% of developers viewed solar radiation data as one of the important barriers which also has a key effect on the financing of the solar power projects in the country.

The approval processes and inability of the state governments to provide single window clearance to developers

India needed to set up its own solar radiation data collection stations in order to facilitate accelerated development of solar power projects in the country

The minimum and maximum capacity to be developed by a single developer could be ascertained based on the prior installation experience of the developer worldwide to achieve higher success rates

The Power Purchase Agreement is not bankable. It should be made so that the financing of these projects would become easier

Solar PV players to have 100% modules manufactured in India and 30% of the total project cost utilised for domestic equipment for solar thermal developers

High capital and running costs: The capital cost incurred to set up a solar PV based power plant is around INR170 million per MW. This is approximately four times the total cost of setting up a thermal plant. For Concentrated solar PV (CSPV) plant, capital costs are even higher between INR160 million and INR250 million. , the cost of generation of a solar power plant is extremely high (approximately INR12–20/unit for solar PV and INR10–15/unit for solar thermal).

Capital costs need to be brought down significantly through the introduction and commercialization of cost-efficient technologies. The net savings in setting up solar plants by using thin films are less because

• The cost of a module is perhaps only about half of the total systems, which include other components such as converters.

• Thin film requires a larger area, and hence, the land cost to set up a solar plant is higher.

Massive land requirement: A solar PV project has expansive land requirements to the tune of 5–6 acre/MW.

Stiff competition from Chinese players: Domestic solar equipment manufacturers are facing stiff competition from Chinese players in exports as well as in domestic markets. This is due to the significant cost advantage of Chinese players. For Indian players, the costs of production of solar cells and modules are higher than Chinese players, primarily due to the lack of large-scale operations, advanced technologies and inadequate standardization.

Lack of consumer awareness: Consumer awareness plays a pivotal role in the success of solar energy products such as solar lanterns, heaters and water pumps and even decentralized small-scale solar power plants, which could substitute diesel gensets. In India, both the awareness about the usage of these products in households, as well as liberal government support are very limited.

The Indian Renewable Energy Status Report notes that there is no established capability in India for CSP manufacture and there is a gap in Engineering, Procurement and Construction capability for setting up and running CSP plants.

Driving factors There are several factors (both macro and micro) responsible for driving investments in this industry. Some of the major ones are listed as follows:

• Government policies such as FIT, RPO and tax rebates are essential for creating subsidies, and thereby, demand, as solar energy is still largely distant from grid parity. Further, transparent and consistent long-term targets and a proper regulatory framework would usher in greater regulatory clarity and strengthen investor confidence in the sector.

• Government policies also play a major role in attracting financing for solar projects. These policies can assure guaranteed returns, which are required to mitigate high risks associated with the solar energy business. In addition, consumers require credit to finance the installation of distributed or off-grid solar products. Despite subsidies, the demand for these products is expected to decline in the absence of sufficient credit.

• In order to sustain the growth of manufacturing and to ensure constant supply, adequate materials, inputs (polysilicon and cells) and manpower should be made available. Man power requirement becomes all the more crucial to support the after-sales services of solar energy products. Talented and skilled professionals can be attracted to the industry through various means such as industry-awareness programs conducted at schools and colleges. In addition, necessary courses and vocational training could be launched at colleges and other educational institutes.

• Public awareness is important to showcase a greater and more defining role of solar energy in mitigating climate changes concerns and educating end consumers about the types of products and incentives available.

• The impetus on R&D is crucial for inventing new advanced technologies to reduce the solar energy costs closer to grid parity and coal parity as early as possible.

The Government of India has taken dramatic and encouraging steps to harness solar energy in the country through various schemes. The National Solar Mission and SIPS are the key initiatives in the right direction to eliminate the roadblocks faced by solar energy in becoming a mainstream renewable energy resource. These policies will help in building indigenous manufacturing capabilities in the country, which will help in creating larger players who will have the production scale and R&D capabilities to drive down the cost of solar energy in future.

Wind Energy Wind turbines extract kinetic energy from moving air flow (wind) and convert it into electricity via an aerodynamic rotor, which is connected by a transmission system to an electric generator. Today’s standard turbine has three blades rotating on a horizontal axis, upwind of the tower, with a synchronous or asynchronous generator connected to the grid. Two-blade and direct-drive (without a gearbox) turbines are also available.(IEA)

A number of different wind energy technologies are available across a range of applications, but the primary use of wind energy of relevance to climate change mitigation is to generate electricity from larger, grid-connected wind turbines, deployed either on land (‘onshore’) or in sea- or freshwater (‘offshore’).(IPCC)

The electricity output of a turbine is roughly proportional to the rotor area; therefore, fewer, larger rotors (on taller towers) use the wind resource more efficiently than more numerous, smaller machines. The largest wind turbines today are 5-6 MW units, with a rotor diameter of up to 126 meters. Typical commercial wind turbines have a capacity between 1.5 MW and 3 MW. Turbines have doubled in size approximately every five years, but a slowdown in this rate is likely for onshore turbines, due to transport, weight and installation constraints.(IEA)

The range of wind speeds that are usable by a particular wind turbine for electricity generation is called productive wind speed. The power available from wind is proportional to cube of the wind's speed. So as the speed of the wind falls, the amount of energy that can be got from it falls very rapidly. On the other hand, as the wind speed rises, so the amount of energy in it rises very rapidly; very high wind speeds can overload a turbine. Productive wind speeds will range between 4 m/sec to 35 m/sec. The minimum prescribed speed for optimal performance of large scale wind farms is about 6 m/s. Wind power potential is mostly assessed assuming 1% of land availability for wind farms required @12 ha/MW in sites having wind power density exceeding 200 W/sq.m. at 50 m hub-height.( http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/win/win.html)

India Potential The potential is far from exhausted. It is estimated that with the current level of technology, the ‘on-shore’ potential for utilization of wind energy for electricity generation is of the order of 65,000 MW. India also is blessed with 7517km of coastline and its territorial waters extend up to 12 nautical miles into the sea. The unexploited resource availability has the potential to sustain the growth of wind energy sector in India in the years to come. Potential areas can be identified on Indian map using Wind Power Density map. C-WET, one of pioneering Wind Research organization in the country is leading in all such resource studies and has launched its Wind Resource map.(IEA)

Current Market

Indian Scenario According to MNRE‘s achievent report, The cumulative installed capacity of Grid Interactive Wind Energy in India by the end of September 2011 was 14989MW (of which 833MW was installed during 2011-2012 against a target of 2400MW). Aero generators and hybrid systems contributed 1.20MW during 2011-12 to yield cumulative off-grid wind capacity of 15.55MW.

In 2008, India shared 6.58% of total wind energy installed capacity around the world, according to World Wind Energy Report-2008. According to GSR-2011, the world witnessed highest renewable energy installations through wind energy. Total installed capacity of wind energy reached 198GW by the end of 2010. India ranked

third in the world in annual capacity additions and fifth in terms of total wind energy installed capacity. India has been able to fast pace its growth in wind energy installations and bring down costs of power production. The GSR 2011 reported on-shore wind power (1.5-3.5MW; Rotor diameter 60-100m) at 5-9 cents/kWh and off shore wind power (1.5-5MW; Rotor diameter 75-120m) at 10-20 cents/kWh. But India’s onshore wind power cost reached 6-9cents/kWh in 2008 itself (Indian Renewable Energy Status Report-2010).

