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OPEN SOCIETY FOUNDATIONROMÂNIA

by The Gallup Organization Romania

GENDER GENDER

BAROMETERBAROMETER

ROMANIAROMANIAAugust 2000August 2000

“Emancipation and development” this is the title of a new program of Open Society Foundation to be carried out in 2000-2001, with the main purpose of designing gender centered public policies. So far such topics have sometimes been the concern of non-governmental organizations, and I have even seldom heard political men or women, journalists tackling or at least discussing such issues. Nobody questioned the Romanian society about the role that women and men should have in Romanian life, about the relationships between them, or their everyday life.

The idea of such a poll is not novel. It was advocated by “AnA Society for Feminist Analyses” and by the “Women Program” of the Foundation. But designing gender-centered public policies is a process that cannot be pursued without considering the way public opinion think about it, the priorities it envisages. Therefore, we believed that it was high time for the Gender Barometer.

Mihaela Miroiu, Manuela Stănculescu, Ionica Berevoiescu and myself have been the members of the coordinating team who was engaged in designing the present poll, from choosing the topics, finalizing the question sets, pre-testing the questions, to interpreting the collected data. It is our pleasure to thank to all who have helped us along the project, supporting us with invaluable ideas, time and their expertise: Alfred Bulai, Laura Grumberg, Valentina Marinescu, Dumitru Sandu.

Due to the limitations of the traditionally printed formula, our work represents only a selection of information and data collected for the interviews. The complete database of the poll is to be found on the web page of Open Society Foundation www.osf.ro.

Thanks are due to all of those invited by the Foundation to take part at the brainstorming organized before launching the idea of the Gender Barometer: Mircea Cărtărescu, Laura Grunberg, Anca Jugaru, Dina Loghin, Cristina Mihai, Mihaela Miroiu, Doina Ştefănescu, Marina Roman, Roxana Teşiu, Cristian Vlădescu. We express our belief that their outstanding commitment in understanding and promoting women’s rights will go on as well as their collaboration with Open Society Foundation. Our fruitful collaboration with The Gallup Organization Romania has been of paramount importance in carrying out the survey, and we are grateful to director Alina Şerbănică for her professional commitment in this project.

Renate Weber

Chair of the National Board Open Society Foundation - Romania Program Coordinator: Oana Cinca Tel. (40) -1 - 212 54 30, 312 86 36, 312 70 52; Fax: (40) - 1 - 312 70 53 E-mail: [email protected]

Gender Barometer - August 20002

http://www.osf.ro/

3

The sample volume: 1839 persons aged 18 and over.

The type of the sample: stratified, probabilistic, tri-stadial. Stratification criteria: 18 cultural areas grouped by historical regions, place of residence (urban-rural), the size of urban

localities (towns under 30 thousand inhabitants, towns between 30-100 thousands inhabitants, cities with 100-200 thousand

inhabitants, and over 200 thousand inhabitants), the development level of rural localities (low, medium and high).

Sampling design: probabilistic selection of the localities (116), of sampling points (200 constituencies) and of persons. In

order to select the persons, the latest electoral registers were used as a main source. The sampling design is the same as

that used in 1998, 1999 and 2000 research activities of OSF for the Public Opinion Barometer.

Representativeness: the sample is representative for the adult population of Romania over 18 years old, with a sampling

error ± 2,3 %. For each historical region of Romania (Moldavia, Dobrogea, Valachia, Oltenia, Banat, Crişana-Maramureş,

Transylvania, Bucharest) the corresponding sampling has a smaller representativeness than the national sampling.

Checking : the sample was checked against the data form the National Council for Statistics and the 1992 Census.

The presented values represent the values obtained in the field (no weighting was performed). The interviews were taken at respondents’ household.

Data display: The presentation of the data is selective. The breakdowns submitted are statistically significant. The variables

used are: sex, age group (18-29, 30-59, 60 and+), level of education (primary education - 8 grades at the most; secondary

education – more than 8 grades, but no more than upper secondary school; higher education – at least post upper secondary

school to graduate studies), the occupational status of the respondent (employed, pensioner, student, unemployed,

unregistered unemployed, housewife), place of residence (cities- over 100 thousand inhabitants, towns - less than 100

thousand inhabitants and commune/villages) and historical region. For the complete list of questions and for data conveying to

more elaborated analysis, please access the complete database in the web page of Open Society Foundation www.osf.ro.

Survey timetable: 17 July - 4 August 2000.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYG

A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

Open Society Foundation Romania

4

CUPRINS


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA1. THE GENDER IMAGE

1.1 Values – The gender Image................................ 5 1.2 Fear................................................................................................................... 43

1.3 Women compared to men .......................................................................... 46

2. PRIVATE LIFE

2.1 Successful marriage 48

2.2 Domestic work............................................................................... 58 2.3 Duties of household’s members...... 62

2.4 Single mothers............................................................................. 73 2.5 Children / raising children 78

2.6 Leisure ................................................................................................................ 90

3. VIOLENCE 3.1 Prostitution........................................................................................... 99

3.2 Sexual harrasment.................................................................... 108

3.3 Domestic violence against spouses......................................... 110 3.4 Other forms of domestic violence / deviant behaviour..................................... 117

4. PUBLIC LIFE 4.1 Equality of rights ................................................................................................ 120

4.2 Women and leadership / executive positions 130

4.3 To whom one discusses community issues............ 156 4.4 Involvment in community life................................... 158

4.5 Power relations .......................................................................... ........................... 160

5. GENDER AND ECONOMY

5.1 Jobs and unemployment................ 167

5.2 The economics of household................................................................ 170

5

59%

69%

76%

63%

66%

56%

64%

55%

36%

24%

17%

33%

29%

28%

39%

7%

7%

16%

33%

6%

3%

5%

4%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

Yes No DK/DA

breakdown by historical region

How to read the figure: 59% of respondents in Moldavia think that “doing the houseworkis women’s duty more than men’s”, 36% answered that “doing the housework is not women’s

duty more than men’s”, and 5% do not know or do not answer.

Is it women’s duty more than men’s to undertake the housework?

