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> environmental and Physical considerations> accommodations and security on-site> construction space and storage of materials on the site> special requirements based on the design plans and site environment> documentations and specifications e.g. building permit> plan drawings of Foundation system, Structural system, external envelope

e.g. portal frame design - a clients engages an architect and consulting engineer who prepare structural design

drawings of the portal frame and submit the project to the tender- the builder sub-contracts the structural steelwork to steel fabricator on the basis of the consulting engineer drawing

- steel fabrication is started by following the detail shop drawings drawn by draftsmen> site set out, excavation, foundations, structural frame set up, external envelope system, internal finish

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Pre-fabrication considerations of off-site production

> logistic - storage- transport- site- management

> procurement- contract form- management- manufacture

> motivation- costs- skills- project management

> site assembly- site environment- labour- management

> Design- rationalisation- standardisation- co-ordination- decisions

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Pre-fabricated metal ideal for roofing and walling

STEEL

Advantages- no waster material- capacity for long clear span- quick construction times

Disadvantage- some reduction in thermal insulation- low thermal mass ( high temperature variation) - sound transmission may be problem is not detailed well

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architect engineer

fabricator Shop drawings

steelworkeron-site construction

Finish building

Concrete panel labour

builder tender

off-site fabrication

Pre construction process

Under construction process

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Preparation of Pad Footing Floating the bolts (Fig. C003)

> hole excavated ready for concrete foundation

> holding down bolts are then inserted and fixed to a timber base plate, which is same size as the steel base plate and holes are in the same position.

> timber base plate fixed to a temporary timber frame

> temporary timber frame fixed to correct level by pegged into the surrounding ground and held at the correct position

> concrete can be poured around the bolts after level checked

(Fig.C003)

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Section Drawings of Pad Footing drawn by architect and engineer

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Steel Portal Frame> economic alternative to warehouse structure

> To be effective a pitched roof portal frame should have as low a pitch as practical to minimize spread at the knee joint.

> the connection to the column haunched at the knee joint to make the connection deeper and stiffer

> the haunching can be fabricated by welding a I-section to the rafter, which is the most economic in steel fabrication.

- Design by architect - Liasion with structural engineer - Tender documents - Quotes from steel fabricator - Shop drawings—accurate details by draftsperson - Fabrication—off site - erection of steelwork

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Column attached to Pad Footing

> Large washer fixed to bolt to prevent pull out > holding down bolts set into the concrete foundation

> non shrinkable grout filled void left below steel base plate > steel packing shims fixed under base plate at correct level

> Base plate welded to bottom of column

Base Plate of Steel Column

> steel base plae welded or fixed with bolted connection with angle cleats

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next >>Stages of setting up stanchion

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Apex JointStiffening at ridge of steel portal frame at apex joint

> the junction of the rafter at the ridge is often stiffened by welding I-section haunching to the underside of the rafter> end plates welded to rafter and hauncing and bolted together

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Knee JointHaunch to the steel portal frame at knee joint

> The haunched connection of the rafter to the column can be fabricated by welding a I-cut section haunching to the underside of the rafter> the haunch length is usually of the order of 10%-15% of the span of the rafter> with the depth of the section at the haunch is about twice of rafter depth> web stiffener welded to top of column

bolt connection from column to haunching

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Roof bracing

bracing between stanchion to stanchion

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Cross Bracing

- secure the structural elements from wind loads- avoid bending of the structural elements- resist lateral forces

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Precast Concrete Panel

Advantage- good sound reduction- good fire resistance- loadbearing capacity- high thermal mass (less variation of temperture)

Disadvantage- large amount of work required on-site- negerates waste on-site (drilling holes for services- units are heavy- high degree of finishing required on-site

 

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Precast Concrete Panel

- bolted to stanchion-Typical shop drawing of panel details required 

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Lifting up Concrete Panel

Standard concrete panels and units are stored ready for delivery

Panel can be assembled around a frame or can from self supporting structure

Mobile crane may be required

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Connection between stanchion and concrete panel

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Steel Sheet Cladding

- Roof/wall sheeting: approx. 0.4mm thick- Made from zincalume (Zinc & aluminium coated steel)- Available in a variety of profiles, including traditional corrugated and concealed fixed products- Sheeting is usually ‘custom cut’ by the manufacturer to suit the requirements for a particular job- Spanning capabilities:

roof: 1200mm – corrugated sheeting; 2700mm –stronger, deeper profileswalls: can be 25 – 50% greater than roof spans

 Advantages

- Cost effective- Lightweight- High structural capacity- Low maintenance- Consistency of quality- Zincalume steel: high solar reflectance qualities; rapid heat dissipation

 Disadvantages

- Limitation to heights that can be reached by sheeting 

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Steel Sheet Cladding

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The construction of buildings. Volume 4, Foundations and sub-structures, steel frames, concrete, concrete frames, external walls of framed buildings, R. Barry , BSP Professional Books, 1992, c1986

Construction and Structures 2 Reading, Deakin university 2006

Roofing, Walling, Rainwater & Structural Products, Stramit Corporation Pty Ltd, may 2004

Barry Advanced Construction of Buildings, Stepen E & Christopher G, Blackwell, 2006

http://www.roger-bullivant.co.uk/web/products_services.htm, accessed 24.05.2006

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