climate change mitigation in india: pliipolicies and …€“ 5th fyp (1974 –1979 ... climate...
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Climate Change Mitigation in India: P li i d A ti
Climate Change Mitigation in India: P li i d A tiPolicies and ActionsPolicies and Actions
December 16, 2013
Climate Change Mitigation : Political Context Climate Change Mitigation : Political Context Net GHG Emissions from India is 1727.41 Mt CO2 eq (including LULUCF) (2007) (INCCA,
MOEF): per capita emissions at ~1.7 tonI di h f ll d ti d l b li ti f bl India has followed a conservative and low carbon policy ‐promotion of renewable energy, innovative mechanisms to boost energy efficiency, and high energy prices A comparative study of number of policies and schemes in various sectors with
implications for climate change
Early policies in India revolved around the problem of energy scarcity, energy conservation, poverty alleviation,
implications for climate change
2025303540
licie
s/sc
hem
es
Number of Schemesconservation, poverty alleviation,infrastructure development (Climate as co‐benefit)A d 40 d li i d d
05
101520
ergy
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rt ent
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ustry ltu
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Num
ber o
f po
Number of Policies
Around 40 acts and policies and around 60 programmes and schemes across sectors with direct/indirect CC concerns
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Enviro
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Scienc
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chno
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Trans
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Housin
g & Urba
n Deve
lopmen
Biotec
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Indus
Agricu
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Land
Resource
Water S
upply &
Sanita
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Rural D
evelop
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Climate change is the primary concern– National Environment Policy, 2006– Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA)
HSectors
Source: FICCI CCTF Report, 2008-09
– Renewable Energy Procurement Obligation (RPO) (Electricity Act 2003 and the National Tariff Policy 2006)
Climate Change Mitigation : Five Year Plans (FYPs)Climate Change Mitigation : Five Year Plans (FYPs) Five Year Plans: Since 1951, provide strategic direction for the Government of India for the
following five years FYPs have considered environment protection/sustainable development/climate changep / p / g– 5th FYP (1974 – 1979) strategized growth with sustainable development in various sectors ‐ agriculture, forestry,
water, energy and non‐renewable resources – 8th FYP (1992 – 1997): one of the stated six main objectives was “Strengthening the infrastructure (energy,
transport communication irrigation) in order to support the growth process on a sustainable basis”transport, communication, irrigation) in order to support the‐ growth process on a sustainable basis”– 9th FYP (1997 – 2002): “ensuring environmental sustainability of the development process through social
mobilization and participation of people at all levels” was among the key priorities– 11th FYP (2007 – 2012): climate policy matured from concerns about energy conservation to energy efficiency. The
plan also recognized the need to incorporate adaptation programmes relating to watershed management, coastal zone planning and regulation, forestry management, agricultural technologies and practices, and health, discussions on CDM
Twelfth FYP (2012‐2017) : ‘Faster inclusive and more sustainable growth’Twelfth FYP (2012 2017) : Faster, inclusive, and more sustainable growth– Concept of sustainability forms the core– Extensive focus on issues of water, land use, environment, forestry and wildlife– Science and technology to play a critical role , there is an ambition to increase investment in R&D from 1% to 2% of gy p y
GDP– Climate Change Action Programme (CCAP) ‐ Aims at advancing scientific research, information and assessment of
the phenomenon of CC, building an institutional and analytical capacity for research and studies in the area of CC (National Carbonaceous Aerosols Programme (NCAP), Long Term Ecological Observatories (LTEO), and Coordinated(National Carbonaceous Aerosols Programme (NCAP), Long Term Ecological Observatories (LTEO), and Coordinated Studies on Climate Change for North East region (CSCCNE) (MOEF+DST+MOES, etc.)
– NAPCC and domestic mitigation goals to guide the targets and actions through a sustainable development strategy
Climate Change Mitigation : Recent DevelopmentsClimate Change Mitigation : Recent Developments Mitigation goal of reducing emissions intensity of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 20‐
25% by 2020 in comparison with 2005 level National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008): outlines eight “national missions” on National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008): outlines eight national missions on
solar, energy efficiency, sustainable habitat, Green India (REDD & LULUCF), water, Himalayan ecosystems, agriculture and strategic knowledge of climate change
– Provides a starting point for the various stakeholders and States to engage with the respective missions to buildProvides a starting point for the various stakeholders and States to engage with the respective missions to build on, develop, expand, enable and implement the required programmes and strategies
State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) : Indian states and union territories working on preparing SAPCCs, detailing sector specific plans to adapt and mitigate climate change p p g g p p p g gat the state level
Four critical challenges for 12th FYP: Managing energy requirements, managing water resources, addressing likely problems from rapid urbanization, and ensuring protection , g y p p , g pof the environment.
Integrating the objectives of NAPCC and SAPCC in addition to domestic mitigation goals Low carbon growth/green growth using green technologies and adoption of prioritized Low carbon growth/green growth using green technologies and adoption of prioritized
actions in select sectors Low Carbon Committee: Expert Group to develop a Low‐C Economy strategy for the 12th
FYPFYP– Formulate a multi‐sector Low Carbon Development Strategy to meet the mitigation goals and NAPCC objectives
Low Carbon Committee (LCC): Interim Report (May 2011)
Low Carbon Committee (LCC): Interim Report (May 2011)( y )( y )
Identification of Potential Mitigation Actions : LCC Report to be the starting pointg p
LCC interim report provides a menu of options that can reduce India’s emission intensity
The main sectors considered include: 1. Power (MOP, MNRE, BEE, CEA, MoPNG, Department of Atomic Energy,
Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of MSME)*
2. Transport (MOUD, Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways, Ministry of R il S i t f I di A t bil M f t (SIAM) Mi i t fRailways, Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation )*
3. Industry (Ministry of Steel, Ministry of Petroleum, Ministry of Heavy3. Industry (Ministry of Steel, Ministry of Petroleum, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, etc.) *
4. Buildings (MOUD, BEE, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation)*
5. Forestry (MOEF)** Indicative list of relevant government ministries in brackets
Power‐1 (LCC Report)Power‐1 (LCC Report)
Demand Side Management, Energy Efficiency– To be considered as "first resource” for fulfilling demand/deficit– despite apparent attractiveness of most EE options, their diffusion and
adoption is sluggish owing to barriers to adoption that need to beadoption is sluggish owing to barriers to adoption that need to be overcome by appropriate policies and institutional arrangements
– Potential areas/sectors
» Domestic
» Commercial
BEE star labeled/International standards electrical appliances like AC, TV, refrigerator, fans, lighting, etc
» Industrial
A i lt l
etc. Covered under industry, PAT is important
Replacing inefficient irrigation pumps with more » Agricultural efficient motors, better load management,
reduction in water consumption
Power‐2 (LCC Report)Power‐2 (LCC Report) Supply Side Options
1. Coal based generation g» Super critical/ultra super critical power plants» Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) although
i i ff i f I di di i R&D i lpromising not effective for Indian conditions, R&D on commercial deployment of IGCC
» Consider Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) after successes in p q ( )global pilot/commercial runs
» Gas based power generation (though not cost‐effective vis‐à‐vis coal)
Power‐3 (LCC Report)Power‐3 (LCC Report) Supply Side Options
2 Renewable Energy2. Renewable Energy» Wind power (commercially mature technology, easy implementation)» Biomass based power for rural decentralized generation (issues in biomass availability, pricing and institutional factors needs to be overcome)
» Biomass cogeneration in rice and sugar mills more attractive» Biomass cogeneration in rice and sugar mills more attractive » Solar power for centralized and decentralized power generation (need for enhanced manufacturing capacity, short term viability gap support f i & l l d lfrom government, aggressive R&D, large scale deployment, etc. to bring grid parity)
3 Nuclear Power3. Nuclear Power» Promotion of nuclear power through Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs), which require natural uranium as the fuel; Light
( ) h d h d dWater Reactors (LWR) with imported enriched uranium; Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR).
Transport‐1 (LCC Report)Transport‐1 (LCC Report)
Avoid‐Shift‐Improve ParadigmAVOID id t t/ i i i ti d AVOID: avoid transport/ minimize commuting needs– Urban planning, siting of industries to minimize transport of materials,
public and non‐motorized transport in urban passenger transport etc. SHIFT: Usage of more (carbon) efficient modes of transport IMPROVE: Promote use of most carbon efficient technologies in a given a
d f t tmode of transport1. Increasing the share of rail in freight transport by making rail freight more
attractive 2. Increasing or retaining the current modal shares of public and non‐motorized
transport in urban passenger transport 3 Improving the efficiency of the current vehicle fleet and its operation3. Improving the efficiency of the current vehicle fleet and its operation
Transport‐2 (LCC Report)Transport‐2 (LCC Report)
1. Increasing the share of rail in freight transportI i il i f (i l di d di d f i h– Investment in rail infrastructure (including dedicated freight corridors)Offer terms for private participation that are as attractive as– Offer terms for private participation that are as attractive as that offered for highway construction
– Reduce cross‐subsidization of rail passenger transport by rail– Reduce cross‐subsidization of rail passenger transport by rail freight by identifying other revenue sources (or be compensated for it by the government directly, introduce p y g ycompetition
– Develop multi‐modal logistics parks to facilitate door‐to‐door service, increase containerized cargo movement by rail
– Expedite institutional reforms and capacity building in Indian Railways to enable greater market share for railways in fast changing scenario
Transport‐3 (LCC Report)Transport‐3 (LCC Report)
2. Improving the efficiency of road freightO i l ili i f k– Optimal utilization rates of trucks
– Efficient border crossing and toll regimesb d k l k f ff d l f– Hub‐and‐spoke like arrangements for efficient dispersal of
heavy loads onto smaller trucks for last mile connectivity, and excess trucking capacityexcess trucking capacity
– Enhanced use of multi‐axle and tractor‐trailer trucks
Transport‐4 (LCC Report)Transport‐4 (LCC Report)3. Promoting public and non‐motorized transport (walking, cycling, cycle‐rickshaws etc.)–Urban planning norms (under say National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy) to decrease the need for mobility and enable better walking, cycling conditions (e g promoting mixed land use with adequatecycling conditions (e.g.promoting mixed land‐use with adequate provisions for housing for the poor to ensure that their travel distances remain small)–Improve NUTP to include rationalized taxes, demand management, clear definition of the role for Urban Mass Transport Authority in the NUTP, etc.– Target oriented JNNURM with be er M&V (to ensure that projects are NUTP‐compliant)Mandatory public transport accessibility indicators for large–Mandatory public transport accessibility indicators for large
developments–Capital and operational subsidy to incentivize for bus operations in cities, p p y p ,reimbursing taxes and duties paid on fuel
Transport‐5 (LCC Report)Transport‐5 (LCC Report)4. Fuel efficiency norms for vehicles
–Introduce vehicle labelling/rating systems (on a kmpl basis to enable– Introduce vehicle labelling/rating systems (on a kmpl basis to enable consumers to make a rational choice, star labelling, fuel labelling, etc.)–Introduce minimum efficiency standardsy–Introduce corporate fleet efficiency standards (with mechanisms to penalize non‐conformance) –Consider imposing an up‐front tax on personal vehicles to absorb the benefits accruing from differential taxation while passing on fuel efficiency benefits to the consumersbenefits to the consumers– The norms can initially be defined by BEE or MORTH and implemented by MORTH for cars, and can then be extended to other vehicles such as trucks, f , ,buses and two‐wheelers
Industry‐1 (LCC Report)Industry‐1 (LCC Report)1. Iron and steel Adoption of more efficient technologies for the principal process systems Adoption of technologies for energy recovery and conservation Adoption of technologies for energy recovery and conservation Adoption of technologies for raw material enhancement2. CementIncrease in the blending percentage Usage of waste materials (less carbon intensive than coal) for fuel substitution (can be done upto 50% of total fuel use)done upto 50% of total fuel use)Waste heat recovery and cogeneration for captive power Vertical roller mill technology, fluidized bed cement fired kiln system, and use of mineralisers3. Oil and GasReduction in gas flaring by direct use of gasReduction in gas flaring by direct use of gasGas Processing, etc.
Minimize/eliminate gas flaring through liquefaction, compression mode and transporting the flared gas to locations near pipeline for pipeline injections or use it as a fuel for industrial or domestic uselocations near pipeline for pipeline injections or use it as a fuel for industrial or domestic use
Efficient gas processing and transportation
Replacing biomass for cooking by LPG/gas
Industry‐2 (LCC Report) Industry‐2 (LCC Report) Iron and steel Adoption of more efficient technologies for the principal processAdoption of more efficient technologies for the principal process
systems, also called “mother technologies”–BF‐BOF plants to reduce emissions through an all encompassing adoption of continuous casting, and integrated casting & rolling operations (IEA, 2010)–Shift towards DC arc technology for the electric furnace steel production to improve the process efficiency by over 5% with other advantages like improvedimprove the process efficiency by over 5% with other advantages like improved melting efficiency and increased hearth life (NEDO, 2008)–Technologies like LD convertor, cold rolling and slab casting on a larger scale for i i d i (CS 2010)intensity reduction (CSE, 2010)–Use of new smelt reduction technologies like COREX & FINEX and thereby use of non‐coking coal with lump ore and pellets as inputsg p p p
Industry‐3 (LCC Report)Industry‐3 (LCC Report)Iron and steel Adoption of technologies for energy recovery and conservationAdoption of technologies for energy recovery and conservation–Coke Dry Quenching (CDQ) technique (energy savings of over 1 GJ/tcs), ~ 90% of Indian plants yet to adopt CDQ)–Adoption of Top Pressure Turbine (TPT), a power generation system for converting the physical energy of the high pressure blast furnace top gas (energy saving of up to 0.6 GJ/tcs (NEDO, 2008)/ ( , )–Waste heat recovery technologies to tap into the process waste heat and convert it into useful energyAd i f d i i f i i i i i–Adoption of an automated monitoring system for ensuring process optimization in
the plants
Industry‐4 (LCC Report)Industry‐4 (LCC Report)Iron and steel Adoption of technologies for raw material enhancement– Use of Pulverized Coal Injection (PCI) over the conventional coke usage (obviates the
energy intensive coke making process)– Waste heat recovery from the cooler used to cool heated sintered ore could provide aste eat eco e y o t e coo e used to coo eated s te ed o e cou d p o de
medium heated steam that could be put to use for power generation (Sintering Machine cooler waste heat recovery device, savings of about 0.25 GJ/t‐SI ‐Sintered steel)steel)
– Coke making technologies (SCOPE21) (ideal for the Indian industry) – BF‐BOF production route provides for molten steel manufacture through a convertor
t il th ti f l t f h t d hi h ld b d f h tentails the generation of a large amount of heated gas which could be used for heat recovery by combustion method or a non‐combustion method (OG method) resulting in savings of up to 0.8 GJ/t PI (Pig Iron)
– Use of tar in blast furnaces; carbon monoxide firing in vertical shaft kilns; and adoption of multi‐slit burners
– General energy saving practices viz. installation of variable frequency drives; use of gy g p q y ;high‐efficiency motors, pumps, and blowers; improved insulation of furnaces; and replacing electric heaters with fuel‐fired heaters
Buildings‐1 (LCC Report)Buildings‐1 (LCC Report)
Use of energy efficient appliances (already accounted for in the power sector)power sector)
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC): Energy efficient designing to reduce lighting, heating, ventilation and air g g g g, g,conditioning needs– mandatory implementation of ECBC for commercial buildings or building
complexes– minimum requirements for the energy efficient design and construction of
buildingsg– use of flash blocks, wall and roof insulation, high performance glass, high SRI
paints, vegetated roofs, LPD’s (<1w/sq.ft), high performance chillers, economizers variable frequency drives and cooling towerseconomizers, variable frequency drives and cooling towers
Buildings ‐2 (LCC Report)Buildings ‐2 (LCC Report)
Green Buildings Rating System – For both new and existing buildings in the countryFor both new and existing buildings in the country– Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) programmes ‐ LEED India‐New
Construction, LEED India Core and Shell, IGBC Green Homes, IGBC Green ld [ d d l ]Factory Building, IGBC Green SEZ , IGBC Green Cities [under development],
TERI – GRIHA, Eco housing
Energy Performance Index (EPI)Energy Performance Index (EPI)– Defining energy consumption in commercial buildings in terms of EPI to
serve as a tool to indicate the specific power consumption in a building– EPI shall depend on orientation; climate; functionality; hours of operation
(daylight, 24hrs); number of occupants; schedules‐ lighting, occupancy; equipment loads; ratio of conditioned and unconditioned areas; parking q p ; ; p garea vis‐à‐vis the total area.
– Need for a study (by BEE) on EPI values for various climatic zones and types of buildings addressing the above mentioned factorsof buildings addressing the above mentioned factors
Buildings‐3 (LCC Report)Buildings‐3 (LCC Report)
Need for interventions encouraging public policies, enhancing awareness capacity building absorption of new trends andawareness, capacity building, absorption of new trends and technologies
Need for development of indigenous standards and codes and p gfacilities for testing & verification
Forestry‐1 (LCC Report)Forestry‐1 (LCC Report)
Green India Mission (GIM) to be the guiding document( ) g g
1. Enhancing carbon sinks in forests and other ecosystemsg y2. Enhancing the resilience and ability of vulnerable
species/ecosystems to adapt to the changing climate3. Enabling adaptation of forest dependant local communities in the
face of climatic variability
Forestry‐2 (LCC Report)Forestry‐2 (LCC Report) Double the area to be taken up for afforestation and eco‐restoration in
India in the next 10 years (total area to be afforested and eco‐restored to 20 illi h )20 million ha.)
Increase in above and below ground biomass in 10 million ha of forests/ ecosystems resulting in increased carbon sequestration of 43 million tonsecosystems, resulting in increased carbon sequestration of 43 million tons CO2‐e annually and increase in GHG removals by India’s forests to 6.35%of India’s annual total GHG emissions by the year 2020 (an increase of 1.55% over what it would be in the absence of the Mission)
Enhance the resilience of forests/ecosystems by enhancing infiltration, groundwater recharge stream and spring flows biodiversity valuegroundwater recharge, stream and spring flows, biodiversity value, provisioning of services (fuel wood, fodder, timber, NNTP’s, etc.) to help local communities adapt to climatic variability
Development of long‐term strategy for carbon sequestration from wood plantations that are periodically harvested for use as timber in furniture and construction industryand construction industry
Scope/types of MAs (Lit. Review)Scope/types of MAs (Lit. Review)
Plans and policies– Climate action plans/low carbon growth
Standards and labeling schemes–Energy efficiencyClimate action plans/low carbon growth
policies– SDPAMsPolicies for promotion of EE/RE R h & d l t
Energy efficiency–Resource efficiency
– Policies for promotion of EE/RE /technology adoption
C it b ildi d d t th i
Research & development–R&D on technology/materials/process–Demonstration projects
Capacity building and data‐gathering –Workshops/Trainings–Awareness building initiatives
Targets (voluntary/mandatory)–Emission targets (emission caps)–No‐lose targets–Emission intensity/energy/energy efficiency/sectoral intensity targets
Financial instruments – Subsidies efficiency/sectoral intensity targets– Feed‐in‐tariffs– Taxes Market instruments
C d t d– Cap and trade programs– Crediting/trading mechanisms
Technology adaptation and transfer programs
Examples* of MAs from LCC ReportExamples* of MAs from LCC Report
Plans/policies/regulations– Ultra super critical/super critical turbines
Capacity building and data‐th i– Ultra super critical/super critical turbines
(power generation)– Biomass based power for decentralized use (power generation)
gathering –Awareness building on efficient lighting/star labeling (buildings)
use (power generation)– Solar power; Nuclear power (PHWR, FBR) (power generation)
l f ff l lResearch & development
D l f i di– Replacement of inefficient agricultural pumps (agriculture)
– Modal shift/ road to rail (transport)
–Development of indigenous standards on testing & verification (buildings)
/– DFCs (transport)– Engaging private sector in infrastructure projects (transport)
–IGCC/CCS (power)
p j ( p )– M&V to ensure NUTP compliance (transport)
– Double the area under afforestation
Market instruments– PAT (industry)– REC (power generation)– Double the area under afforestation
(forestry)REC (power generation)
* Not an exhaustive list
Examples* of MAs from LCC ReportExamples* of MAs from LCC Report
Standards and labeling schemesBEE star labeling in lighting/appliances
Technology adaptation and t f–BEE star labeling in lighting/appliances
(domestic/buildings)–Mandatory implementation of ECBC for
i l b ildi (b ildi )
transfer programs– IGCC (power generation)– CCS (power generation)
commercial buildings (buildings)–Green Building Rating System (buildings)–Energy performance Index (EPI) (buildings)
– Resource efficient technologies (transport)
– Resource efficient technologies–Mandatory public transport accessibility indicators for large developments (transport)–Vehicle labelling/fuel labelling/rating
Resource efficient technologies (CDQ, SCOPE21, COREX) (industry)
g/ g/ gsystems (on a kmpl basis) (transport)–Minimum efficiency standards (transport)Corporate fleet efficiency standards (with
Financial instruments – Capital/operational subsidy for –Corporate fleet efficiency standards (with
mechanisms to penalize non‐conformance) (transport)
p / p ybus operations , reimbursing taxes and duties paid on fuel (transport)
– Tax on personal vehicles (transport)* Not an exhaustive list
Thank youThank you