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


6


No30%

DK/DA7%

Yes63%

Open Society Foundation

G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

7


breakdown by occupational status

68%

52%

69%

75%

67%

55%

24%

44%

24%

18%

32%

39%

7%

6%

4%

1%

7%

8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

retired

student

unemployed

housewife

unregisteredunemployed

employed

Yes No DK/DA

How to read the figure: 68% of the retired that “it is women’s duty more than men’s to undertake the housework”, 24% think that “it is not women’s duty more than men’s to undertake the housework”,

and 8% do not know or do not answer.


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

8

breakdown by age group

18 - 29

30 - 59

60 and +


No22%

DK/DA7%

Yes71%

No36%

DK/DA6%

Yes58%

No32%

DK/DA7%

Yes61%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

9

Yes42%

DK/DA6%

No52%

No33%

DK/DA6%

Yes61%

primary education

secondary education

higher education

No16%

DK/DA8%

Yes76%


breakdown by level of education

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


10

Yes72%

DK/DA7%

No21%

No33%

DK/DA7%

Yes60%

city

town

commune / village

No40%

DK/DA6%

Yes54%

breakdown by place of residence

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



11

Is it men’s duty more than women’s to be the main breadwinners in the household?

No23%DK/DA

7%

Yes70%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

12

65%

76%

77%

70%

73%

63%

67%

61%

30%

17%

16%

29%

21%

20%

32%

7%

7%

17%

29%

7%

4%

6%

1%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

Yes No DK/DA


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



13



No15%

DK/DA7%

Yes78%

18 - 29

30 - 59

60 and +

Yes65%

DK/DA6%

No29%

No26%

DK/DA7%

Yes67%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

14



74%

52%

77%

82%

74%

61%

18%

43%

16%

12%

25%

33%

7%

6%

5%

1%

6%

8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

retired

student

unemployed

housewife


employed

Yes No DK/DA


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

15

No48%

DK/DA8%

Yes44%

Yes69%

DK/DA6%

No25%

primary education

secondary education

higher education

No12%

DK/DA7%

Yes81%


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



16

Yes79%

DK/DA7%

No14%

Yes65%

DK/DA7%

No28%

city

town

commune/ village

No34%

DK/DA7%

Yes59%


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Is it men’s duty more than women’s to be the main breadwinners of the household?


17

In your opinion does a woman have to follow her man?

DK/DA1%

No6%

Depends15%

Yes78%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

18

73%

89%

86%

70%

75%

77%

81%

68%

8%

3%

2%

2%

7%

11%

10%

5%

12%

11%

7%

22%

13%

17%

27%

18%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldovia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

Yes No Depends


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

The differences up to 100% represent "DK/DA".



19



70%77%

85%

10%

19% 16%

7%4%

10%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

18-29 30-59 60 and +

Depends

No

Yes

How to read the figure: within the age group 18 – 29 , 70% of respondents think that “the woman has to follow her man”, 10% that “the woman does not have to follow him” and 19% answered “It depends”.


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PPIn your opinion does a woman have to follow her man?

20

87%76%

62%

4%

7%

10%

9% 16%27%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

Depends

No

Yes


How to read the figure: within “primary education” category, 87% of the interviewed think that “the woman has to follow her man”, 4% think that “the woman does not have to follow

him”, and 9% answered “It depends”.

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA




21



85%

56%

78%

85%

83%

70%

4%

13%

6%

4%

5%

9%

15%

20%

31%

12%

11%

11%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

retired

student

unemployed

housewife


employed

Yes No Depends


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PPIn your opinion does a woman have to follow her man?

22


72% 75%84%

20% 18%

6%

5%

8%

10%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

city town com/village

Depends

No

Yes

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA




23


30%

26%

21%

31%

22%

21%

38%

30%

53%

56%

55%

43%

53%

59%

49%

43%

16%

21%

17%

17%

16%

23%

25%

16%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

Yes No Depends

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAAre men as able as women in raising children?



24

Are men as able as women in raising children?

DK/DA2%

No53%

Depends19%

YES26%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

25




30% 29%21%

47% 50% 61%

20% 20% 16%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

18-29 30-59 60 and +

Depends

No

Yes


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

26


18%30%

37%

63%48%

41%

17% 20% 20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

Depends

No

Yes

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I




27




22%

30%

25%

20%

32%

32%

58%

41%

53%

64%

45%

46%

22%

20%

26%

19%

14%

17%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

retired

student

unemployed

housewife


employed

Yes No Depends


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

28


31% 32%21%

48% 47%59%

19% 19% 18%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Depends

No

Yes

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I




29

Is man the head of the family?

DK/DA1%

No8%

Depends8%

Yes83%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

30

DK/DA1%

No7%

Depends6%

Yes86%

DK/DA1%

No8%

Depends

9%

Yes82%

males

females

breakdown by sex

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAIs man the head of the family?


31




92%80%

69%

13%

10%9%

4%2%

16%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

Depends

No

Yes


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

32




79%

87%

91%

82%

78%

89%

87%

79%

13%

5%

5%

8%

5%

9%

3%

6%

3%

6%

7%

9%

6%

13%

11%

7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

Yes No Depends


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

33

74%82%

90%

11%8%

14% 9% 5%3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

18-29 30-59 60 and +

Depends

No

Yes


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I




34

88%

55%

77%

90%

88%

79%

5%

15%

12%

7%

8%

8%

10%

12%

30%

4%

3%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

retired

student

unemployed

housewife


employed

Yes No Depends


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I




35




80% 76%89%

9%9%

10% 14% 6%4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

city town commune /village

Depends

No

Yes


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

36

DK/DA2%

No23%

Depends14%

Yes61%

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAIs woman the mistress of the house?


37

breakdown by sex

Is woman the mistress of the house?

DK/DA2%

No27%

Depends

13%

Yes58%

DK/DA2%

No19%

Depends

14%

Yes65%

males

females


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

38

59%

68%

69%

54%

59%

59%

60%

56%

29%

18%

17%

25%

21%

26%

27%

26%

10%

13%

14%

12%

12%

18%

20%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

Yes No Depends


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I


Differences up to 100% represent "DK/DA"


39

71%58%

47%

17%

25%31%

15%9% 20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

Depends

No

Yes


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I




40




51%58%

73%

32% 24%

15% 16%

16%

8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

18-29 30-59 60 and+

Depends

No

Yes


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

41




70%

44%

51%

73%

49%

53%

17%

20%

34%

17%

36%

29%

15%

17%

31%

12%

10%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

retired

student

unemployed

housewife


employed

Yes No Depends


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

42

58% 56%66%

27%22%

21%

14% 20% 10%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Depends

No

Yes


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I




43

80% 20%

46%54%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

Yes No

breakdown by sex

Do you usually go out alone in the late evening?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

44

53%

66%

73%

46%

34%

27%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village

Yes No


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



Do you usually go out alone in the late evening?

