climate action committee presentations october 4, 2017 · cea member presentation 2017 thank-you...

www.communityenergy.bc.ca

CEA Member Presentation

2017

Thank-You

3.1

Climate Action Committee -

http://www.communityenergy.bc.ca/


Community Energy Association Members – Local Governments

thet Cl Y n~;th vancouver

BOWEN ISLAND • Municipalit~ •

w CASTLEGAR_

M!f d'f !'Jer 'ff ter

Ct~of

NELSON

SPl\RWOOD ~THI OTHU SIDE Of IC

® l<IMBERLEY

A GOOD PLACE TO BE.

.&. NEW WESTMINSTER

Kootenay Boundary

CITY OF PRINCE GEORGE

Sffiither~

~mond

~ metrovancouver SERVICES AND SOLUTIONS FOR

A LIVABLE REGION

~YOF VA COUVER

MUNICI P ALITY OF

~ORTH~ Cow1chan

City of

Campbell ---.:!!:- River




Community Energy Association Members – Utilities, Transportation Companies, Consulting Firmsand Non-profit Organizations

cor1x· CI> BC Hydro Utilities Povver smart

EY'h9'f af~ ~ FORTIS BC

Prism (NGINCr::RINO

saving yuu en&rgy

~ aplaceofmind ~ THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITI S H CO LUM BIA

sustainability

UBC~

~1sES ~ CONSULTING

FCl"J

real estate : foundation

49 BRITISH COLUMBIA

FEDERATION OF CANADIAN MUNICIPALITIES

FEDERATION CANADIENNE DES MUNICIPALITES




Community Energy Association Purpose

CEA is charitable non-profit society

CEA is the trusted independent advisor to local governments

We are helping local governments close the implementation gap

Accelerate Climate Action withPeople and Projects

Awareness & Recognition• Workshops & Presentations• Research & Publications• Collaboration• Climate & Energy Action Awards

Projects• Planning• Implementation• Technology Acceleration



www.communityenergy.bc.ca 5

Municipalities for Climate Innovation Program

About Municipalities for Climate Innovation

Program

Funding - Municipalit ies for Climate Innovation

Program

Climate change plans

and studies grants

Climate change capital

project grants

Climate and Asset

Management Network

Home I Proorams I unicipalities for Climate Innovation Program I Regional climate advisors

Regional climate advisors

Our regional climate advisors from left to right: Dany Robidoux, Samantha Peverill, Laurent Pilon, Marie-Claire Dumont, Dale Uttlejohn, Eddie Oldfield

I ~Search the site

Share This Page

CJ D ml ml D

• Follow us

11 You ~



www.communityenergy.bc.caClimate Action Committee -



2018-2019 Expected Trends

Green InfrastructureStep Code

Cross-Community Collaboration Big Data for Big Challenges




Deepen Your Skills in Climate Leadership in November

CLI offers 3 credit hours toward any level of Local Government Leadership Academy (LGLA) Certification

Climate Action Committee - 23503700


Health Impacts of Residential Wood Smoke

Michael Brauer

School of Population and Public Health

Metro Vancouver Climate Action Committee, October 4, 2017

4.1


Air pollution and health

• Ambient air pollution(individual) risk issmall…but large exposedpopulation = largepopulation risk

• Diseases impacted by airpollution have othercauses…

• …Air pollution as a contributing risk factor

2Climate Action Committee -

Air pollution and health

• On days with worse airquality, more peopledie*

• In more polluted cities,people die earlier than inless polluted cities…

• …and, in the most polluted areas of cities, there is an increased risk of dying

Larrieu et al. Am J Epidemiol, 2009

*out-of-hospital, >65 yrsClimate Action Committee -

BC Lung air quality and health workshop 2016

Beyond the heart and lungsshorter life

cognitive development

cognitive decline

mental health

stroke

heart disease

asthma

lung cancer

reduced lung

function

obesity

birth defects

low birth weight

diabetes

e established effects e possible effects Climate Action Committee -

• 1 km satellite-based estimates + surfacemeasurements

• 2.4 million non-immigrant 25-90 year olds• 10 year follow-up

Associations between fine particulate matter and mortality in the 2001 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort. Environ Research. Lauren L Pinault, Scott Weichenthal, Daniel L Crouse, Michael Brauer, Anders Erickson, Aaron van Donkelaa,Randall V Martin, Perry Hystad8 Hong Chen, Philippe Finès, Jeffrey R Brook, Michael Tjepkema, Richard T Burnett.

IHD

COPD

Lung cancer

Environ Res. 2017 Aug 26;159:406-415. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.037

No evidence of threshold


BC State of the Air Report

Brauer et al., 2016; Environment Canada; BC Lung 2017

92% global population in areas exceeding WHO Air Quality Guideline (10 μg/m3 PM2.5annual average)

Metro Vancouver is among the least

polluted regions in one of the cleanest parts of the world


BC Crude Estimate (population proportion): 920 PM2.5 + 90 Ozone

7,000 deaths/yr PM2.5 700 deaths/yr ozoneAmong top risk factors (#11 deaths, #10 DALYs)

CANADA (2016)

Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1345-1422. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/

…but air pollutionstill has large impacts

on our health


8

…and residential woodsmoke is our largest source

0 2000

1990

0 2000

1995

0 2000

2000

0 2000

2005

0 2000

2010

PM2.5 Emissions (tonnes)

Residential WoodBurning

Industry

Marine

Non-Road

Light Duty Vehicles

Heavy Duty Vehicles

All Other Sources

and the source with the least improvement over time


Woodsmoke & health in Metro Vancouver

• 15% increase in babies bornat low birthweight +

• 32% increase in earinfections++

• 8% increase in bronchiolitis*

• 15% increase in COPDhospitalization+

• No associations with:– pre-term birth-

– asthma incidence-

– cardiovascular, COPDmortality-

MacIntyre EA et al., Exposure to residential air pollution and otitis media during the first two years of life. Epidemiology. 2011 Jan;22(1):81-9.; Karr CJ et al.,Influence of ambient air pollutant sources on clinical encounters for infant bronchiolitis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 2009, 180(10):995-1001.; Clark NA et al.,Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 188(2): 118:284-290; Gan W et al., Associations of Ambient Air Pollution with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hospitalization and Mortality. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2013. 187(7):721-7. ; Gehring et al., Epidemiology 2014. 25(3):351-8.

++ > traffic pollution, + ~traffic, - <traffic

9Climate Action Committee -

Woodsmoke and heart attack hospitalization in BC

On cold days and days with highest biomass contribution:19% increased risk of heart attack

For each 5 µg/m3

increase in 3-day mean PM2.5 6.0% increased risk of MI among elderly subjects (≥ 65 years)

Weichenthal S et al. Biomass Burning as a Source of Ambient Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Acute Myocardial Infarction.Epidemiology. 2017 May;28(3):329-337. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000636.Climate Action Committee -

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177951

Yap PS, Garcia C. Effectiveness of residential wood-burning regulation on decreasing particulate matter levels and hospitalizations in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin. Am J Public Health. 2015 Apr;105(4):772-8. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302360.

PM2.5 Reductions 12% (11% rural, 15% urban)

Adults > 65 yrsPrevent 7% of CVD and 16% of IHD admissions

California Rule 4901New sales/property transfer - Certified stoves/Pellet stoves.

No fireplaces

No burn days

No sale of used heaters


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25713937

Combustion source Emissions (mg/MJ) Composition

Open fireplace 160 – 910

Conventional woodstove

50 – 2100

Conventional log boilers

50 – 2000(50 – 250)

‘Modern” woodstoveslog/chip boilers

34 – 3305 – 450

Pellet stoves/boilers 10 - 5012

MORE TOXIC

LESS TOXIC

adapted from: Kocbach Bølling et al 2009Climate Action Committee -

• ~39% reduction in winter PM10• ↓ winter cardiovascular (-19.6%) and respiratory (-27.9%) mortality• Similar decreases not observed in control community

Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994-2007. Johnston FH, Hanigan IC, Henderson SB, Morgan GG. BMJ. 2013

Tasmania woodstove → electricity


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23299843

Thank you!Questions?

[email protected]

14Climate Action Committee - 23502789

CENTRALIZED SUPPORT1

5.1


• Approved July 2017• Updated – previously based on 2010 operating costs• Adjusted annually

• Methodology for allocation to MV entities• Equitable, consistent and transparent• Based on prior year’s operating costs• Allocation based on level of support provided

• Number of staff• Business activity

• 2018 first year of implementation

2

2 0 1 8 C E N T R A L I Z E D S U P P O R T – B O A R D P O L I C Y


3

2 0 1 8 C E N T R A L I Z E D S U P P O R T – E X P E N D I T U R E O V E R V I E W

($ millions) 2017 2018 % Change

Corporate Services $46.2 $43.5 (5.9%)

External Relations $5.7 $6.0 4.0%

Financial Services $11.6 $11.9 3.6%

Human Resources $4.7 $4.9 3.8%

Legal and Legislative Services $4.0 $4.2 5.2%

Total Expenditures $72.2 $70.5 (2.3%)


4

2017 2018%

Change 2019%

Change 2020%

Change 2021%

Change 2022%

Change

REVENUES

Allocated to Functions $ 54.8 $ 59.7 9.0% $ 58.9 (1.5%) $ 60.0 1.9% $ 60.9 1.6% $ 61.1 0.2%

External Revenues 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8

Reserves Applied 11.1 4.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

$ 72.2 $ 70.5 (2.3%) $ 66.5 (5.7%) $ 67.7 1.8% $ 68.6 1.4% $ 68.9 0.4%

EXPENDITURES

Corporate Services $ 46.2 $ 43.5 (5.9%) $ 39.2 (9.9%) $ 39.9 1.9% $ 40.5 1.3% $ 40.4 (0.1%)

External Relations 5.7 6.0 4.0% 6.1 3.2% 6.3 1.4% 6.3 1.4% 6.4 1.4%

Financial Services 11.6 11.9 3.6% 12.0 0.1% 12.1 1.3% 12.3 1.5% 12.5 1.4%

Human Resources 4.7 4.9 3.8% 5.0 1.5% 5.1 3.0% 5.2 1.7% 5.2 (0.3%)

Legal and Legislative 4.0 4.2 5.2% 4.2 (0.4%) 4.3 1.4% 4.3 1.4% 4.4 1.4%

$ 72.2 $ 70.5 (2.3%) $ 66.5 (5.7%) $ 67.7 1.8% $ 68.6 1.4% $ 68.9 0.4%

2 0 1 8 C E N T R A L I Z E D S U P P O R T - A L LO C AT I O N


• 2018 Allocation

• Reduced application of reserve funding• Reserve funding planned over five years• Planned debt servicing in 2018• Expect stable financial plan 2019 - 2022

5

2 0 1 8 C E N T R A L I Z E D S U P P O R T


2017 2018 % 2019 % 2020 % 2021 % 2022 %BUDGET BUDGET CHANGE FORECAST CHANGE FORECAST CHANGE FORECAST CHANGE FORECAST CHANGE

REVENUES

Allocated to Functional Departments (net) 54,828,455$ 59,743,188$ 9.0% 58,864,787$ (1.5%) 59,977,123$ 1.9% 60,940,991$ 1.6% 61,082,311$ 0.2%Other External Revenues 6,312,981 6,349,433 0.6% 6,570,688 3.5% 6,642,976 1.1% 6,631,744 (0.2%) 6,761,078 2.0%Reserves 11,048,738 4,412,415 (60.1%) 1,045,500 (76.3%) 1,046,010 0.0% 1,046,530 0.0% 1,047,061 0.1%

