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Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 1
www.energy.soton.ac.uk
Climateand the Built EnvironmentPart 1 – Background & Issues
Oman Energy Efficiency in Buildings Workshop, 15/10/2011
Dr Mark JentschSustainable Energy Research Group, University of Southampton, UK
1Climate and buildingswww.energy.soton.ac.uk
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 2
Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification System
Would you use the same building design solutions in Oman, Europe and China?
� provide shelter against the elements
� provide safety
� provide comfortable indoor conditions (thermal, visual, air quality, noise etc.)
� meet social expectations (social standards, representation, work task etc.)
Architecture as a result of our needs
Strong impact on operational
energy consumption
Basic requirements for Buildings
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 3
Adapting to differences in the environment requires inventiveness
Without inventiveness humans would not be able to survive in most climates we live today.
The Natural Environment
Human inventiveness for comfort and shelter
A very long time ago …
Comfort and Shelter
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 4
Comfort and Shelter
Still a very long time ago …
Human inventiveness for comfort and shelter
A – Design factors related to the human feeling of comfort
solar radiation, light levels / glare, temperature, change in temperature, rainfall, humidity, air quality / movement
B – Design factors influencing the construction
earthquakes, storms, floods, biological pests, high solar radiation, high humidity and condensation, salt levels in air
Climate and Architecture
Influence of geographical conditions on building design
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 5
� Prevailing climate conditions
� Material availability
� Food production & availability
� Technical / construction know-how
� Culture / social system / societal conventions
Key factors for the appearance of vernacular buildings
Vernacular Architecture
Architectural design related to the environmental conditions
Vernacular Architecture
=Climatic Design
Climatic Design≠
Vernacular Architecture
Due to the regional differences in climate traditional forms of architecture all over the world are adapted to their specific exterior conditions in order to:
� provide the desired comfort
� be energy efficient
� withstand the climate
Vernacular Architecture
Architectural design as answer to the climatic conditions
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 6
Vernacular Architecture Example – traditional Thai house
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 7
Vernacular Architecture Example – traditional buildings in Yemen
Modern Architecture and EnergyClimatic design principles have been lost …
Villa Savoye, 1928-1931 – 20th century icon of the modern movement, sustainability catastrophe.
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 8
Henry Galson – First people’s air conditioner, commercially available in 1933
(Willis Haviland Carrier – Inventor of modern air conditioning, 1902)
Modern ArchitectureArchitecture utilising the possibilities of the industrialised world
Model: De La Vergne
rain
evaporative cooling
ventilation
meeting and communication
Concept and FunctionAtria as climate moderator in the traditional Roman house
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 9
The climate moderation function is often reduced in modern atria, in particular in summer.
Dubai
Concept and FunctionModern atria have often lost the function of a climate moderator
Technical building solutions
Idea: Every climatic problem can be solved by application of technology, the design idea comes first
Solution ApproachesModern architectural reaction to the climatic conditions
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 10
Solution ApproachesModern architectural reaction to the climatic conditions
Integrative building solutions
Idea: To adapt to the climatic conditions by observing them first
2Climate change is not newwww.energy.soton.ac.uk
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 11
PaleoclimatologyThe global climate system changes constantly
The Earth’s surface temperature over time
dinosaursend of last ice age
forests on the poles
Image source: Wikimedia Commons
PaleoclimatologyThe global climate system changes constantly
The Earth’s surface temperature over time
2.4 to 6.4 °C
by the end of 21st century under a high emissions scenario
Image source: Wikimedia Commons
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 12
Climate change is not new
Can we adapt today?
Can we adapt in time?
3Global climate changewww.energy.soton.ac.uk
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 13
5 Subsystems of the Global Climate� Atmosphere (the most unstable and rapidly changing)
� Oceans (hydrosphere, high thermal inertia, important for stabilising and regulating the atmospheric variations)
� Snow and ice cover (cryosphere)
� Land surface (litosphere)
� Vegetation cover (biosphere)
Changes to the subsystems can result in changes to the global climate
Image source: Wikimedia Commons, User: Bgr
Simplified Energy Flow in aPlanet with an Earth-Like Atmosphere
30°C
240 W/m²
480 W/m²
240 W/m²
240 W/m²
atmosphere
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 14
Emissions
Land use change
Rising atmospheric greenhouse
gas concentration (CO2 equiv.)
Links in the climate system
Radiative forcing (changes in energy balance)
positive
negative
Diagram source: IPCC AR4, www.ipcc.ch
Emissions
Land use change
Rising atmospheric greenhouse
gas concentration (CO2 equiv.)