45

49%

36%

5%

3%

8%

7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

I am afraid of robbery/ other crimes

I have no reason to go out

I hate/do not like it

out of habit

other reasons

do not answer

Why don’t you go out in the late evening?

% calculated just for those who do not go out in the late evening


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

46

17%

73%

13%

9%

46%

82%

62%

21%

30%

10%

35%

13%

15%

50%

76%

12%

4%

2%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

smart,clever

heartfelt/ caring

concerned by local/national afffairs

violent

practical

sensitive

more as…as less

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Compared with men, the women you know are more…, as…as…, or less …?



47

13%

69%

11%

39%

80%

64%

24%

29%

37%

14%

17%

55%

18%

5%

4%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

smart/clever

heartfelt/caring

concerned bylocal/national

affairs

practical

sensitive

more as…as less

21%

76%

15%

52%

85%

60%

19%

32%

33%

12%

13%

45%

8%

3%

1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males females

Compared with men, the women you know are more…, as…as…, or less …?


breakdown by sex

G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

Differences up to 100% represent "DK/DA”

48

What is important for a successful marriage?

74%

83%

89%

85%

69%

65%

22%

14%

10%

13%

23%

26%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

to have money

to be faithful toeach other

to love each other

to support eachother

to have children

to match sexually

Very important Fairly important

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Difference up to 100% represent “less important/not at all important” and “DK/DA”.


49

Is it important for the spouses to match sexually?



68%

70%

54%

24%

23%

30%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

18-29

30-59

60 and+



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

50


54%

71%

71%

31%

22%

24%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primary education

secondaryeducation

higher education


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAIs it important for the spouses to match sexually?



51

Is it important for the spouses to match sexually?

Difference up to 100% represent de “less important/not at all important” and “DK/DA”.


61%

62%

58%

74%

65%

60%

91%

70%

31%

30%

32%

19%

23%

18%

22%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

52


76%

59%

60%

20%

27%

29%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

commune/village


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAIs it important for the spouses to match sexually?

Difference up to 100% represent “less important/ not important at all” and “DK/DA”.


53

Which is the most important condition for a successful marriage?

- just one answer -

24%

20%

16%

13%

13%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

to love each other

to trust eachother

to have a home oftheir own


to have money



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

Difference up to 100% represent”other answers” and “DK/DA”.

54

- Just one answer -breakdown by age group

28%

20%

17%

12%

8%

4%

24%

22%

15%

13%

12%

3%

20%

18%

17%

13%

18%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

to love each other

to trust eachother


to have money



18-29 30-59

60 and+

How to read the figure: 28% of the respondents aged18 - 29 think that the most important condition for a successful marriage is that the spouses should “love each other”, while only 20% of the respondents aged “60 and +” think that the most important condition is love. Differences up to 100% represent other answers and “DK/DA”.

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



55


- just one answer -breakdown by level of education

20%

18%

17%

17%

16%

3%

26%

20%

16%

11%

12%

3%

25%

25%

14%

9%

10%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

to love each other

to trust each other


to have money



primary education

secondaryeducation

higher education


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

Difference up to 100% represent other answers and “DK/DA”.

56

- Just one answer -breakdown by historical region

21%

18%

18%

18%

12%

18%

19%

15%

21%

15%

18%

24%

9%

20%

18%

14%

10%

18%

27%

8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

to love eachother

to have ahome of their

own

to supporteach other

to trust eachother

to havemoney

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

27%

16%

9%

22%

13%

29%

3%

18%

23%

11%

28%

21%

12%

19%

10%

35%

11%

10%

15%

12%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

to love eachother

to have ahome of their

own

to supporteach other

to trust eachother

to havemoney

Transylvnia

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


Gender Barometer - August 2000Difference up to 100% represent other answers and “DK/DA”.

57


- just one mention -breakdown by place of residence

31%

18%

15%

12%

8%

3%

20%

23%

15%

11%

16%

3%

21%

20%

17%

15%

15%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

to love each other

to trust eachother



to have money

to be faithful

city

town

commune/village


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

Difference up to 100% represent other answers and “DK/DA”.

58

DK/DA6%

No29%

I did not think14%

Yes51%

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Do you agree that domestic work should be paid as any other type of labor?


59



48%

58%

51%

38%

24%

26%

11%

14%

15%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

commune/village

Yes No I did not think



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

60

53%

48%

50%

42%

58%

68%

45%

43%

25%

29%

26%

37%

25%

21%

44%

14%

18%

15%

17%

12%

9%

7%

12%

40%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

Yes No I did not think


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA




61

DK/DA2%

No81%

I did not think6%

Yes11%

Is domestic work the easiest of all types of work?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

62

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWho does the shopping in your family?


DA1%

Men18%

Both women and

men29%

Women52%

63

41%

61%

12%

34%26%

24%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Males Females

Both womenand men

Men

Women

breakdown by sex


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PPWho does the shopping in your family?

How to read the figure: 41% of male respondents declare that women do the shopping in their household every day , 24% of them say that “men do the daily shopping in their household”, and 34% of men say that “both women and men do the daily shopping” in their household. At the same time, 61% of interviewed women say that “it is women who do the main shopping in their household every day, 12% of them say that “the men do the daily shopping”, and 26% declare that both women and men do it.

The differences up to 100% represent “DA”.

64

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Who takes the decision of how the money should be spent in your household?


DA1%

men14%

both women and

men40%

women45%

65

breakdown by sex


How to read the figure: see the figure on page 63

G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

Who takes the decision of how the money should be spent in your household?

33%

55%

7%

44%37%

22%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

males females

both womenand men

men

women

Differences up to 100% represent "DA".

66

89%

8% 12% 48%

5%4%

31%

1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

much better as good as less good then does not do them at all


breakdown by sex

Do you think that your spouse/partner is more or less skilful in …doing the cooking?