TOTAL REVENUES 72,190,174$ 70,505,036$ (2.3%) 66,480,975$ (5.7%) 67,666,109$ 1.8% 68,619,265$ 1.4% 68,890,450$ 0.4%

EXPENDITURES

Corporate Services 46,195,331 43,481,528 (5.9%) 39,188,836 (9.9%) 39,914,261 1.9% 40,452,197 1.3% 40,407,274 (0.1%)External Relations 5,719,645 5,950,596 4.0% 6,143,825 3.2% 6,232,625 1.4% 6,319,095 1.4% 6,409,294 1.4%Financial Services 11,528,405 11,939,229 3.6% 11,956,526 0.1% 12,115,751 1.3% 12,293,779 1.5% 12,470,875 1.4%Human Resources 4,727,715 4,905,451 3.8% 4,980,312 1.5% 5,131,645 3.0% 5,221,401 1.7% 5,208,117 (0.3%)Legal and Legislative Services 4,019,078 4,228,232 5.2% 4,211,476 (0.4%) 4,271,827 1.4% 4,332,793 1.4% 4,394,890 1.4%

TOTAL EXPENDITURES 72,190,174$ 70,505,036$ (2.3%) 66,480,975$ (5.7%) 67,666,109$ 1.8% 68,619,265$ 1.4% 68,890,450$ 0.4%

ALLOCATED TO FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS

Water 22,156,649$ 25,084,563$ 13.2% 23,517,850$ (6.2%) 23,755,431$ 1.0% 24,075,698$ 1.3% 23,871,306$ (0.8%)Liquid Waste 19,588,474 22,094,123 12.8% 22,933,899 3.8% 24,417,578 6.5% 25,749,787 5.5% 26,723,137 3.8%Solid Waste 3,871,134 4,348,952 12.3% 4,703,702 8.2% 4,402,797 (6.4%) 4,142,574 (5.9%) 3,918,719 (5.4%)Housing 4,124,906 2,417,680 (41.4%) 2,133,116 (11.8%) 2,013,017 (5.6%) 1,875,313 (6.8%) 1,735,951 (7.4%)Affordable Housing 47,323 71,638 51.4% 90,223 25.9% 87,918 (2.6%) 83,625 (4.9%) 78,639 (6.0%)Air Quality 590,505 953,910 61.5% 883,948 (7.3%) 838,958 (5.1%) 776,272 (7.5%) 725,625 (6.5%)E911 Emergency Telephone Service 82,116 84,404 2.8% 86,502 2.5% 88,652 2.5% 90,854 2.5% 93,112 2.5%Electoral Area Service 32,329 38,934 20.4% 46,200 18.7% 32,399 (29.9%) 33,724 4.1% 29,723 (11.9%)General Government 552,044 534,485 (3.2%) 551,295 3.1% 521,393 (5.4%) 473,900 (9.1%) 428,901 (9.5%)Labour Relations 293,775 244,068 (16.9%) 225,416 (7.6%) 215,648 (4.3%) 202,738 (6.0%) 189,864 (6.4%)Regional Emergency Management 15,000 10,117 (32.6%) 11,434 13.0% 11,671 2.1% 10,741 (8.0%) 8,500 (20.9%)Regional Global Positioning System 62,423 31,225 (50.0%) 29,271 (6.3%) 28,006 (4.3%) 26,382 (5.8%) 24,469 (7.3%)Regional Parks 3,215,917 3,517,305 9.4% 3,366,847 (4.3%) 3,283,799 (2.5%) 3,129,318 (4.7%) 2,998,237 (4.2%)Regional Planning 189,290 286,415 51.3% 263,289 (8.1%) 257,626 (2.2%) 247,388 (4.0%) 233,000 (5.8%)Sasamat Fire Protection Service 6,570 25,369 290.0% 21,796 (14.1%) 22,232 2.0% 22,676 2.0% 23,130 2.0%

54,828,455$ 59,743,188$ 9.0% 58,864,787$ (1.5%) 59,977,123$ 1.9% 60,940,991$ 1.6% 61,082,311$ 0.2%

METRO VANCOUVER DISTRICTSCENTRALIZED SUPPORT PROGRAM SUMMARY

2018 BUDGET REVIEW2018-2022 FINANCIAL PLAN


23503699

2018-2022 Budget and Financial PlanMETRO VANCOUVER REGIONAL DISTRICT – AIR QUALITYRoger QuanDIRECTOR, AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Ray RobbDIVISON MANAGER, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONAND ENFORCEMENT

Climate Action Committee Meeting – October 4, 201723464575

5.1


2

A IR QUALITY FUNCTION OVERVIEWThe Air Quality budget is comprised of two functions:

• Air Quality and Climate Change (Policy); Parks, Planning and Environment.• Air quality management planning;• Climate action planning;• Bylaw and regulation development; and• Ambient air quality monitoring and assessment

• Air Quality Regulation and Enforcement; Legal and Legislative Services. Classic Air Quality Regulatory Program

- Permitting - Promoting compliance with Bylaw, Permits and Regulations

Non-Road Diesel Engine (NRDE) Regulatory Program- Promoting compliance and promoting cleaner engines through fee rebates


3

2 0 1 8 A I R Q UA L I T Y B U D G E T OV E RV I E W

Reserves11%

MVRD Requisition

43%

User Fees17%

Non-Road Diesel Permit

Fees23%

Sustainability Fund Reserves

1%

Other External Revenues

5%• Tax requisition increased by

15.1% over 2017• (5.9% excluding increase in

allocated centralizedsupport costs)

• Fee revenues from non-roaddiesel engine regulationdecreased by 12%


4

2018 AIR QUALITY EXPENDITURESAllocation of

Centralized Support$1.0M

Administration & Department Support

$0.4M

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

$2.1M

Air Quality and Climate Change

Policy$1.6M

Communications Program$0.1M

Environmental Regulation & Enforcement

$3.0M

AQ Bylaw & Regulation

Development$1.6M

• Total expenditures$10.45 million, up1.9%

• Air quality and climatechange policydecreased by 3.9%

• Air quality regulationand enforcementincreased by 1.3%

• Corporate allocationincreased by 61%


5

2 0 1 8 A I R Q UA L I T Y & C L I M AT E C H A N G EE X P E N D I T U R E S H I G H L I G H T S

Budget Highlights/Key Actions Include:• Climate 2050, the regional climate action strategy.• The next air quality management plan.• Development, consultation and adoption of air quality bylaws and regulations.• Review system of air quality regulatory fees.• Enhance public engagement in air quality and climate change.• Decrease consulting budget by $387,000.• Decrease air monitoring equipment budget by $337,000.

Proposed Staffing Changes:• 1.0 new staff to lead public involvement and consultation on new bylaws,

regulations, and management plans.• 1.0 new staff to undertake climate action projects.


6

2 0 1 8 A I R Q UA L I T Y R E G U L AT I O N & E N F O R C E M E N TE X P E N D I T U R E S H I G H L I G H T S

Budget Highlights/Key Actions Include:1) Classic Air Quality Regulation• Increased Air Quality Complaint Costs (odour related)• Increased Appeal Legal and Consulting Costs (mainly odour related)

2) Non-Road Diesel Engine Regulation• Fees leveled off• Reduced Holdback for future fee rebates for reducing emissions

Proposed Staffing Changes:1) Classic Air Quality Regulation - none2) Non-Road Diesel Engine Regulation - none


7

2018-2022 “ WHAT ’S HAPPENING” SUMMARY

Total Air Quality operating budget anticipated to increase 5.5% over 5 years (1.1% per year)

PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS:• Continued implementation of 5 year program to develop new bylaws and regulations.• Adoption of 2 management plans – (1) climate action strategy, and (2) air quality.• Continuous improvement in air quality, including more stringent air quality standards.• Review of regulatory fee system to ensure appropriate recovery of costs from regulated

sources, economic incentives to reduce emissions, and lessen impact on tax requisition.• Pursue legislative changes to better enable new policies, programs.• Ongoing applications to Sustainability Innovation Fund.• Enhanced use of available permitting and enforcement tools to address environmental

(esp. odour) concerns.