Rising atmospheric temperatures
Rising ocean temperatures (logged)
Physical changes in climate
Rising global mean surface temperatures
Rising sea levels
Changes in rainfall variability and seasonality
Changing patterns of natural climate variability
Melting of ice sheets, sea ice & land glaciers
Feedbacks include a possible reduction in the efficiency of the land and oceans to absorb CO2emissions and increased releases of methane.
Local and global feedbacks, e.g. changes in clouds, water content of the atmosphere and the amount of sunlight reflected by sea ice (albedo)
Impacts on physical, biological and human
systems
Radiative forcing (changes in energy balance)
Links in the climate system
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 15
Climate change predictions
� A net ‘positive global radiative forcing’ of between 0.6 W/m² to 2.4 W/m² since 1750
� 0.74 °C average global mean temperature rise over the last 100 years (1906-2005)
IPCC 4th Assessment Report
1 W/m² forcing
60 W light bulb
Surface area: 510,072,000 km²
=> 8.5 billion light bulbs
What can we do?
� do the quick fix
� be inventive
� wait and see
easy & low immediate risk
easy & low immediate risk
difficult & long term return
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 16
4Climate trends as driver for change
www.energy.soton.ac.uk
Temperature development
Middle East
UK
Thailand
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 17
Middle Easttemperature development
Middle East: Temperature rise of around 1.0 ºC overthe last century.
1870-2009 deviation of annual mean temperature from 1961-1990 baseline
(Data source: Climatic Research Unit, www.cru.uea.ac.uk)
1870-2009 data points in the Middle East (32 points in total)
(Data source: Climatic Research Unit, www.cru.uea.ac.uk)
Middle Easttemperature development
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 18
� Mediterranean areas 0.2 - 0.5 °C
� Persian Gulf 0.5 - 1.1 °C � Central regions in eastern Iran 1.4 - 1.7 °C
1901-2005 linear trend varies by region:
Data source: Climatic Research Unit, www.cru.uea.ac.ukBottom image gerated with: Panoply viewer, Version 2.9.4
Middle Easttemperature development
UAE and UK 1977-2007 annual mean temperatures
� Clear rising trend for the UAE
� UAE trend slightly stronger than for the UK
UK data: 1 km grid, UAE data: 6 weather stations (Data source UK data: Met Office, data source UAE data: United Nations FAO)
The problem is potentially far more severe for hot arid climates than for moderate climates.
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 19
Thailand and UK 1977-2007 annual mean temperatures
� Trends are not equal for all parts of the world
� Timeframe plays a role for the trends
Thailand data 50-65 stations (Data source UK data: Met Office, data source Thai data: United Nations FAO)
In the UAE a temperature increase may result in the winter months requiring increased cooling.
UAE and UK 1977-2007 monthly mean temperatures
� UK annual swing of 10 to 15 °C
� UAE annual swing of 15 to 17.5°C
UK data: 5° grid, UAE data: 6 weather stations (Data source UK data: Met Office, data source UAE data: United Nations FAO)
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 20
UAE and UK 1977-2007 monthly mean temperatures
� UK annual swing of 10 to 15 °C
� Thailand annual swing of 5 to 8 °CSmaller monthly variation in Thailand implies smaller vulnerability during the summer months than in the UAE.
UK data: 5° grid, UAE data: 6 weather stations (Data source UK data: Met Office, data source UAE & Thailand data: United Nations FAO)
5Other pressures for energy efficiency
www.energy.soton.ac.uk
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 21
Human Development Index against Ecological Footprint
Threshold for high human development = 0.8
Human Development Index
� life expectancy
� education
� per-capita gross national income
Earth‘s biocapacity = 2.1 hectares p
er person
Sustainable Society
Image adapted from original on: Wikimedia Commons, User: Travelplanner
Human Development Index against Ecological Footprint
Image source: Wikimedia Commons, User: Travelplanner
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 22
UK fuel import / export ratio [%]
Why Climatic Design of Buildings and Cities?
Data source: Digest of UK energy statistics
Mineral oils + biofuels
Why Climatic Design of Buildings and Cities?
Development of global oil production
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 23
� 5.76 million km²
� 133 % of the land surface of the EU
� 68 % of the land surface of Brazil
Biodiesel from palm oil in 2030:
2350 million tonnes of biofuels in 2030 ??
Why Climatic Design of Buildings and Cities?
Development of global oil production
Peak Oil ~2010 Peak Gas ~2020 Peak Coal ~2025
If energy consumption is to be reduced then this will need to
happen in urban environments
Urbanisation and energy consumption
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Workshop
Climate and the Built Environment
Part 1
Mark Jentsch, University of
Southampton 24
The Metabolism of a City
The Metabolism of a City