% calculated only for those living in a couple (married or living as married)


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

67

12%

74%

8%

8%

42%

6%

37%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

much better as good as less good than does not do them at all

breakdown by sex

Do you think that your spouse/partner is more or less skilful in ... doing various repairs?

% calculated only for those living in a couple (married or partners)

How to read the figure: only 12% of the male respondents think that they wife/partner is more skilful in repairing things , 8% think that she is as skilful as he is, 42% that she is less skilful in repairing things, and 37% declare that their wife/partner does not do any repairs at home. At the same time, 74% of female respondents think that their husband/partner is more skilful in doing such household tasks, etc..

R O

M

Â

N

I

R O

M

Â

N

I

AA



68

76%

6%

14%

27% 45%

4% 3%

18%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females


Do you think that your spouse/partner is more or less skilful in … looking after a sick child?


breakdown by sex

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Differences up to 100% represent "DK/DA“.


69

79%

8%

17%

22% 42% 26%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females



breakdown by sex

Do you think that your spouse/partner is more or less skilful in …doing the cleaning?



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

70

21%

35%

19%

19% 15%

35%

27%

22%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

much better as good adless good than does not do them at alldoes not do it at all

breakdown by sex


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Do you think that your spouse/partner is more or less skilful in … painting the house?



71

Who performs the following tasks in your household?? (1)

81%

77%

7%

2%

6%

15%4%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

wash family car*

repairs theplumbing**

only women only men

both women and men other person is paid to do it


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

86%

81%

88%

81%

88%

5%

5%

5%

6%

5%

8%

12%

6%

12%

5%

1%

1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

does the cooking

does the cleaning

wash the clothes

does the dishes

does the ironing

% calculated only for:

*those possessing a car

**those who do not live in a rented house


72

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWho performs the following tasks in your household? (2)


% calculated only for :

* those living in household with children

**those living in household with school-aged children


68%

66%

23%

22%

22%

16%

69%

64%

6%

5%

6%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

looks after thechild daily*

supervise child'shomework and

spare time

go with the child tothe doctor*

collect the childfrom school**

just women just men

both women and men other person is paid to do it

73

DN/DA5%

neither good

nor bad42%

bad47%

good6%

How do you regard women who have children …?

without being married

without being married and who do not want to get married

DN/DA5%

neither good

nor bad36%

bad48%

bad11%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

74

38%

36%

38%

40%

51%

34%

36%

57%

51%

56%

54%

46%

35%

60%

44%

30%

1%

6%

5%

3%

7%

8%

14%

9%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylania

Crişana-Maram.

Banat

Bucharest

bad neither good, nor bad good

29%

32%

32%

48%

42%

33%

33%

48%35%

49%

59%

35%

40%

56%

55%

54%

12%

13%

2%

18%

8%

8%

8%

11%Moldova

Muntenia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transilvania

Crişana-Maram.

Banat

Bucureşti




R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAHow do you regard women who have children …?



75



56%

48%

23%

34%

39%

67%

7%

8%

4%

18-29

30-45

60 and +




48%

40%

23%65%

42%

38% 11%

14%

6%

18-29

30-59

60 and+



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

76


22%

52%

61%19%

38%

69%

15%

6%

3%primary education

secondary education

higher education

bad neither good nor bad bună

21%

45%

48%

67%

40%

25%

6%

11%

21%

primary education

secondary education

higher education



R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAHow do you regard women who have children …?



77

30%

52%

62%

34%

3%

9%

rural

urban

bad neither good nor bad good




27%

44%

62%

36%

7%

14%

rural

urban




G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

78

especially the mother

28%

someone else1%

both parents

71%

(the father,the grandparents, the state)

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWho should raise the children in a family?


79

58%

79%

87%

42%

21%

13%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

both parents especially the mother


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I



80

77%

76%

63%

23%

24%

37%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

18-29

30-59

60 and +


Who should raise the children in a family?



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

81

65%

89%

72%

58%

79%

82%

35%

11%

28%

42%

21%

18%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

retired

student

unemployed

housewife


employed



Who should raise the children in a family?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

82

82%

77%

63%

18%

23%

37%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village



R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I



83

No93%

DA3%

Yes4%

Do you personally know cases of incest?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

84

How often, in the last two years, have occurred in your family …?

50%

79%

89%

30%

71%

93%

93%

81%

44%

19%

10%

64%

27%

6%

18%

6%

6%

6%

1%

1%

1%

2%

1%

2%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

verbal abuse

threatenings

battered spouse

fights

parties with lot of drinking

home absence

spouse separation

battered childern

Never Seldom Often

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


85

61%

35%

33%

24%

22%

16%

43%

53%

46%

16%

24%

8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

discipline

diligence

obedience

freedom ofchoice

order

independence

for boys

for girls

What are the most important values in boys/girls education?

- multiple answer question -


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

86

Yes16%

DK5%

No73%

DA6%

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AADo you want to have a (another) child?


87

DA7%

No68%

DK6%

Yes19%

breakdown by sex

DA5%

No77%

DK4%

Yes14%

males

females

Do you want to have a (another) child?


G A

L

L

U

G A

L

L

U

PP

88

DA17%

No41%

I can not have

children32%

Yes10%

Do you protect yourself against unwanted pregnancies?

% calculated just for those who do not want to have a child.

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


89

33%

14%

10%

9%

8%

7%

0% 20% 40% 60%

pills

condom

I/we protect

various contraceptive measures

Intra-uterine device

calendar method

What do you specifically do?

% calculated just for those protecting against unwanted pregnancies.


G A

L

L

U

G A

L

L

U

PP- multiple answer question -

90

Have you had any spare time in June 2000 (i.e. you did not have to work at your job, at home or anywhere else)?

Only on religious holydays

14%

Several days a month, not

necessarily on religious holidays

5%No

12%

DN/DA2%

1-2 days a week, not necessarily

on Saturadays or Sundays

4%

Almost daily17%

Only in week-ends25%

Whenever I wanted

21%

R O

M

Â

N

I

R O

M

Â

N

I

AA


91

Do you want to have more or less spare time?

