climate and disaster resilience index of asian cities · 2016. 2. 8. · summary: urban resilience...
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Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Climate and Disaster Resilience Index of Asian Cities:
An Action based Approach
Coexistence ofContrast
Rajib Shaw
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Outline
• Issues related to urban risk • City governance context: Assessment and
Planning • Implementation context: Community
actions [entry point and agents]
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Growing Urban Population
Source: UNPD, 2010
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Vulnerability
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Informal Settlement
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Encroachment
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Compounding Urban Vulnerability
• Population: growth, concentration, density, migration, social exclusion
• Location: hazard prone, compact built form, urban primacy
• Economy: imbalance, informal sector • Urban Environment: city management,
basic and advance city services, pollution, governance
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Context
• Urban Context: Complexity• Climate Context: Uncertainty in downscaling• Governance Context: Regular city services• Implementation Context:Community linkages
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Climate Disaster Resilience Index: CDRIMethodology
Key Question: How to address climate disaster risk to understand the resilience of a city?
CDRI tool: 5x5 matrix, 25 parameters integrating 125 variablesAnalysis: Weighted Mean Index
9
5 Dimensions and 25 Parameters
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
5-5-5 Matrix Physical Social Economic Institutional NaturalElectricity Population Income Mainstreaming Intensity
Water Health Employment Crisis management
Frequency
Sanitation, Solid waste
Education and awareness
Household assets
Institution Ecosystem
Infrastructure and Roads
Social capital Finance and savings
Collaboration Land-use
Housing and land-use
Social cohesion
Budget and subsidy
Good governance
Environmental policies
Poor1 Bad2 Moderate3 Good4 Best 5
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Indian Cities Resilience Assessment (1)Study details
12
o India: 12 cities of India
o Key aim of study: Assess the resilience of small-, medium- and large-scale cities with different exposure to natural hazards
o Methodology: Climate and Disaster Resilience Initiative → CDRI
o Data collection period: August to September 2009
o Partners: National Institute of Disaster Management, India Seeds India
Afghanistan
Pakistan Bhutan
China
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Sri Lanka
Bhubaneshwar
KanpurJaipur
Delhi
VaranasiGuwahati
Aizawl
Port Blair
Nagpur
AmritsarShimla
Kolkata
Mountainous
Coastal
River-side
Mixed
Arid
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Coastal/ MixedRiver/ Semi-arid
MountainArid
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
CDRI: City Cluster Level
z
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
CDRI: Ward/ district / zone level• Chennai: 10 districts
– 180 sq km, 5.5 Ml • Delhi: 9 districts
– 1500 sq km, 12 Ml• Makati: 36 barangay
– 28 sq km, 0.5 Ml• Bandung: 30 sub-dt
– 168 Sq km, 2.3 Ml• Dhaka: 10 zones
– 360 sq km, 11 Ml
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
1
2
3
4
5Physical
Social
EconomicInstitutional
Natural
Overall Resilience
1
2
3
4
5Electricity
Water
Sanitation and Solid Waste
Disposal
Accessibility of Roads
Housing and Land-Use
Physical
12345
Population
Health
Education and AwarenessSocial Capital
Community Preparedness
Social
12345Income
Employment
Household AssetsFinance and Savings
Budget and Subsidy
Economic
12345
Mainstreaming
Crisis Management
Knowledge Disssemination and
Management
Institutional Collaboration
Good Governance
Institutional
12345
Intensity / Severity of Hazards
Frequency of Hazards
Ecosystem ServicesLand-Use in Natural Terms
Environmental Policies
Natural
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Bandung CDRI Synopsis
Social, Physical, and Institutional Resilience
Economic and Natural Resilience
Confirming the need for actions
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Time Series Analysis
2010
2013
Chennai, Colombo, Dhaka,Hue, Kuala Lumpur, Makati, Sukabumi, Suwon
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Change in Trends: 2010-2013
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Hue 2010-2013
2010 2013
Frequency Of hazards
Intensity ofhazards
Land use in natural term
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Chennai Climate Action Plan [CAP]Physical resilience:
Social resilience:
22
Short-term (< 2 yrs.) Medium-term (2-5 yrs.) Long-term (> 5 yrs.)