Electricity losses in India during transmission and distribution have been extremely high over the years and this reached a worst proportion of about 24.7% during 2010-11. India is in a pressing need to tide over a peak power shortfall of 13% by reducing losses due to theft. Theft of electricity, common in most parts of urban India, amounts to 1.5% of India’s GDP. Due to shortage of electricity, power cuts are common throughout India and this has adversely affected the country’s economic growth. Hence a cheaper, non-polluting and environment friendly solution to power rural India is needed.

The gross potential is 48,561 MW (source C-wet) and a total of about 14,158.00 MW of commercial projects have been established until March 31, 2011

India’s electricity demand is projected to more than triple between 2005 and 2030. The IEA predicts that by 2020, 327 GW of power generation capacity will be needed, which would imply the addition of 16 GW per year.

The Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA) estimates that at hub heights of 55–65 metres, potential for wind development in India is around 65–70 GW. The World Institute for Sustainable Energy, India

(WISE) considers that with larger turbines, greater land availability and expanded resource exploration, the potential could be as great as 100 GW.

Global Scenario Global wind energy production increased by 870% from 2000 to 2009, and by 260% from 2005 to 2009. Globally, wind power has contributed the largest share of non-hydro renewable electricity since 2009, when it took over the leading position from biomass. During the first half of the decade, Germany, Spain and the United States were responsible for the majority of the increase in deployed capacity and generation. In the case of the United States, deployment followed a series of boom-and-bust cycles. The picture changed, starting from 2005, when mass deployment of wind energy began in China. In 2009, China deployed more wind turbine capacity than any other country in the world (GWEC [Global Wind Energy Council], 2011), and in 2010, half of the new capacity was installed there. At the same time, the number of new installations fell dramatically in the United States, as regulatory uncertainty exacerbated the negative impacts of the financial and economic crisis. Although Chinese capacity figures need to be interpreted with caution (because about 25% of capacity remained unconnected at the end of 2010), the overall trend is clear: the center of gravity for wind energy markets has begun to shift to Asia, namely to China.(IEA)

Opportunities

Raw Material & Machinery Suppliers

• Steel, Carbon, Fiber, Balsa ,Wood, Fiber glass, Machinery, Tooling

Design & Development Services

• Design, Engineering, Research, Machining, Automation, Assembly Component Suppliers , Gearbox, Bearing, Tower, Generators, Blades, Electronics

Wind Turbine Companies

• OEMs, Large utility scale. Small wind

Construction& Installation Services

• EPC, Construction Companies, Transport Services, Maintenance

Wind Farm Developers

• Feasibility analysis, Project Developers, Utilities

Wind business options

Raw Materials Production

Power Plant Developer

Support Services

R&D

IT, Consultancy

and Resource Assessment

Services

Trading Opportunities

Component Manufacturing

Original Equipment

Manufacturing

Furthermore projects are going on exploring in Research Design and Development to achieve following goals:

• Continue cost reduction: improved site assessment, better modeling for aerodynamics, intelligent/recyclable materials, stand-alone and hybrid systems.

• Increase value and reduce uncertainties: forecasting power performance, improving standards and engineering integrity and storage techniques.

• Enable large-scale use: Load flow control and adaptive power quality • Minimize environmental impacts: Noise impacts, Flora and Fauna, utilization of land resources and

aesthetics integration

Key Players Suzlon Energy: Suzlon Energy Limited (SEL) is an India-based wind power company. The Company is engaged in the business of design, development, manufacturing and supply of wind turbine generators (WTGs) of a range of capacities and its components. Its operations relate sale of WTGs and allied activities, including sale/sub-lease of land, infrastructure development income; sale of gear boxes, and sale of foundry and forging components. Others primarily include power generation operations.

DLF: DLF group is the largest owner of wind power plants in India with an installed capacity of 228.7 MW. DLF has initiated its wind power portfolio in March 2008. Currently the group owns wind farms in the states of Gujarat (150 MW), Rajasthan (34.5 MW), Tamilnadu (33MW), and Karnataka (11.2 MW).

MSPL Limited: It operates nine wind farms in India with a total installed rated capacity of 215.75 MW as on March 31, 2011.

Tata Power: Tata Power, India’s largest private generating utility is also India’s leading wind power generator with an installed capacity of 200 MW

Green Infra Ltd: Green Infra Limited is a renewable energy company that generates power and currently operating in India. The company is operating under diverse portfolio of Wind, Solar, Hydro Energy, Biomass, and Energy Efficiency, and currently supplies 174 MW of clean energy to India's power grid.

Gujarat NRE Coke: Gujarat NRE Coke Ltd, the largest independent producer of LAMC in india expand its wind power generating capacities. The Company which currently has 22 operating wind mills in Gujarat with a total installed capacity of 27.5 megawatts

Global Wind Power: Global Wind Power Limited (GWP) is promoted by the Reliance ADA Group with a goal of becoming a leading provider of renewable wind energy solutions. GWP acquired a full license for a Danish 750 kW fixed-speed active stall-regulated Norwin turbine.

KS Oils Limited: It has set up 34 wind mills of total 32 Mega Watt capacity to generate green energy.

Startup ReNew Wind Power : The company has signed business framework agreements with Kenersys GmBH, Regen Powertech Pvt and Suzlon Energy Ltd. to establish and operate wind farms throughout India and will expand its wind portfolio by 200 - 300 megawatts annually. Currently, ReNew Wind Power has several wind projects under development, including a 25 megawatts wind farm in Gujarat and 60 megawatts wind farm in Maharashtra. By 2015 the company aims to reach a 1 gigawatt capacity

Mytrah Energy: Mytrah Energy Limited is one of India's fastest growing Independent Power Producers with a focus on developing wind power. They intends to own a portfolio of wind farms with a target total installed capacity of 5,000 MW by the year 2017

Sunair Power : has launched a new vertical axis wind turbine coupled with Solar PV panels to implement a micro hybrid power generator.

Major Issues • Technological

Lack of transmission infrastructure

Estimation of effective turbine capacity not deterministic

• Regulatory

Complexity of subsidy structure and involvement of too many agencies such as MNRE, IREDA, SERCs

etc.

Land acquisition problems for exclusive installation

• Investment related: Capital Expenditure much more as compared to conventional sources

Energy Efficiency

Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of

energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less

heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature. Installing fluorescent lightsor

natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to

using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Compact fluorescent lights use two-thirds less energy and may last 6

to 10 times longer than incandescent lights. Improvements in energy efficiency are most often achieved by

adopting a more efficient technology or production process.

Despite huge investments in renewables, many millions of tons of fossil fuels are burned each year to generate

electricity. Through inefficiencies, from the gathering of these energy sources to their eventual consumption,

needless amounts of carbon dioxide are contributing to global warming.

According to the International Energy Agency, improved energy efficiency in buildings, industrial processes

and transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help control global

emissions of greenhouse gases.( http://www.scidev.net/en/news/invest-in-clean-technology-says-iea-

report.html)

In many countries energy efficiency is also seen to have a national security benefit because it can be used to

reduce the level of energy imports from foreign countries and may slow down the rate at which domestic energy

resources are depleted.

According to a 2009 study from McKinsey & Company the replacement of old appliances is one of the most

efficient global measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.

Energy saving in appliances Modern energy-efficient appliances, such as refrigerators, freezers, ovens, stoves, dishwashers, and clothes

washers and dryers, use significantly less energy than older appliances. Installing a clothesline will significantly

reduce your energy consumption as your dryer will be used less. Current energy efficient refrigerators, for

example, use 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001.

Many countries identify energy-efficient appliances using energy input labeling.

Energy saving in building Virtually every part of a building’s structure—from its placement and design to the appliances it contains affects its energy consumption. Climate-responsive architecture and whole building design consider the building’s surroundings and local climate in order to construct energy-efficient buildings

Energy Efficient Design Features:

Building placement: A building’s location and surroundings play a key role in regulating its temperature and lighting. Trees, landscaping, and hills can provide shade and block wind, for example. In cooler climates, designing buildings with an east-west orientation to increase the number of south-facing windows minimizes energy use, by maximizing passive solar heating.

Building shell: Tight building design, including energy-efficient windows, well-sealed doors, and additional insulation of walls, basement slabs, and foundations can reduce heat loss by 25 to 50 percent. Highly insulated buildings may require ventilation, and heat recovery ventilators can provide airflow with minimal energy use.

Cool roofs: Dark roofs become up to 70°F hotter than the most reflective white surfaces, and they transmit some of this additional heat inside the building. Studies by the US EPA in Sacramento, CA and by the Florida Solar Energy Center in Florida found that lightly colored roofs use 40 percent less energy for cooling than buildings with darker roofs. White roof systems save more energy in sunnier climates, and a study by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory found cool roof systems have net energy savings in colder climates as far north as Chicago, Illinois.

Heating and cooling: Advanced heating and cooling systems can reduce energy consumption and improve the comfort of the building’s inhabitants. For example, programmable thermostats automatically raise or lower temperatures at night or during the day when no one is present. Zone heating and cooling systems allow the temperature of specific rooms or different floors to be controlled independently. Air-source and geothermal heat pumps can provide both heating and cooling efficiently. Evaporative cooling in dry areas and desiccant cooling in more humid areas are also generally more efficient than conventional cooling systems. Integrated space and water heating systems are often energy efficient in larger buildings.

Lighting: Several methods reduce the need for artificial lighting: proper placement of windows and skylights and use of architectural features that reflect light into a building, such as light shelves. When lighting is required, compact fluorescent light bulbs use two-thirds less energy and last 6 to 10 times longer than incandescent light bulbs. While early fluorescent lights produced stark white light, newer florescent lights produce more natural light, and they are cost effective, despite their higher initial cost. Task lighting, lighting sensors, and dimmers also reduce the power needed for lighting. Increased use of natural and task lighting have been shown to increase productivity in schools and offices.

Home and office appliances: Modern energy-efficient appliances use significantly less energy than older appliances. The EPA designates energy-efficient appliances, including refrigerators, freezers, ovens, stoves, dishwashers, and clothes washers and dryers with its Energy Star label. Current Energy Star qualified refrigerators, for example, use 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001. Modern power management systems also reduce energy usage by idle appliances by turning them off or putting them into a low-energy mode after a certain time.

Market “India’s energy demand is expected to more than double by 2030. There is a dramatic need for domestic and international energy efficiency technology providers, service providers, and equipment manufacturers to develop innovative ways to conserve energy,” said Robin Murphy, WRI vice president of external relations.

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/canadas-first-green-provincial-report-card-released

The economic development of a country is often closely linked to its consumption of energy. Although India

ranks sixth in the world so far as total energy consumption is concerned. It still needs much more energy to

keep pace with its development objectives. India’s projected economic growth rate is slated at 7.4 % in the

period 1997-2012. This would necessitate commensurate growth in the requirement of commercial energy,

most of which is expected to be from fossil fuels and electricity. India’s proven coal reserves may last over 100

years, but the limited known oil and natural gas reserves may last only 18 and 26 years respectively, which is a

cause of concern. The continued trend of increasing share of petroleum fuels in the consumption of

commercial energy will lead to more dependence on imports and energy insecurity.

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) estimates that investments of $18 billion (Rs 74,000 crore) in energy efficiency could potentially reduce electricity consumption in India by 75 billion KWh, which is approximately 15 per cent of total electricity consumed. In monetary terms, this could help achieve energy and cost savings to facility owners of Rs 30,000 crore annually (@ Rs 4 per KWh). BEE also suggests that the investment could reduce GHG emissions by around 100 mt of CO{-2} every year, thereby enhancing the attractiveness of investments if it leverages carbon finance, which could provide an additional Rs 3,500 crore at the current low prices of carbon of € 6 per tonne

Energy efficiency has the potential to deliver the twin goals of energy security and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation to the increasingly climate-constrained scenario. A report by McKinsey Global Institute (2008) emphasizes the virtues of investments in energy efficiency, which, as negative cost opportunities, offer high returns and short payback.

The report estimates that $170 billion of annual investments in energy efficiency till 2020 could not only provide the investors an attractive return of 17 per cent, but could generate energy savings ramping up to $900 billion annually, in addition to contributing more than half of the potential GHG mitigation globally, with almost 65 per cent of these opportunities existing in major developing countries, including India and China. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/article2974370.ece

According to data from the Indian power ministry, the energy conservation potential for the economy as a whole has been assessed as 23% with maximum potential in the industrial and agricultural sectors. In 2009 the investment potential for energy saving in India was estimated to be €7.19 billion with annual savings of 183.5 billion kwh (WRI). These energy savings were estimated to equate to 148.6 million tons of avoided CO2 emissions per year. According to the Cleantech group LLC, Indian companies raised around €160 million in venture capital investment in 2008 and $ 139.4 million in 2009. The role of the energy services companies (ESCOs) is increasing rapidly in India.

Table 5.1: Energy Savings through National Energy Conservation Award

Savings Achieved 2009-10

In all the Sectors 2450.6 MU

Avoided Electricity Generation Capacity Addition 358.6 MW

Factor for Avoided Capacity* Million Units x 1000

365 x 24 x 0.78

SOURCE: BEE verified saving report 2010

Year Avoided

Generation (MW)

Exclusive verified savings

(MU)

Cumulative verified

savings (MU)

2007-08 623.1 3731.5 3731.5

2008-09 1504.97 6528.15 13991.15

2009-10 2868.01 8720.83 32971.63

SOURCE: BEE verified saving report 2010

Opportunities The main opportunities in the energy efficiency lie in the following areas:

• Operations and maintenance systems. • Technologies and best practices. • Waste heat recovery and steam utilization. • Use of improved materials. • Use of efficient lightings, heating and cooling. • Use of efficient cooking. • Use of improved fuels.

Domestic and international energy efficient technology providers and equipment manufacturers have recognized the market potential of energy efficiency products and services.

In 2007, ICICI Bank, India’s second largest commercial bank, provided $1.25 million in debt funding to HMX Sumaya, a New Ventures India finalist company that manufactures energy efficient Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In 2008, Tribi Embedded Technologies, another New Ventures India finalist company, received $2.5 million in equity funding from Sequoia Capital, an international Venture Capital firm with close to 60 investments and $1.8 billion capital under management in India.

The Energy Service Company (ESCO) industry is a sub-sector within the energy efficiency industry that can play an important role in realizing energy savings and financial returns in India. An ESCO is a company that provides energy efficiency-related services on a performance contracting basis, unlike energy auditing or consulting firms who use a traditional fee for service model. ESCOs develop and implement projects that result in energy savings for their clients, and assume the risk that the project will save the guaranteed amount of energy. ESCOs measure, monitor and verify the energy savings and are paid on the basis of the actual savings realized

Barrier to Energy efficiency improvement There has been a great interest in energy efficiency improvement since the first oil price shock in the early seventies, and recently interest has heightened further because of the global warming effects of high energy use. This three decade long experience in implementing energy efficiency projects in the OECD countries has provided substantial documentation of both the economic and the environmental benefits of adopting energy efficiency improvement measures. Yet, even in these developed economies, there remain a number of barriers to more widespread application of energy efficiency measures.

Those associated with energy efficiency related work in India will identify similar barriers here.

These include:

1. Customer inertia: Many facility owners and managers realize that opportunities to save energy and lower costs may exist, but they never move forward with them. Others do not perceive the need, or feel a sense of urgency, to implement energy efficiency measures. It is a low priority compared with other mission objectives.

2. Lack of technical resources: Managers often lack detailed energy consumption information about their facilities to help them understand their own energy and infrastructure needs as well as to identify and implement more beneficial energy savings choices. They also may lack the analytical tools to determine whether their facility is a good candidate for an energy efficiency retrofit and the technical expertise to implement a retrofit using existing staff.

3. Absence of focus: Energy efficiency is not a core functional area. Many organizations have competent and knowledgeable technical staff that can successfully implement energy efficiency improvement programmes. However, their core functions and responsibilities are quite different: maintenance, or production. Given this emphasis they do not have the time or other resources necessary to successfully develop and implement energy efficiency improvement projects.

4. Poor understanding of project synergies: Most facility owners and managers are not aware that comprehensive energy efficiency projects can meet multiple objectives. Energy efficiency retrofits not only decrease energy use and costs; but they also improve the facility infrastructure, lower operating and maintenance costs, reduce environmental impacts and improve comfort levels. In many instances energy efficiency helps a facility owner to improve its competitiveness by lowering operating costs.

5. Capital Constraints and Unattractive Hurdle Rates: Often, facility owners are leery of taking on long-term debt. Because of this, they are unwilling to undertake energy efficiency projects even though the debt required to finance the projects would be paid out of the energy savings. Additionally, many facilities, particularly in the commercial and industrial sectors, expect a higher rate of return on capital invested in energy efficiency projects than that of projects undertaken as a part of the facility’s core mission. In many cases this means an energy efficiency project will be rejected outright, though the financial returns on the investments are similar.

6. CEOs & CFOs are not interested in Energy Efficiency Improvement: Perhaps the greatest barrier to energy efficiency improvement in India is that this is still considered to be the engineer’s domain, and CEOs and CFOs are not yet aware of the potential that energy efficiency improvement has to improve the profitability of their companies. A study in the late 1990s showed that the average energy cost of companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange was 5% on sales; the average profit before tax of these companies was also about 5% on sales! It is possible to reduce energy costs by 25% or more through concerted efforts. This translates as a 25% (or greater) improvement in the profit before tax without assuming market and financial risks associated with introduction of new products or attempting to increase market share.

The Indian cement industry, where CEOs have been interested in energy efficiency because of business reasons, in 20 years has transformed from being one of the world’s most inefficient cement businesses, to one where international benchmarks are Indian companies.

Key players MITCON Consultancy & Engineering Services Ltd: MITCON has been providing consultancy in Power generation viz. Wind, Solar, Small hydro, Biomass, Bagasse, Coal, Co-Generation besides consultancy in Carbon Credit, Energy Conservation, Industrial Infrastructure, Environment Engineering, Food Processing, Sugar, Textiles, Chemicals, Market Research etc.

Trane India Pvt Ltd., leader in creating and sustaining safe, comfortable and energy efficient environments - improves the performance of homes and buildings around the world. Trane solutions optimize indoor environments with a broad portfolio of energy efficient heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems, building and contracting services, parts support and advanced controls for homes and commercial buildings.

Honeywell Automation India Ltd : Honeywell invents and manufactures innovative technologies that address tough challenges linked to global mega trends such as personal & public security; safety in the air and on the ground; and energy efficiency for factories, refineries, homes, buildings, cars and trucks.

Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T) is a technology, engineering, construction and manufacturing company. L&T ensures conformity to energy efficiency programmes in all its operations. L&T Integrated Engineering Services offers energy efficient solutions to various sub systems of building automation..

Wipro Ltd: Wipro EcoEnergy is the cleantech business of Wipro Ltd. They provide intelligent, sustainable alternatives for energy generation, distribution and consumption.

Blue Star: They have been focusing on energy-efficiency in air conditioning .It has launched several energy-efficient air conditioning products over the past decade, which has been appreciated by the customers. Blue Star also offers auxiliary energy saving devices such as variable speed drives and heat recovery wheels in the plants installed and managed by the Company.

Lloyd Insulations(I) Ltd: They works on Supplying, Contracting and Manufacturing of Insulation, Refractory, Pre-fabricated Panels, Pre-Engineered Buildings, Metallic Profiled sheets, Fire-proofing and Mechanical erection works.

Startups GreenTree: Company providing comprehensive solutions in the field of building energy efficiency – Research & Policy Support to Government and International Agencies, Green Building Advisory Services, Architecture and Façade design, Energy and Lighting Simulation, Energy Efficiency Solutions, Energy Code Compliance & Benchmarking tool development, and Training & Workshops.

P2 Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd : P2 Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd. works to deliver Innovative Engineering Solutions with specific focus on energy efficiency and power quality enhancement. P2 Power’s primary product offering is iCon – the IGBT based intelligent power conditioner. It uses an innovative and unique inverter technology based on FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems).Their offerings includes hybrid filters, solar inverters and hybrid renewable energy inverters.

Sustaintech India Pvt Ltd: Sustaintech specializes in designing and energy efficient wood burning stoves for street food vendors in India. The stoves help reduce energy consumption, CO2 emissions, deforestation, and smoke inhalation risks posed by inefficient stoves

Angadia Enterprise :it’s a start-up engaged into manufacturing of LED based lighting solutions for Commercial, Industrial, Roadway & Residential segments. It can customize the solution as per specifications due to in-house manufacturing.

Energy Points: They have developed a calculation engine for environmental sustainability. The concept is based on translating resource consumption into primary energy, factoring in geospatial and temporal variations in energy efficiency and resource scarcity. The results are expressed in “Energy Points” (EP). One EP equals the primary energy value of a gallon of gasoline. Both location and time are assigned a value that we call EPG (energy per gallon), thus making the results intuitive, in analogy similar to the well-known MPG. Consumption divided by EPG equals the EP footprint, because familiarity and consistency are essential for inducing behavioral change. EPG takes into account location-specific factors, such as local energy mix (coal, hydro, natural gas, wind, etc) and contributing factors, such as scarcity, to enable accurate location-based decisions. The results are then presented in tandem with the financial metrics that are typically known. The EP computational platform allows executives to compare activities across multiple locations and environmental sustainability domains and set goals relative to industry benchmarks. The concept also allows executives to choose the most effective modus operandi within their sustainability budgets.

Simple Energy uses social game mechanics to change how people save energy and how utilities engage customers. They make saving energy “social, fun and simple.”

By engaging people on the platforms they already use, including email, Facebook, web, and mobile applications, and making energy use data into a simple scoring system that allows people to compete with their friends and neighbors online, Simple Energy encourages people to become interested in their own energy use and take action to reduce consumption. Results from a recent pilot program show that the platform can produce an average energy savings of 20% with up to 50% in savings for top performers.

ēssess is a SaaS-based solutions provider which collects and analyzes building energy efficiency performance information on all individual buildings across large geographies, synthesizes the analysis into easy to understand metrics and scores, and automatically generates simple, “plain English” reports.

Comfort Window System AB: The window can easily turn 180 or 360 degrees and either let in or block heat or sun radiation. This means achieving a sun protection in summer season and gaining sun energy in the cold season.

Ecomond is a developer and producer of energy efficient logistics management systems. The company's transport control system utilises state-of-the-art technology including wireless data transfer and GPS positioning.

Green Transportation Green transport refers to any means of transport with low impact on the environment, and includes non-motorized transport, i.e. walking and cycling, transit oriented development, green vehicles, Car Sharing, and building or protecting urban transport systems that are fuel-efficient, space-saving and promote healthy lifestyles.

