FORGING A NEW SYNTHESIS: THE PATTERN OF REFORMS, 1789-1849

Cleveland CH: 4Essential Question: How did Selim III attempt to reform the Ottoman Empire?

SELIM III 1789-1806 BETWEEN OLD AND NEW

Reforms of Selim III Political

Hoped to keep traditions alive but strengthen the empire. Closer ties to Europe

Military Defeated by Russia 1792 Russo-Turkish War Westernization Janissaries Nizam-i jedid created in 1797

Economic With Embassies in Europe it was easier to make trade agreements

Social Exposure to Europe

Embassies

Fall of Selim III 1806 Janissaries lead rebellion Mustafa IV replaces Selim III pledged not to interfere with privileges.

MUHAMMAD ALI AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Essential Question: How did the rise of Muhammad Ali effect the Ottoman Empire?

MAMLUK RESTORATION AND THE FRENCH INVASION

Mamluk occupation of Egypt. Mamluk Beys competed against each other Mamluks were unstable and oppressive

Lost control of rural areas

Napoleon in Egypt Battle of the Pyramids 1798

Napoleons Goals were to threaten Great Britain and establish new markets for France

Battle of Aboukir Bay 1798 The French force in Egypt were cut off by British fleet

French were unpopular

1801 British-Ottoman expedition led to evacuation of French Forces

Ottomans were impressed with European technology

THE REFORM POLICIES OF MUHAMMAD ALI Political

Establishment of hereditary dynasty Did away with competing factions and brought them under Central

authority Divided into ten provinces Established bureaucracy Opened positions to talent but still gave family and allies

positions of power. Military

Political Power based on military power Conscription of Fellahin army reached 130,000 soldiers Reformed military based on the west Established officer training programs

THE REFORM POLICIES OF MUHAMMAD ALI

Economic Had to pay for reforms by exploiting Egypt’s resources Ended tax farming Taxed Waqf Expanded irrigation system

Keep flood waters from the Nile all summer long Introduced Jumel cotton which became a huge cash crop

Industrialization Goal was to make country self-sufficient State monopoly of economy Focus on heavy industry and textiles

Heavy industry was successful in supplying military Social

Schools that were opened created opportunities for Egyptians. Started newspapers and printing presses

WARS OF EXPANSION

Western Arabia 1811 Under command of Ibrahim

Ali’s army defeated and Wahhabi movement Captured Mecca and Medina

Conquest of Sudan 1820 see on page 72 Greek Revolt 1821

Sultan asks Ali to put down the rebels in exchange for Crete Do to European intervention Ibrahim is forced to leave gaining nothing

Invasion of Syria 1831 New markets and materials Came within 150 miles of Istanbul Russia came to the Ottomans aid which caused the rest of Europe to get

involved In exchange for an end to hostilities Ibrahim becomes governor of Adana

in Anatolia and Greater Syria 1839 Battle of Nezib Treaty of London 1841

THE GREEK REVOLT 1821-1829

1821 armed Greek revolt breaks out Ottomans could not subdue the revolt Ali’s troops are called for help

Great Britain and Russia get involved Battle of Navarino Bay 1827

Ali withdraws 1828 Russia declares war on Ottomans

1829 Treaty of Adrianople

Significance For Ottomnas For Greeks For the Great Powers

SULTAN MAHMUD II (1808-1839) Reforms

Political Reestablish central authority within provinces Reorganized the Government

Raised salaries to eliminate bribes Reestablished ottoman embassies in Europe

Military 1820’s ordered military reform based on European model Used force to destroy the Janissaries Trained by French and British officers

Economic 1831 eliminated the Timar system

Social Attempted to Europeanize 1827 opened medical school for army personnel 1834 opened Imperial War College Founded fist newspaper published in Turkish language