37%

44%

39%

37%

11%

6%

10%

9%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

women

more the same less I cannot estimate

breakdown by sex



G A

L

L

U

G A

L

L

U

PP

92

DN/DA2%

I did not have spare

time12%

Outside home18%

Both home and outside

home1%

Home67%

R O

M

Â

N

I

R O

M

Â

N

I

AA

Where did you spend your spare time last week: home or outside home?


93

64%

70%

22%

15%

1%

12%

12%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

home outside homeboth home and outside home I did not have spare time



breakdown by sex


G A

L

L

U

G A

L

L

U

PP

94


61%

67%

72%

30%

21%

9%

2%

9%

15%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village

home outside homeboth home and outside home I did not have spare time

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA




95

Whom did you spend your spare time with last week?

- multiple-answer question -

70%

21%

12%

12%

6%

12%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

family

friends

by myself

other relatives

other persons

I did not havespare time


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

96

70%

26%

12%

10%

10%

6%

70%

18%

12%

13%

14%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

family

friends

I did not havespare time

other relatives

by myself

other persons

males

females

breakdown by sex

How to read the figure: 70% of male respondents spent their spare time with families, 26% with their friends, 12% did not have spare time, etc. 70% of female respondents spent their spare time with their family, 18% with friends, 12% did not have spare time, etc.

R O

M

Â

N

I

R O

M

Â

N

I

AAWhom did you spend your spare time with?



97

What did you specifically do in your spare time last week?

33%

24%

14%

13%

10%

5%

12%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

watched TV/ listened to radio

nothing / I had a rest

discussed with friends/ family

trip/ picnic/ walk

reading/studying

I paid a visit/ I received guests

I did not have spare time


G A

L

L

U

G A

L

L

U

PP- multiple-answer question -

98

33%

23%

19%

12%

10%

8%

1%

9%

37%

19%

16%

11%

14%

4%

2%

10%

31%

5%

32%

8%

17%

4%

4%

15%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

watched TV/ listened to radio

trip/ picnic/ walk

nothing/ I rested

reading/studying

discussed with friends/ family

I paid a visit / received guests

I went to church

I did not have spare time

city

town

com/village


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWhat did you specifically do in your spare time last week?



99

DN/DA13%

should be outlawed

51%

should be legalized

36%

In your opinion should prostitution be outlawed or legalized?


G A

L

L

U

G A

L

L

U

PP

100

45%

56%

44%

30%

11%

14%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

outlawed legalized DN/A

breakdown by sex

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



101

46%

49%

59%

45%

42%

21%

9%

9%

20%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

18-29

30-59

60 and +

outlawed legalized DN/DA




G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

102

67%

46%

26%

14%

44%

68%

19%

10%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primary education

secondaryeducation

higher education



R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



103

36%

47%

64%

55%

42%

20%

9%

11%

16%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village





G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

104

56%

58%

61%

48%

54%

42%

42%

29%

33%

35%

24%

40%

33%

27%

61%

11%

7%

15%

12%

13%

31%

12%

10%

46%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest



R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



105

44%

14%

10%

8%

6%

4%

11%

0% 20% 40% 60%

It is not ethical or moral/ It is not right

Health issue/ spreading diseases

It breaks families / marriages

religious beliefs

It leads to scandal / abuse / blackmail

It is not normal/ necessary

DK/DA

Why do you think that prostitution should be outlawed?

% calculated only for those who declared that prostitution should be outlawed


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP- open-response question -

106

44%

23%

13%

8%

7%

4%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60%

Health issue / avoiding disseases

Would be a tighter control / theywould not work in the street

Anyway, it can not be stoped

It is a normal thing to do / It is a job

In order to reduce the number ofrapes

It is necessary

DN/DA

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWhy do you think that prostitution should be legalized?

% calculated just for those who declared that prostitution should be legalized


- open-response question -

107

No84%

DA4%

Yes12%

Do you personally know anybody who has performed sexual activities for money in the last two years?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

108

Have you heard of a friend or a relative who was requested for sexual favors in exchange for material or professional advantages, or for

keeping her/his job in the last two years?

Yes6%

DA5%

No89%

Generally, these persons are ...

92%

3%5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

DA

particularlymen

particularlywomen

6%

3%

71%

20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%DA

particularlygrown-ups (over30)

particularlyyoung persons(16-30)

particularlyunder agedgirls/boys(under 16)

by sex by age

Only for those who answered “yes” at this question (101 respondents)

R O

M

Â

N

I

R O

M

Â

N

I

AA


109

Public person

2%

Someone else2%

Married persons

4%

Employer/ superviser

67%

Boy friend7%

DA18%


Who are those persons requesting sexual favors in exchange for material or professional advantages, or for keeping her/his job?

G A

L

L

U

G A

L

L

U

PP

110

No81%

DA2%

Yes17%

No45%DA

2%

Yes53%

Battered husbands / male partners

Battered wives / female partners

Among your friends, relatives or colleagues have you heard of cases of…

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


111

64%

52%

47%

36%

46%

50%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

18-29

30-59

60 and +

Yes No


Have you heard of cases of battered husbands/partners among your friends, relatives or colleagues?



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

112

57%

53%

42%

41%

45%

57%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

higher education

Yes No


R O

M

Â

N

I

R O

M

Â

N

I

AA




113

45%

52%

59%

54%

46%

39%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village

Yes No





G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

114

52%

61%

65%

52%

49%

51%

37%

44%

47%

37%

34%

43%

49%

48%

53%

59%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Moldavia

Valachia

Oltenia

Dobrogea

Transylvania

Crişana-Maramureş

Banat

Bucharest

Yes No


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA




115

1% 98%

80%18%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

Yes No

breakdown by sex

Have you ever been battered by your wife / husband / partner?


% calculated only for those who had/have a female/male partner


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

116

35%

28%

28%

13%

7%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60%

they have to deal with their problemsby themselves

relatives

police

neighbours

friends

DA

Who should intervene when a spouse/partner is battered?R

O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



117

How often do you experience problems in your couple?

% calculated only for couples

often9%

very often2%

DA2%

seldom46%

very seldom, never41%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP type of residence

118

70%

14%

6%

4%

17%

15%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

material limitationsor lack of money

children'sbehaviour

drinking

parents/parents-in-law

other causes

DA

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWhat are the causes of your couple’s problems?