Action 1 Involvement of communities into waste segregation practices
Saving of energy and increasing the use of solar power
Amendment of building codes, aiming for higher energy standards
Action 2 Stricter enforcement of Development Control Rules
Identification of areas for development and open space
Enhanced use of rain-water harvesting technique to increase available water (tanks, individual houses)
Action 3 Provision of long-term strategy to reduce the solid waste introducing tax incentive system
Short-term (< 2 yrs.) Medium-term (2-5 yrs.) Long-term (> 5 yrs.)
Action 1 Education programmes for family planning, particularly for women
Improvement of basic amenities (sanitation facilities, safe drinking water, roads, community welfare centres, parks, etc.)
Development of action plan to eradicate diseases
Action 2 Community-level early warning systems; conduction of drills in school
Community-level disaster recovery plans
Waste Electricity
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
40
33
30
40
50
37
30
50
31
41
31
24
25
19
28
7
13
13
6
13
14
16
7
10
6
20
20
16
25
15
15
21
19
16
8
21
14
14
21
19
16
15
16
17
19
19
14
17
21
15
18
21
16
16
18
18
24
24
21
18
18
20
21
16
15
11
19
13
21
16
16
17
19
18
21
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Enforcement of Building Codes
Promoting the Retrofitting of Old Buildings
Reducing the Number of Settlements Located in Hazard-prone Areas
Drainage Systems for all Roads
Improvement of Sidewalks
Pre-disaster Maps to Avoid Water-logged Roads
Introduction of Waster Segregation Practices
Development of Designated Sites for Debris Waste Collection
Conduction of Sanitation Education
Emergency Back-up of Safe-water
Implementation of Water Harvesting Facilities
Awareness Campaigns to Promote Reduced Usage of Water
Alternative Back-up (generator)
Promotion of Alternative Energy Sources (e.g. Solar Panels)
Promotion of Low Energy Appliances (e.g. eco bulb)
Hous
ing
and
Land
-use
Acce
ssib
ility
of
Roa
ds
Sani
tatio
n an
d So
lid W
aste
Di
spos
alW
ater
Elec
tric
ity
Phys
ical
23
Local Government Communities Academia Private Organisations NGOs
Community Leader’s Perceptions on Action: Chennai
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Entry Point of Community Actions
• Case of Mumbai: – Advanced Locality Management [ALM]: focus on
solid waste management
• Case of Kobe: – Bousai Fukushi Community [BOKOMI]: focus on
social welfare
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Mumbai ALM
• Established in 1998 as a part of city’s solid waste management program• Locality level activities [combination of slum and formal neighborhood]• 783 registered ALM • Segregation of waste, recycle [20%], compost [55%]• Establishment of public toilet facilities, gradually grown to other
community services [women’s empowerment programs]• Found to be less impacted in 2005 flood, rapid rescue operation by
neighbors
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Kobe BOKOMI• Started in 1995 after the Kobe earthquake • Based on the school district [191] • Grant from city government
Change in the Number of BOKOMI & Participation Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Year
No. of BOKOMI
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Participation Rate (%)
Number of BOKOMI Participation Rate (%)
Number of BOKOMI 11 26 58 89 120 151 178 180 183 185 188 190 191
Participation Rate (%) 5.8 13.6 30.4 46.6 62.8 79.1 93.2 94.2 95.8 96.9 98.4 99.5 100.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008
Partnership Key Actors
All Residents
CommitteeMembers
Officersfrom KCG
Source: Kobe city
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Change Agents• Youth Group in Philippines • Women Association • Faith based group: Mosque leader
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Summary: Urban Resilience
• Urban complexity, especially related to climate related hazards
• Need to desegregate risk / resilience to the city services [water, electricity, sewage, housing etc.]
• Need to find the appropriate entry point [solid waste, welfare, health etc…]
• Need to find the suitable change agents
Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Available from: www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp