Professor Jayashree SadriAnd

Dr Sorab Sadri

Climate Change Issues in India

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation.

The average global air temperature near the Earth's surface increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005.

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Greenhouse effectGreenhouse effect

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

240 Watt per m3

343 Watt per m3

103 Watt per m3

CoCo22 Concentration in 2007 Concentration in 2007

The 2007 rise in global carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is tied with 2005 as the third highest since atmospheric measurements began in 1958. The red line shows the trend together with seasonal variations. The black line indicates the trend that emerges when the seasonal cycle has been removed. (Credit: NOAA)

Greenhouse gasesGreenhouse gasesCarbon dioxide (CO2)Methane (CH4)Nitrous oxide (N2O)Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Natural

Manmade

Source: Dr L Gohar and Prof K Shine, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Reading

Rising levels of greenhouse gases

Source: Stern Review

11%

9%

11%

4%

39%

3%5%

18%

Fridge TV Fan Computer AC Heater/Geyser Appliances Light

Energy utilisation

INDIATN

Energy ProductionTN vs India

Impacts of Climate ChangeImpacts of Climate Change

Forests

Biodiversity

Agriculture

Coastlines

Impact of rise in temperature of 1.8oC to 4oC

Climate Change Impact in IndiaClimate Change Impact in India

Rajasthan- DroughtRann of Kutch – sea level riseMumbai-Salt water intrusionKerala –Productivity of ForestTamil Nadu-Coral bleachingGanges – Sedimentation problemSunderbans-Sea level raiseNorthwest India-reduction In rice yield

EffectEffect on apple cultivation on apple cultivationKullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh Experienced a number of crop failures in the

last 15 years Apple belt has moved 30 kilometers

[northwards] over the last 50 years

Apple growers, says attributed poor production to reduced snowfall and its changed timing.

Case study:1 Impact on Agriculture

Source: Journal of Ecological Anthropology Vol. 10 2006

• Shift in Agriculture

• Apple cultivation is affected in Kullu Valley

• Apple belt has moved 30 KM nothwards

• Forest resources were removed  

2. Ganga under threat from warming2. Ganga under threat from warming

Himalayan source of the Ganga is drying up at a rate of 40 yards a year, nearly twice as fast as two decades ago, and that some of these glaciers might disappear by 2030.

In the dry summer months, the Gangotri glacier provides up to 70 percent of the water of the Ganga.

According to a UN climate report, the shrinking glaciers also threaten Asia’s supply of fresh water.

Source: New Indian Express

Source: New Indian Express

3. Impact on Coastal Orissa3. Impact on Coastal Orissa

•The Satavaya region, once a cluster of seven villages.•Only two out of the seven villages exists the other five villages have been submerged. •The Coastal villages have been affected by cyclone and floods killing more than 30,000 people. •The sea has ingressed to about 1.5 km into Satavaya and 2.5 km into Kanakpur. Satavaya has also lost 56% of its mangrove vegetation.

Global ImpactsGlobal Impacts

The largest glacier on Mount Kenya has lost 92% of its mass

Sea levels have risen by 10 - 25 cm

The thickness of sea ice in the arctic has decreased by 40%.

The Common Murre has advanced breeding by 24 days per decade over the past 50 years in response to higher temperatures.

The Baltimore oriole is shifting northward and may soon disappear entirely from the Baltimore area.

Polar bear populations are coming under threat as food becomes harder to hunt.

India’s Initiatives India’s Initiatives

Signed UNFCC on 10th June 1992

India ratified the Kyoto protocol

India has a National Action Plan on Climate Change◦ National Solar Mission◦ National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency ◦ National Mission on Sustainable Habitat◦ National Water Mission◦ National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem◦ National Mission for a “ Green India”◦ National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture◦ National Mission on Strategic Mission on Climate Change

India’s InitiativesIndia’s Initiatives

India has a well developed policy, legislative

regulatory & programmatic regime

For promotion of Energy efficiency,

renewable energy, nuclear power, fuel

switching, energy pricing reform addressing

GHG emission

Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons)Tons)

Country in metric tons

USA 20.01

Europe 9.40

Japan 9.87

China 3.60

Russia 11.71

India 1.02

World average 4.25

The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed – the poorest countries and people will suffer earliest and most. And if

and when the damages appear it will be too late to reverse the process. Thus we are forced to look a long way ahead.

SOURCESOURCE

Culled from PPT for UNESCO By Culled from PPT for UNESCO By

Dr.C.Thomson Jacob,Dr.C.Thomson Jacob,

Senior Programme Officer,Senior Programme Officer,

ENVIS Centre, Department of ENVIS Centre, Department of

EnvironmentEnvironment.

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