8

2 0 1 8 t o 2 0 2 2 F I N A N C I A L S U M M A RY

($ millions) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Revenues $ 10.3 $ 10.5 $ 10.5 $ 10.4 $ 10.6 $ 10.8

Expenditures

Operating Programs $ 6.0 $ 5.8 $ 5.9 $ 6.0 $ 6.1 $ 6.3

Communications $ 0.1 $ 0.1 $ 0.1 $ 0.1 $ 0.1 $ 0.1

Regulation&Enforcement $ 2.5 $ 3.0 $ 3.0 $ 2.8 $ 2.9 $ 2.9

Provision for NRD Rebate $ 1.0 $ 0.6 $ 0.6 $ 0.7 $ 0.8 $ 0.8

Centralized Support $ 0.6 $ 1.0 $ 0.9 $ 0.8 $ 0.8 $ 0.7

Total Expenditures $ 10.3 $ 10.5 $ 10.5 $ 10.4 $ 10.6 $ 10.8

TOTAL MVRD HOUSEHOLD IMPACT ($) $ 46 $ 48 $ 49 $ 50 $ 50 $ 51


Questions?Climate Action Committee - 23502742

Managing Residential Wood SmokeCONSULTATION ON A RESIDENTIAL WOOD SMOKE REGULATIONJulie SaxtonACTING PROGRAM MANAGER, BYLAW AND REGULATION DEVELOPMENT

Climate Action Committee Meeting, October 4, 2017

5.3


2

Wood Smoke in Metro Vancouver

• Approximately 100,000fireplaces and stoves in use inthe region

• Largest source of annual fineparticulate emissions in region• Higher proportion in winter


3

• 5 to 25 complaints per monthabout wood smoke during thewinter

• More than 60% of wood smokecomplaints relate to residentialwood burning

Wood Smoke in Metro Vancouver

August 2017

November 2015


4

Ambient air quality objective

Planning goal


5

Preliminary Consultation Feedback• Affordability and equity

• Target the highest impact appliances

• Include education measures

• Align with existing emissions standards and other requirements

• Phased approachClimate Action Committee -

6

Proposed Regulatory Elements2020: Seasonal restrictions

• Prohibit emissions from indoorresidential heating appliancesbetween May 15 and September 15

• Allow emissions from residentialwood burning appliances used solelyfor cooking during seasonalrestrictions


7

Proposed Regulatory Elements2022: Registration requirements

• Register appliances that emit no more that 4.5 grams particulate per hour

• Register masonry heaters

Registration options • At appliance point of purchase• During installation, inspection or

maintenanceClimate Action Committee -

8

Proposed Regulatory Elements2025: Prohibition on emissions from wood burning appliances, except

• Registered appliances• Appliances that are the sole source of

heat• Appliances that use wood burning as

the heat source for cooking• Outside the Urban Containment

Boundary• In case of hardship


9

Raise awareness of proposals and seek feedback through• Open houses• Workshops• Online engagement• Media and community outreachClimate Action Committee -

Thank You


Land Cover ClassificationNEW REGIONAL HIGH-RESOLUTION LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION

Josephine ClarkREGIONAL PLANNER, PARKS, PLANNING & ENVIRONMENTClimate Action Committee October 4, 2017

5.4


Land Cover Extents


Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery

and LiDAR


Outputs

LiDAR – 2m Hybrid – 5m


• 3-level hierarchy• 14 final classes• Overall accuracy =

87% (hybrid)

Classes and Accuracy

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3Built-Up Buildings

Paved

Other Built

Bare Barren

Soil

Vegetation Tree Canopy Coniferous

Deciduous

Shrub

Grass-Herb Natural

Modified

Non-photosyntheticvegetation

Water

Shadow

Clouds/IceClimate Action Committee -

Comparison – 5m hybrid and orthophoto

5m hybrid Orthophoto


Urban area (1:3,000)Climate Action Committee -

Effect of LiDAR

5m – no LiDAR 2m – with LiDAR


Limitations• Snapshot in time

• Class confusion

• Small features missed

• Canopy model


Canopy modelClimate Action Committee -

Applications• Planning – land use, stormwater

management, drinking water resource management

• Air emission inventorying

• Ecosystem mapping

• Indicators and monitoring

• Ecosystem services assessment


Ecosystem connectivity: Pacific wren (DRAFT)

dPCconnect

Low


Landscape indicators of aquatic ecosystem health

Example of 30m riparian zone Example of selected watershed


Next Steps

• Change methodology• Measures

• Canopy cover• Impermeability

• Assessment of further ecosystem services


Questions?


climate action committee presentations october 4, 2017 · cea member presentation 2017 thank-you...

Documents