% calculated just for those experiencing problems in their couple

- multiple-answer question-

119

Do you have sexual relations with your partner even when you do not want it?

% calculated only for those living with spouse/partner

never71%

DA16%

very seldom

7%

yes, often1%

sometimes5%


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

120

No50%

DK/DA14%

Yes36%

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Is there a real equality of rights between women and men in Romania?


121


No47%

DK/DA12%

Yes41%

breakdown by sex

No53%

DK/DA16%

Yes31%

males

females


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

122


No44%

DK/DA21%

Yes35%

18 - 29

30 - 59

60 and +

Yes32% DK/DA

12%

No56%

Yes37%

DK/DA10%

No53%

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



123


Yes36%

DK/DA5%

No59%

No57%

DK/DA9%

Yes34%

primary education

secondary education

higher education

No39%

DK/DA23%

Yes38%



G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

124

Yes39%

DK/DA17%

No44%

No56%

DK/DA13%

Yes31%

city

town

commune/village

No57%

DK/DA10%

Yes33%


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



125

37%

22%

35%

34%

32%

36%

46%

67%

50%

47%

49%

56%

17%

11%

15%

19%

19%

8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

retired

student

unemployed

housewife


employed

Yes No DK/DA




G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

126

24%

31%

21%

10%

5%

5%

4%

4%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DK/DA

equal rights

sympathy/mutual support/trust

access to sameprofessions/positions/activities

equal duties, equal obligations

be both employed

there is not equality

taking decision together

other answers

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


What is your understanding of equality of rights between women and men?


127


Breakdown by : "Is there a real equality of rights between women and men in Romania"

23%

32%

23%

7%

6%

5%

6%

21%

33%

20%

13%

6%

5%

6%

42%

23%

18%

7%

3%

4%

4%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DK/DA

Equal rights


Access to the sameprofessions/positions/activities

Equal duties/ equal obligations

Be both employed

Other answers

Yes, here is

No, there isnotDK/DA


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP- multiple-answer question-

128

23%

34%

23%

7%

5%

4%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DK/DA

Equal righrs

Sympathy/mutual support/trust


Equal duties/ equalobligations

Be both employed

- male sample -

Yes, there is


18%

35%

19%

12%

8%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DK/DA

Equal rights

Sympathy/mutualsupport/trust


Equal duties/ equal oligations

Be both employed

No, there is not

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA




129


23%

30%

24%

8%

6%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DK/DA

equal rights

sympathy/mutualsupport/trust

access to the sameprofesions/ositions/activities

equal duties/equalobligations

be both employed

- female sample-



22%

31%

21%

13%

5%

4%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DK/DA

equal rights


access to the sameprofessions/positions/activities

be both employed

equal duties/ equal obligations

G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

Yes, there is. No, there is not.


130

DK/DA3%

women4%

sex is not important

61%

men32%

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

In your opinion, in families similar to yours, who should lead?


131

47%

27%13%

5%

4%

4%

67%

44%

81%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

sex is notimportant

women

men





G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

132

18%27%

45%5%

4%

4%

73%67%

48%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


sex is notimportant

women

men


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA




133

DK/DA4%

women2%

sex is not relevant

58%

men36%

In your opinion, who should lead in public life (administration, politics, workplace)?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

134

48%

30%20%

1%

2%

2%

65%45%

76%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

sex isnotrelevant

women

men


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


Difference up to 100% represent "DK/DA".

Gender Barometer- August 2000

135

21%35%

45%3%

2%

1%

72%

61% 49%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


sex is notrelevant

women

men





G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

136

DK/DA12%

neither good,

nor bad31%

bad7%

good50%

…political life

good54%

bad6%

neither good,

nor bad29%

DK/DA11%

...business

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWhat influence would have women’s involvement in … ?


137

37%

26%

46%

53%

9%

6%

males

females

bad neither good nor bad good


breakdown by sex

What influence would have women’s involvement in … ?

…political life

35%

23%

50%

58%

7%

5%

males

females

...business


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

138


33%

30%

30%

51%

53%

43%

5%

7%

9%

18-29

30-59

60 and +


…political life

28%

28%

30%

60%

58%

46%

4%

5%

7%

18-29

30-59

60 and +

...business

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I




139



30%

32%

28%

41%

54%

58%5%

5%

11%primary education

secondary education

higher education


31%

27%

27%

43%

61%

63%

9%

3%

4%

primary education

secondary education

higher education



…political life

...business

G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

140

breakdown by occupational satus

32%

41%

28%

34%

28%

29%

54%

34%

51%

50%

61%

46%

5%

13%

8%

7%

2%

9%

employed

unregistered unemployed

housewife

unemployed

student

retired

bad neither bad, nor good good

28%

35%

26%

26%

24%

29%

59%

40%

55%

62%

63%

50%6%

2%

6%

6%

13%

4%employed

unregistered unemployed

housewife

unemployed

student

retired

…political life

...business

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I




141




29%

32%

31%

57%

49%

45%

5%

6%

9%

city

town

com/village


25%

28%

31%

63%

56%

48%

3%

5%

8%

city

town

com/village


…political life

...business

G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

142

39%

44%

21%

33%

40%

45%

44%

55%

73%

77%

24%

13%

7%

55%

51%

24%

20%3%

3%

5%

4%

4%

5%

5%

52%

40%

51%

53%

54%

56%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

member in the local/county council

president of the local/county council

chairperson of parents' association

school director

member in block of flats committee

MP or senator

president of bock of flats committee

mayor

president of the country

member in parish council

man woman sex is not relevant

% calculated only for respondents with valid answers (“DK/DA” were excluded)

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWhat would you elect in a position of …?


143

In your opinion…?

54%

46%

39%

51%

68%

39%

29%

31%

24%

32%

16%45%

42%

36%

12%

8%

18%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

men are better leaders than women?

women are educated that being leaders is not theirbusiness?

there are no political measures to encourage women tooccupy leadership/executive positions

men are interested that women would not compete withthem for leadership/executive positions?

women are too engaged in domestic work and do nothave time for leadership/executive positions?

women are not in leadership/executive positionsbecause the family dos not allow them?