Sustainable transport systems make a positive contribution to the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the communities they serve. Transport systems exist to provide social and economic connections, and people quickly take up the opportunities offered by increased mobility. The advantages of increased mobility need to be weighed against the environmental, social and economic costs that transport systems pose.

Renewable energy is used in the transport sector in the form of electricity, renewably produced hydrogen, biogas, and liquid biofuels.

Driven by increases in all travel modes, some sources expect the energy consumption of the transport sector to increase by between 80% and 130% above today’s level. In addition, the transport sector alone could consume more than one third of global energy supplies (including more than half of all oil produced). Most of this demand is expected to come from regions undergoing strong economic and population growth (China, India, Russia, Latin America, and the Middle East).( 2050 file)

Traditional transport planning aims to improve mobility, especially for vehicles, and may fail to adequately consider wider impacts. But the real purpose of transport is access - to work, education, goods and services, friends and family - and there are proven techniques to improve access while simultaneously reducing environmental and social impacts, and managing traffic congestion.

As biofuels and NG are the two most promising alternative fuels, discussion is limited to these.

Biofuels These fuels include sugar- and starch-based ethanol, oil-crop-based biodiesel, and biogas derived from anaerobic digestion processes. Typical feedstocks used in these processes include sugarcane; sugar beets; starch-bearing grains such as corn and wheat; oil crops such as rape (canola), soybean and oil palm; and in some cases animal fats and used cooking oils.

The produced fuels can then be blended with gasoline or diesel fuels and used in conventional vehicles (typically in blends of 5%–15%). Ethanol can also be used alone or in much higher blends in modified or “flex-fuel” vehicles. Methane gas produced from biomass via anaerobic digestion can be used as a vehicle fuel, possibly blended with methane from fossil fuel sources.

Technologies available for advanced biofuels.

These technologies may offer advantages over the conventional biofuels processes used commercially today, such as:

• use of non‐food raw materials or feedstocks that have lower land requirements;

• more efficient conversion processes;

• production of “fungible fuels” that can be blended in any proportion with fossil‐based fuels;

• better overall greenhouse gas balances.

The best-developed of these technologies are at the point where the first commercial-scale plants are coming into production, others are at the pre-commercial demonstration stage, and others are still at earlier stages in the development life cycle. To date, only a few large-scale facilities employing these technologies are in operation; thus current production levels of these fuels are low.

Current market status In 2010, the global biofuel production reached 100 billion volumetric liters (about 1.7 million barrels per day), which amounts to about 2% of the global transport fuel .As can be seen from the figure, most of this was ethanol, used by the US and Brazil, and the rest was biodiesel. These biofuels already constitute large market shares in some countries (20% in the US and 10% in Brazil).

Global biofuel production 2009–2010

Source: IEA, Technology Roadmap, Biofuels for Transport, 2011.

In 2009, the IEA estimated that by 2030 consumption of biofuels will reach about 93 Mtoe, accounting for about 5% of the total road-transport fuel demand, compared with approximately 2% today. This means the average annual growth rate will be about 7%. The demand for biofuels will grow all over the world, especially in developing Asia and Africa, while the US and Europe are expected to remain the biggest consumers.

India biofuels consumption (Mtoe)

2004 2010 2015 2030 India 0 0.10 0.20 2.40 Source: WEC, Biofuels: Policies, Standards, and Technologies, 2010

Research and consulting firm, Wood Mackenzie projects India's crude oil requirement at 182 million tonnes per year by 2015 and 225 million tonnes per year by 2020. The targeted 20% biofuel blending is expected to reduce imports by 10% by 2020. On the climate front, petrol-driven vehicles are the major source of CO2 emissions, contributing over 85% of total emissions, while diesel-driven vehicles are the major source of NO2, contributing over 90% of total emissions in India. The set target is expected to reduce the current vehicular emission by at least 20%.

Oil provides energy for 95% of transportation and the demand of transport fuel continues to rise. The requirement of Motor Spirit is expected to grow from little over 7 MMT in 2001 –02 to over 10 MMT in 2006-07 and 12.848 MMT in 2011-12 and that of diesel (HSD) from 39.815 MMT in 2001-02 to 52.324 MMT in 2006-07 and just over 66 MMT in 2011-12. The domestic supply of crude will satisfy only about 22% of the demand and the rest will have to be met from imported crude. India dependence on import of oil will continue to increase in the foreseeable future. It has been estimated that the demand for crude oil would go up to 85 MMTPA from about 50 MMTPA in 2001-02 while the domestic production will be around 22% of the demand.( Planning commission india)

Cost and Cost trends The costs of producing conventional biofuels are largely based on the costs of the feedstock, which typically make up between 45% and 70% of overall production costs. The costs are also affected by the income that can be derived from co-products such as Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) or glycerines, or from other energy products such as the electricity that can be produced from residues such as bagasse and lignin, or from

excess heat generated. Although these technologies are mature, continuing opportunities are available for cost reductions and improvements in process efficiency (for example, by using more effective amylase enzymes, decreasing ethanol concentration costs, or enhanced use of by-products). Bioethanol and biodiesel are currently not cost competitive with gasoline or diesel prices, except in some markets (notably Brazil) where production costs are low. The capital costs of advanced biofuels production systems are generally higher than those for conventional biofuels and make up a higher proportion of the total production costs (typically 35% to 50%). Feedstock costs are less significant and should in many cases be much less susceptible to feedstock cost variability and the price for processes that rely on residues or nonfood crops. Because these processes are not yet fully commercialized, production cost estimates are uncertain and based on design studies rather than practical experience. However, estimates of costs are available for a number of advanced processes. Also, because the processes are novel, considerable scope is available for cost reduction and improvements in efficiency and product yield. These processes are expected to yield biofuels that are competitive with gasoline (and with conventional biofuels) between 2030 and 2040 (IEA, 2011b).

Issues Involved However, a number of drawbacks are also associated with these fuels, including:

• The overall sustainability of the production and use of these fuels (taking into account concerns about competition for the feedstock’s between food and fuel), and the overall greenhouse gas balance for the production and use of the fuels (considering the emissions associated with direct and indirect land-use change);

• Some limitations on the extent to which the fuels produced can be used by the current vehicle fleet (the so-called blending wall), which can restrict the level of biofuels that can be achieved. Such restrictions can be addressed by stimulating changes in the vehicle fleet (for example, by encouraging the use of “flex-fuel” vehicles that can operate on a wide range of blends of ethanol and gasoline;

• The need for infrastructure for transporting and blending the fuels, which may not be compatible with the existing infrastructure developed for fossil fuels;

• The variability of biodiesel, depending on the feedstock from which the fuel is produced;

• The sensitivity of biofuel production costs to feedstock prices.

Opportunities Diversion of maize and sugarcane for biofuel may create shortage for human and animal consumption. Research is therefore needed on waste (old/expired) cooking/vegetable oil, rejected oil from animal fats particularly the tallow (from beef and mutton fat) collected from restaurants and food processing units. Subhandra and George (2011) suggested an algal biorefinery-based industry as an effective and practical approach to fuel and food insecurity. India has a long coast line of 5,700 km where marine algae can be grown. These measures may be adopted in near future. Genetic engineering and chemically induced mutations are being used to know how algae can potentially produce more fuel. However, using genetically modified algae in huge quantity with a mixture of genes of other organisms may cause environmental problems since algae play a vital role in the environment and are the base of the marine food chain. The greatest challenge is how to secure quality feed stocks to keep up with growing demand due to constraints of expensive oil than other commercially available fuels; cultivation and harvesting of algae or production of endophytes under controlled condition are the other difficulties.

Research needed for perfecting an efficient chemical/ catalyst conversion process; Development of Bio-catalyst i.e. Lipase catalyzed esterification; Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst i.e. use of smart polymers; Alternate uses of by-products i.e. glycerol and meal cake.

Government Policies

The government started moving its agenda on biofuels in 2003 with the introduction of the National Mission on Biofuels and the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP). Under the National Mission, jatropha would be planted on 500,000 hectares of government land, and later expanded onto more land. Simultaneously, the government hoped to begin privatizing the biodiesel industry to become completely separate from the government by 2012. However, these plans did not come to fruition as a result of limited financial and policy support. EBP also encountered significant barriers. The program mandated that oil companies produce fuel with 5% ethanol in certain regions of the nation. The program almost immediately grinded to a halt because there were there wasn’t enough ethanol to meet this mandate between 2003 and 2004. Interestingly, the National Mission on Biofuels and EBP demonstrated to private investors that the Indian government is serious about testing the feasibility of biofuels. Numerous sources report that jatropha planting and other biofuel development has started despite unsuccessful government programs.

In September 2008, the Indian government announced the National Biofuels Policy. The policy aims to blend conventional fuels with 20% bioethanol or biodiesel by 2017. The government recommends that biodiesel be produced only from non-edible oil seeds, preferably those grown on marginal lands so as to minimize the food-versus-fuel debate. Emphasis is placed on developing the domestic growth and production of non-edible feedstocks and their resulting oils by creating a Minimum Support Price and Minimum Purchase Price, as well as by removing all taxes and duties levied on domestic biofuels. Finally the National Policy calls for the creation of a Bio-Fuel Steering Committee, which may lend this project significant political clout.

Key players

Naturol Bioenergy Limited: Incorporated in 2005, offering environmental friendly biodiesel and allied products and services with an envisaged production capacity of 100,000 tonnes per annum. They collect non-food vegetable oils and related feedstocks and process them into biodiesel. First Integrated Biodiesel Plant was set up at Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh with 100,000 TPA (Tons Per Annum) capacity. Their plant feedstocks include oils derived from Palm, Soya and Jatropha - domestic and imported. They are capable of scaling up production 3 times with proper infrastructure in place.

Mission NewEnergy Limited: Mission NewEnergy operates in two pivotal areas: plantation and refining. Mission has the refining capacity to deliver over 105 million gallons of biodiesel (2.6 million barrels), every year, Mission is developing new downstream palm oil and oleo-chemical complex, through a joint venture with PTPN III. On the plantation side is developing Jatropha plantations in India through contract farming.

PRAJ Industries Ltd.: The Company offers innovative solutions for adding value in ethanol, bio diesel and brewery technology and related wastewater treatment systems for global customers thus providing ethanol dehydration project, biofuel plant and ethanol dehydration plant. Praj is a knowledge based company with expertise and experience in bioprocesses and engineering. It has one of the largest resource bases in the industry with over 450 references across all five continents.

Startups Sea6 Energy: They identified crucial technology elements that are needed to develop seaweed biomass derived biofuel as a viable replacement for liquid fuel. They are awarded as: “The Emerging Company of the Year 2012” in industrial biotechnology. Macro algae is a technical term for seaweed. The company developed an offshore farming system, based on a marine plastics polymer, within six months of incorporation. It has also filed a provisional patent application. Unlike plants, seaweed contains no lignin and is easier to break down.Sea6 Energy is developing a new bio-process for converting seaweed into biofuel that uses sea water for the process steps.

Sapphire Energy: Sapphire Energy is a San Diego-based energy company that produces oil made from algae. The company using Syntroleum Inc (SYNM) technology provided fifty gallons of gasoline for the Algaeus. The seed financing to launch Sapphire was provided by ARCH Ventures and Larry Bock. It has produced "green" gasoline from a synthetic crude oil made from algae. The company has been moving quickly to build a 300-acre algae farm as a large-scale demonstration of its process for making algae oils. Recently they received $144 million in new funding, which brings its total to over $300 million.

Solix Biofuels Inc.: A startup company based in Boulder, Solix is working with the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory to commercialize technology that can cheaply mass produce oil derived from algae and turn it into biodiesel .

Chemrec: Chemrec AB is helping pulp and paper mills transform into Biorefineries with a unique, proprietary black liquor gasification technology. Opening up new markets in sustainable, low-carbon chemicals and fuels will be a step-change in the industry. Black liquor is a high-energy residual product of chemical paper pulp manufacture, available in large quantities, it is a liquid and the gasification of black liquor char is more rapid than for any other feedstock as the inherently high sodium and potassium content of black liquor acts as catalyst. The excellent quality syngas that is produced can be converted into sustainable, low-carbon fuels and chemicals such as: dimethyl ether, methanol, synthetic diesel, synthetic gasoline

Carbon Recycling International: Carbon Recycling International (CRI) captures carbon dioxide from industrial emissions and converts carbon dioxide into Renewable Methanol (RM). RM is a clean fuel and can be blended at different levels with gasoline to meet renewable energy directives. The capture of carbon dioxide minimizes emissions from energy intensive industries. It is compatible to the existing energy and fuel infrastructure. EcoPar AB: EcoPar AB develops and markets ultra-clean fuel for diesel engines and turbo-je. Their fuels are among other things, free of sulfur, aromatics, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, fuel oil is produced, much of which is renewable. EcoPar develops processes for synthetic fuels, produced from biogas (Biogas-To-Liquids). The fuels can be used as synthetic fuels for diesel- and jet engines and as heating oils. Edo Biotech: Swedish start-up Edo Biotech develops patented production/fermentation processes for the bioethanol industry. Studies show that the company's technology can increase the production by up to 30% while being more environmental friendly by reducing releases of phosphorus. Edo Biotech aims to license its technology within the next three years. Funded by Innovationsbron in 2011. International Biofuels: International Biofuels has proprietary technology for producing carbon from biomass, which can be used as a CCS (carbon capture and sequestration) technology and for making Biocoal, a new solid biofuel for co-firing with coal in power stations. The primary focus of IB sales activity is currently with liquid biofuels manufactured at Ylajärvi production facility.

Electro mobility Transport by electric vehicle. An electric vehicle (EV) uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. Electric vehicles include electric cars, electric trains, electric Lorries, electric aero planes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and scooters. For all practical purposes, means electric cars and scooters.

Gradual electrification of the vehicle driveline There are various stages on the road from a conventional vehicle to an electric car:

Micro and mild hybrids: Vehicles that feature fuel-saving systems such as an automatic start-stop function or regenerative braking are described as micro hybrids. A mild hybrid vehicle will already possess an electric motor, which however only assists the combustion engine, mainly during start-up. Allelectric driving is not possible with a mild hybrid.

Full hybrids: Vehicles equipped with an electric motor and a combustion engine are described as full hybrids; the electric driveline allows the car to drive purely on electric power for short distances. The battery can be recharged utilising the regenerative braking system, but the actual source of energy in the vehicle is the combustion engine.

Plug-in hybrids: Plug-in hybrids (PHEV) are also fitted with an electric and a conventional driveline. But the dimensions of the electric driveline are such that much of the driving performance can be achieved electrically. Another feature is the option to recharge the battery from the power grid. A PHEV therefore has two sources of energy.

Hybrids with a Range Extender: With Range Extenders (REEV) the electric motor alone is responsible for driving the car. The combustion engine installed in the vehicle acts as a generator with which the battery can be recharged if necessary; this can also be done, however, using wall-plug electricity.

Electric-only vehicles: The battery electric vehicle (BEV) features an electric driveline only, whose battery is fed from the power grid.

Electric vehicles transform 75 per cent of chemical energy of batteries into providing power, while an Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), which is used for burning petrol, converts just 20 per cent of the fuel's power potential. Although the powertrain generating electricity may emit pollutants, electric vehicles do not have the harmful tailpipe emissions. The motors incorporated within these vehicles are quiet and operate smoothly with decent acceleration. EVS also command lower maintenance costs as compared to ICEs.

Market A study from IDC Energy Insights predicts that plug-in electric vehicles will be hitting the market within the year, and 540,000 will be sold globally by 2012. There will be more than 2.7 million of the vehicles on roads across the globe within five years. IDC predicts there will be 885,000 electric cars in North America and more than 780,000 in Europe by the year 2015. http://www.evfuture.com/news/?feed6item=732

The oil reserves on Earth are finite and, going forward, the price of oil looks set to head north. Hopes are now being pinned on electricity, as an alternative fuel for road transport, to point the way out of this cost conundrum‘. Germans, Indian and Europeans additionally see it as a way to reduce their reliance on oil imports.

Pike Research anticipates that the annual market for hybrid electric and plug-in electric vehicles will grow to 2.9 million vehicles by 2017. Increasing fuel costs, government purchase incentives, increasing fuel economy standards, and increased vehicle availability will benefit both segments of electric vehicles to varying degrees.

In the hybrid electric market, the incentives are playing less of a role as countries either eliminate incentives or offer low incentives, but a number of models in many segments equates to broader appeal in North America and growth in Europe.

India also has the maximum market potential for EVs owing to an established auto component infrastructure, low manufacturing and R&D costs, mechanical hardware availability, high urban congestion and the presence of a large domestic market. The industry could significantly gain from rising exports and with appropriate government support, could transform the landscape of urban India by reducing pollution, improving public health, creating employment opportunities and impacting society.

EVs have not gained popularity owing to lack of adequate and timely support from central and state governments. Although, government has reduced the custom duty on three of the imported components in battery operated vehicles to 10%, still the incentives seem too less for the price reduction of such vehicles. Other initiatives, which need to be taken to make the EVs affordable, include measures like relaxation in excise duty and VAT uniformity for the key inputs and components and also for the finished electric vehicle. In addition, in various countries, electric vehicles receive subsidies so as to promote the technology and reduce emissions. Similar initiatives should be introduced in India. http://www.fadaweb.com/electric_vehicles.htm

In a major boost to the Indian electric vehicles industry, the ministry of new and renewable energy ( MNRE) announced a 20 per cent financial incentive on the ex-factory price of electric cars and scooters sold in the country.

Drivers & Challenges Drivers:

– Increasing crude oil prices – Low maintenance cost – Increasing demand for green cars in foreign market – Manufacturers providing incentives to attract consumers

Challenges:

– EVs to move from concept to daily use – High price – Lack of supply of spare parts – Government Initiatives – Charging infrastructure

– Lack of optimum business models

The construction of electric cars gives rise to additional import dependencies. In Europe there are no commercially viable deposits of the materials used to build modern batteries. Research need to be done to increase energy efficiency, energy density of batteries, storage power of battery, regeneration braking system, alternate propulsion technologies. Policies are needed to maximize environmental benefits of the program and create markets. Fiscal incentives may support sales, but cannot bring EVs to the mainstream. Improved technology, roadworthiness, safety features, scale, infrastructure, power sources & lifecycle emissions, recycling of battery and end of life regulations for recyclable materials should be taken care of.

Government Initiative EV industry is seeking subsidy of 30% from the Central Government. Currently only Delhi State government is offering subsidy to the extent of 29.5%. Govt. of India will set up the Governing Council for Electric Vehicles. It will develop infrastructure for electric mobility - charging stations. It will also work with the State Governments to provide fiscal incentives for the use of EVs. Government will set up the Governing Council for Electric Vehicles. It will operate under the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. It will develop infrastructure for electric mobility like charging stations. It will make council to have representatives from various Ministries – includes Road Transport and Highways, New and Renewable Energy and Power and also industry representatives. Government also promote Joint Ventures, esp. in EV battery manufacturing & technology transfers

Key players Reva Electric Car Company: Founded in 1994,manufacture electric cars. In May 2010, Mahindra & Mahindra bought 55.2% controlling stake in Reva. In India, REVA aims to be have its products present in 50 cities by 2012. The Company sells its products and conducts test marketing in 24 countries across Europe, Asia and S America. It is looking to begin distribution in 40 to 50 countries by 2012 to establish REVA as a global electric vehicle brand.

Electrotherm India Ltd.: Founded in 1983, Products are Electric two-wheelers, three wheelers. It develops and manufactures battery operated scooters under the Yo-bykes name and other battery operated vehicles, including electric 3 wheelers and hybrid electric buses, as well as components of electric vehicles, such as batteries, motors, controllers, and other components for electric vehicles. In Q1FY10, it produced 2,295 ebikes. BSA Motors: Product is Electric Two-wheelers. IT is two-wheeler division of Tube Investments of India, the flagship company of Murugappa Group which is worth Euro 2.65 bn (INR 159 bn). It has production capacity of 100 electric scooters per day. Its brands include Edge, Roamer, Street Rider, Diva. It has Over 120 outlets spread across 10 states and 1 union territory.

Hero Electric: Product are Electrical two wheelers, Hero Electric is a 100% subsidiary of Hero Group. In the Auto Expo 2010 held in Delhi, it launched three e-bikes namely, E-Sprint, Optima Plus, Zippy.

Kabirdass Motor Company Ltd.: Founded in 2006, it offers it e-bikes and scooters under the brand XITE. The Company has in a span of 21 months successfully sold over 1,800 bikes and scooters. Its present installed capacity of electric scooters is 40,500 while it proposes to raise its capacity to 200,000 units. It intends to use the proceeds of the issue towards the expansion of its existing facilities and for the manufacturing of spare parts of electric scooters.

EKO Vehicles: Founded in 2005, Eko Vehicles sells its e-bikes under the brands Velociti, Cosmic and its latest launched brand Strike. The Company has sold more than 15,000-20,000 units of its products and has received orders to deliver another 100,000 units in India. It will undertake a major expansion drive to raise its production capacity to 20,000 units a month

Waste management and recycling

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of wastes treats all materials as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different methods. (Source: Wikipedia)

Sector plan

Source: environmental agency, rio house 2009

Waste can be broadly classified into

i. Urban Waste ii. Industrial Waste

iii. Biomass Waste iv. Biomedical Waste

Urban waste includes Municipal Solid Waste, Sewage and Fecal Sludge, whereas industrial waste could be classified as Hazardous industrial waste and Non-hazardous industrial waste.

Market Every year about 55 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 38 billion liters of sewage are generated in the urban areas of India (Eia.in). In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries. Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in the future. As more people migrate to urban areas and as incomes increase, consumption levels are likely to rise, as are rates of

waste generation. It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a per capita rate of approximately 1-1.33% annually. This has significant impacts on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal, economic costs of collecting and transporting waste, and the environmental consequences of increased MSW generation levels.

India Waste to Energy Potential

According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), there exists a potential of about 1700 MW from urban waste (1500 from MSW and 225 MW from sewage) and about 1300 MW from industrial waste. The ministry is also actively promoting the generation of energy from waste, by providing subsidies and incentives for the projects. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) estimates indicate that India has so far realized only about 2% of its waste-to-energy potential. Projects of over 135 megawatt have been installed so far in distilleries, pulp and paper mills, and food processing and starch industries. (2011) .New analysis from Frost & Sullivan, Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste-to-Energy Market in India, finds that the market generated 821.35 MW in 2009 and estimates this to reach 1,191.31 MW in 2013. The study finds that refuse-derived fuel (RDF) pelletisation has been a common practice in many plants, and it is expected to remain the preferred solution for non-biodegradable waste.

E-waste Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. According to a report by UNEP titled, "Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources," the amount of e-waste being produced - including mobile phones and computers - could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India.

As per IRG report 2008, India generates about 1,46,180 tons of E-waste every year. This is contributed by both house-holds and corporate houses.

source: MAIT-GTZ e-Waste Assessment Study

Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e-waste generated in India. Ten states generate 70% of the total e-waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of e-waste generating states in India. Among top ten cities generating e-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. Due to the very high growth rate the e-Waste projects the high growth prospects for the e-Waste Management companies. (Source: eprobereasearch) Business opportunities

• Primary collection and segregation of inerts, dry organics and others.

o Collection of reusable plastics and metals etc for sale in local market.

o Waste Processing and sell RDF pellets to biomass power plants.

o Mobilizing construction debris to make tiles and bricks

• Separation of wet organic wastes

o Production and sale compost to bio fertilizer firms.

o Biogas based power generation from sludge for selling it to the grid.

• Secondary collection and storage

o Maintenance of transfer stations

o High throughput screening of materials for recycling, energy recovery and land fill disposals.

• Recycling of wastes

o Recyclable commodity transactions from transfer stations

o Sale of recycled plastic or metal granules

o Conversion of processed wastes to industrial commodities

• Transportation and logistics

o Transporting solid waste from the source to the landfill or to the processing centers for energy recovery.

o Revenues from automobile manufacturing and sales to corporate bodies and contract holders etc

• MSW to energy recovery

o Production of machineries and equipment for energy recovery technologies

o Decentralized technology installations.

o Power generation and sale of power

o Production and sale of processed organic feed stocks from MSW

o Income from Certified Emission Reductions(CER’s)

• Management of wastes at dumpsite

o Design and construction of secured landfills

o Urban landscape development at abandoned landfills.

Companies in domains such as renewable energy (solar, wind, biomass etc.), Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC), transportation and logistics, sanitation and environment, small and large scale power plants, facilities management etc will be ideally suited for the waste to energy business.

Source: http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/biz/biz_opp.html

Key Players Company Headquarters Highlights Biomethanation M/S Asia Bio- energy Pvt Ltd (ABIL)

Chennai Follows “Biogas induced mixing arrangement-(BIMA)” technology for a 5.1 MW MSW to energy project

Cicon Environment Technologies

Bhopal Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) technology and activated sludge process are followed in installations

Bermaco/WM Power Ltd Navi Mumbai Completed 11 MW biogas plant in Mumbai using

WABIO process. Sound craft Industries Mumbai Installing 12.8 MW plant at Mumbai with technology

from Ericsons, USA Hydroair Tectonics Limited Navi Mumbai Adopting aerated and UASB technologies for the

treatment of waste sludge and biogas generation respectively.

Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd Hyderabad Undertaking comprehensive biomethanation projects coupled to secure composting and landfills. Also involved in incineration and presently operating India's largest waste incinerator at Taloja, Maharashtra.

Mailhem Engineers Pvt Ltd. Pune Has adopted modified UASB technology. Has installed about 250 waste-to-energy plants.

Combustion /Incineration A2Z Group of Companies Gurgaon RDF based combustion technology with scope for

cogeneration of heat and power. Hanjer Biotech Energies Mumbai Developing 15 MW combustion power plant in Surat

District with MSW based RDF pellets as fuel. SELCO International Limited Hyderabad SELCO setup the first commercial Municipal Solid

Waste-processing unit in India in 1999. Have installed 6.6 MW using RDF pellets as energy source.

East Delhi Waste Processing Company Pvt Ltd

New Delhi Implementing 10 MW incineration power plant with MSW derived RDF pellets as fuel.

Gasification Zanders Engineers Limited Mohali Has a collaborative gasification technology to process

multiple feedstocks including MSW for power UPL Environmental Engineers Pvt Ltd

Vadodara Advanced gasification technology with destruction efficiency of 99.9% and emissions well below thresholds.

Source: Eia.in

E-waste companies E-Parisaraa Private Limited: E-Parisaraa is the first government authorized E-waste Management Company in India and they are in this service right from the year 2005. They are operating from the city of Bangalore and they have their recycling facility at Dabaspet Industrial Area in the Rural district of Bangalore in Karnataka. They are offering services like collection and inspection of e-waste upon paying the generator and they offer destruction certificate and destruction pictures (if requested) as a proof towards the electronic waste offered by their customers. In the case of destruction of computers with wide range of data, they ensure data security to their customers since they have possibilities of complete destruction of data tapes, degaussing and data wiping of the crucial data in the old computers of their customers. Earth Sense Recycle Private Limited: Earth Sense Recycle Private Limited is the joint venture between the E-Parisaraa Private Limited and M/S. GJ Multiclave India Private Limited, which is a bio-medical waste handling and management company. This company came into existence in the year 2000 and they recycle all types of e-wastes including de-bound assets and other electrical and electronic equipment that has become obsolete. Some of the e-waste products handled by them are floppies, toner cartridges, CDs, tube lights, batteries, CFL’s, etc.

Trishyiraya Recycling India Private Limited: This company is operating from the city of Chennai and they are engaged in the management and recycling of various types of wastes like chemical waste, cable waste, electronic waste, electrical waste and telecommunication waste. They have a long list of clientele belonging to different sectors like electronic equipment manufacturing, automobile industries, mobile phone manufacturers, software companies, computer peripheral and computer manufacturers, telecommunication companies and electrical & electronic component exporters and manufacturers.

Startups Greenobin Pvt Ltd: Gurgaon based startup Greenobin is providing a complete range of independent recycling and waste paper management facilities to both industrial and commercial customers as well as local authorities whilst reducing volume of waste going to landfill. It offer complete paper recycling and collection from office. Greenobin collect waste paper and further channelize it to recycling mills after sorting into different grades.

Paper Waste: It sends pick up vans to offices, hospitals and individual homes to collect their used papers and dispatch them to recycling mills. In return it pays the customer by cash, equaling the amount of scrap collected, or gives them stationeries worth the same amount.

Attero Recycling: Proposed to create 20-odd electronic waste collection centers. Their objective is to make it easier for consumers to dispose off their old mobile phones, laptops and other obsolete electronic products in a responsible fashion. Attero puts the e-waste through a process that extracts iron, non-ferrous metals and plastic. Precious metals such as copper, nickel, zinc and lead are further separated and recycled. The left over waste is disposed off in government-approved landfill sites. Similar startup includes Mumbai-based Eco Recycling and Global E-Waste Management. Attero has raised $14.6 million in venture capital over multiple rounds.

Greenscape Eco Management: The idea behind our venture is to ensure safe disposal of such waste while recovering useful materials, thus reducing the burden for mining fresh materials from the earth. The business model is what makes us different because it: generates value from e-waste, recovers maximum possible materials from e-waste, utilizes existing best available technology globally, does not require investments for setting up precious metal recovery locally.

Eco Wise Waste Management Pvt. Ltd: EcoWise provides Waste Management and Recycling Services in India. They act as a single vendor to meet all requirements when it comes to collection, segregation, transportation, recycling, treatment and landfill (only inert waste) of MSW. Our Services

Waste Management Services: Door to Door Collection, Educational Campaigns, Purchase of Scrap, Go Green initiatives, Industrial Waste Management, Green Events

Consultancy: Turnkey Projects, Technological Know-how, Waste to Energy, Setting up similar Business

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