Yes No DK/DA


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

144

46%

43%

31%

23%

45%

55%

48%

28%

14%

42%

40%

15%

27%

29%

14%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

women are less united than men

women do not have confidence in themselves

women are afraid to undertake great responsibilities

media portrays women as incapable

politics and business are corupt and women do notwant to involve themselves

Yes No DK/DA

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAIn your opinion …?


145

65%

49%

38%

23%

41%

54%

12%

10%

8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

Yes No DK/DA


Are men more capable in leaders than women?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

146

41%

50%

64%

47%

41%

26%

12%

9%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village

Yes No DK/DA


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAAre men more capable leaders than women?


147

50%

45%

39%

33%

45%

52%

17%

10%

9%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

Yes No DK/DA


Are women educated to think that being in a leadership/executive position is not their business?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

148

40%

47%

50%

50%

42%

36%

10%

11%

14%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village

Yes No DK/DA


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Are women educated to think that being in a leadership/executive position is not their business?


149

65%

49%

23%

41%

12%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

yes no DK/DA

breakdown by sex

Are men interested that women would not compete with them for leadership/executive positions?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

150


76%

67%

51%

14%

27%

40%

10%

9%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

Yes No DK/DA

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Are women too engaged in domestic work and do not have time for leadership/executive positions?


151

56%

68%

75%

35%

26%

16%

9%

9%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village

Yes No DK/DA


Are women too engaged in domestic work and do not have time for leadership/executive positions?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

152

35%

42%

50%

41%

15%

17%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

Yes No DK/DA

breakdown by sex

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Women are not in leadership/executive positions because their families do not allow them?


153

48%

36%

23%

32%

50%

63%

20%

14%

14%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

Yes No DK/DA




G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

154

30%

41%

43%

52%

46%

40%

18%

13%

17%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

city

town

com/village

Yes No DK/DA


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



155

38%

29%

24%

43%

60%

69%

19%

11%

7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

primaryeducation

secondaryeducation

highereducation

yes no DK/DA


Are women afraid to undertake major responsibilities?


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

156

49%

34%

22%

31%

16%

39%

46%

45%

41%

28%

19%

31%

22%

49%

79%

93%

93%

93%

3% 15%

2%

3%

3%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

family

friends

neighbours

work colleagues

work supervisor

local counselors or mayor

MPs in your constituency

at a party public meeting

messages to mass-media

often sometimes never

Whom do you discuss your opinions about the current national or local affairs?

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA



157

53%

45%

25%

37%

18%

37%

43%

46%

41%

31%

12%

28%

18%

46%

74%4% 20%

8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

family

friends

neighbours

workcollagues

worksupervisor

localcounsellors

often sometimes never

Whom do you discuss your opinions about the current national or local affairs?


46%

25%

20%

25%

14%

41%

48%

44%

41%

25%

12%

25%

34%

26%

53%

83%2%11%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males females


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

158

19%

49%

40%

79%

49%

58%

93%5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

partaken in charity for women or children

helped regularly women and children

read newspaper article, watched a film or a programon women's role in society?

partaken in a public debate over women's andchildren's condition in Romania?

Yes No

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAHave you … lately?



159

Who should be employed in the following domains?

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

agriculture

mining and metalurgy

textile industry

construction

transportation

education

health

public administration

non-governmental organiztions

media

food industry/commerce

banking system

justice

government

men women sex is not important


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

160

47%

48%

9%

17%

41%

30%2%

2%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

partener/spouse parents someone else I decided by myself

breakdown by sex

How to read the figure: For 47% of the male respondents their partener/ wife influenced their decision when they decided to get married, for 9% of them parents influnenced their decision, for 2% it was somebody else who had an influence, while 41% of male respondents declared that it was their own decision.

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Who influenced your decision when you decided …to get married (first time)?



161

74%

69%

20%

23%

1%

1%

2%

2%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

partner/spouse parents somebody else I decided by myself

Differences up to 100% represent "DA"

Who influenced your decision when you decided … to have children?

breakdown by sex


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

162

18%

13%

77%

77%

1%

4%

1%

1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females


breakdown by sex

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Who influenced your decision when you choose... your friends?



163

64%

54%1%

2% 30%

40%

2%

2%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females



Who influenced your decision when you chose …... the (type of) school to attend?

breakdown by sex


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

164

breakdown by sex

80%

75%2%

2% 13%

15%

2%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females


R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Who influenced your decision when you came to a resolution about your profession?



165

6%

84%

80%

3%6%

6%

4%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females



Who influenced your decision when you chose... your job ?

breakdown by sex


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

166

29%

45%

55%

36%

10%

12%

4%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

males

females

partener/spouse parents somebody else I decided by myself

breakdown by sex

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

Who influenced your decision when you decided ... where to live?



167

What did a man you know do when he lost his job?


33%

9%

8%

8%

7%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

looked for a job

works in agriculture/ breedinganimals/fishing

found a similar job

works unregistered wherever he finds

registered as unemployed

does not work/ did nothing


% calculated just for those who know personally somebody who lost his job

G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

168

26%

11%

8%

7%

6%

6%

5%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

looked for a job

remained at home to look after the family

found a similar job

worked in her own household

worked in agriculture/breeding animals/fishing

registered as unemployed

works unregistered wherever she finds

does not work/ did not do anything

% calculated just for those who know personally somebody who lost her job

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AAWhat did a woman you know do when she lost her job?



169

19%

5%

4%

72%

89%

92%

90%1%1%

1%5%

4%

3%

4%

4%

3%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

has taken updrinking

steals

prostitutes

begs

Yes, a man Yes, a womanYes, both a man and a woman I know nobodyDK/DA

Do you know somebody that when s/he lost her/his job….?

How to read the figure: from the respondents who know personally a person who lost her/his job,72% do not know somebody „who took up drinking”, 19% do know a man „who took up drinking”, only 1% know a women who did that, , while 5% of them know both a man and a woman in this situation, and 3% „do not know/de not answer”.


% calculated just for those who know personally somebody who lost her job

G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

170

20%

16%

13%

7%

4%

3%

3%

2%

2%

20%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

house/flat

household appliances

car

electronic appliances

personal computer

household tools

agricultural tools and implements

telephone (incl.cellular phone)

land

nothing, I would give the money other use

nothing, as I could not afford it

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

If you had more money, what would you buy first from the following list?

-first option -


Differences up to 100% represent"DK/DA".

171


-first option -

19%

17%

13%

7%

4%

4%

3%

2%

20%

5%

21%

10%

19%

6%

5%

2%

2%

2%

19%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

house/flat

car



personal computer


telephne (incl. Cellular)

land


nothng, as I could not afford it

males

females

breakdown by sex


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

Differences up to 100% represent"DK/DA".

172

35%

26%

21%

12%

8%

7%

7%

6%

6%

20%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%


house/flat

car


personal computer


land

household tools

telephone (incl. Cellular)


nothing, because I could not afford it

R O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA

If you had more money, what would you buy first from the following list ?

- two options -


173

28%

26%

25%

12%

10%

9%

8%

6%

6%

21%

6%

41%

17%

26%

12%

4%

8%

6%

6%

5%

20%

6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%


car

house/ flat



personal computer

land

household tools

telephone (incl cellular)


nothing, as I could not afford it

males

females

breakdown by sex


- two options -


G A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP

174

The profile of samples

used in surveying polls

made by:

Data at the level of

total population

BOP FSD

May 2000,

MMT

Gender Barometer, July

2000 –

Volume of the sample 1796 1839

Number of localities where the data were

collected

111 116

The weight of women 51,5 1 54 55.2

The weight of women- rural areas 50,7 1 52 54.7

Mean age- women 46,0 1 48 48

Mean age- men 44,0 1 46 48

% of university graduates 5 - 8 2 7 7

% post upper secondary schools graduates 2 - 5 2 7 7

% upper secondary schools graduates 21 - 23 2 22 21

% upper secondary schools graduates – rural

areas

9 - 12 2 15 11.5

% households with cars 18,1 3 31 29

% households with cars – urban 25,5 3 39 38

% households with cars – rural 11,3 3 21 19

% households with TV 88,0 3 90 90

% households with TV – rural 77,0 3 85 83.5

The average distance from village to the

nearest town (km)

21 22

The weight of persons selected from electoral

registers

88 91

1 The calculation was made with reference to adult population, 1995. Data from: Anuarul Statistic al României 1996 (The Statistical Yearbook of Romania –1996) ; Recensământul populaţiei şi locuinţelor din 7 ianuarie 1992 (The Census of Population and Household – January 7, 1992), CNS, 1994 2 The first figure represents the minimal estimation considering the results of then 1992 Census; the second figure represent a maximal estimation on the basis of the data from Ancheta asupra forţei de muncă în gospodării (AMIGO) Trimestrul II 1997. (Survey on Domestic Work AMIGO, second semester, 1997) CNS, September 1997. Within the maximal estimation, the basic data refer to the employed population. As there has been registered a trend to declare a higher level of education than the real one, the figures in the survey should be treated cautiously. The post upper-secondary school graduates must be treated separately but also cumulatively. 3 Data from: Aspecte privind calitatea vieţii populaţiei în perioada iulie 1996 – iunie 1997. CNS 1997 - (Some Characteristics of the Quality of Population’s Life - July 1996- June 1997).

As in research literature (Dumitru Sandu - Sociologia Tranziţiei, Ed. Staff, Bucureşti, 1996), the following groups of counties (judeţe) are considered cultural areas:

MM SMAR BH 1

AG DB PHBZ BL 4GR TR IL CL

AB HDBV SBCJ MS 7CV HGBN SJ

TM CS 2BUCUREŞTI 5

OT DJ MHGJ VL 3

TL CT 6

BC NT VR SV GL ISBT VS 8

Cultural areas were grouped into the following historical provinces: : Crişana-Maramureş (1), Banat (2), Oltenia (3), Valachia (4), Bucharest (5), Dobrogea (6), Transylvania (7), Moldavia (8).

Technical chart: The sample profile of Gender BarometerR

O

R

O

M

Â

N

I

M Â

N

I

AA


175

The interviews were taken from 17 July – 4 August 2000. The period after was employed for electronic data

processing, editing and printing the poll. Also, standard procedures for checking the interviews and the sampling

were run.

The Institute for Science and Social Reform (ISSR) ran the control procedures for interviews and respondents’ selection. 172

addresses from 18 localities were checked by the operators of GALLUP Organization, Romania.

Validation of the research carried out by Gender Barometer took into consideration both the control run by ISSR and

also the thorough checking of data consistency.

92 operators collected the data in 1839 “face to face” interviews.

The sample contains 116 localities, out of which 67 are communes, and 49 towns and cities, spread all over the

historical regions of the country. The most remote village (88 km from a town) is Ceamurlia de Jos, the main village

of Topalu commune in Tulcea county.

The sample contains 1839 persons, with 1016 women. The oldest woman is a 94-year widow, living on a 300000 lei

agricultural pension, in the main village of a commune in Botoşani county. The oldest man is 90; he is living with his

76-year wife on a 600 000 lei agricultural pension (plus his wife’s 120 000 lei state pension) in a village in Prahova

county.

The book was printed in 1000 copies to be distributed free of charge to all persons interested in the subject.

Behind the scene of the Gender BarometerG

A

G

A

L

L

U

L L

U

PP


The interviews were taken from 17 July – 4 August 2000. The period after was employed for electronic data

processing, editing and printing the poll. Also, standard procedures for checking the interviews and the sampling

were run.

The Institute for Science and Social Reform (ISSR) ran the control procedures for interviews and respondents’ selection. 172

addresses from 18 localities were checked by the operators of GALLUP Organization, Romania.

Validation of the research carried out by Gender Barometer took into consideration both the control run by ISSR and

also the thorough checking of data consistency.

92 operators collected the data in 1839 “face to face” interviews.

The sample contains 116 localities, out of which 67 are communes, and 49 towns and cities, spread all over the

historical regions of the country. The most remote village (88 km from a town) is Ceamurlia de Jos, the main village

of Topalu commune in Tulcea county.

The sample contains 1839 persons, with 1016 women. The oldest woman is a 94-year widow, living on a 300000 lei

agricultural pension, in the main village of a commune in Botoşani county. The oldest man is 90; he is living with his

76-year wife on a 600 000 lei agricultural pension (plus his wife’s 120 000 lei state pension) in a village in Prahova

county.

English translation: Otilia Dragomir.

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