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R EVITALIZING H UDSON R IVERFRONTS Illustrated Conservation & Development Strategies for Creating Healthy, Prosperous Communities Opportunities in an Era of Global Climate Change

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"Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" presentation by Sacha Spector, Scenic Hudson from the 4/13/12 Columbia-Greene Revitalizing Hudson Riverfronts forum.

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Page 1: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

REVITALIZING HUDSON RIVERFRONTSIllustrated Conservation & Development Strategies for Creating Healthy, Prosperous Communities

This document was prepared with technical and financial assistance from the New York State Department of State

Opportunities in an Era of Global Climate Change

Page 2: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Revitalizing Hudson RiverfrontsOpportunity in an Era of Climate Change

Page 3: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

what’s happening now

3-strategy roadmap

co-benefits of action

The Opportunity of a Lifetime

Page 4: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Some claim that much of the measured global

warming is due to weather stations positioned near air

conditioners and car parks. We know this isn’t true for

several reasons. We can compare temperatures from

well-placed weather stations to the poorly-sited

weather stations. Both well-placed and poorly-sited

sites show the same amount of warming.

Another way to check thermometer measurements is

to compare them to satellite data. Satellite

measurements show a similar rate of global

warming. This is confirmation that thermometers are

giving us an accurate picture.

28

29

More evidence of the reality of global warming

Human Fingerprint #4 Nights warming faster than days

An increased greenhouse effect means nights

should warm faster than days. During the day, the

sun warms the Earth’s surface. At nighttime, the

surface cools by radiating its heat out to space.

Greenhouse gases slow down this cooling process.

If global warming was caused by the sun, we would

expect the warming trend to be greatest in daytime.

Instead, what we see is the number of warm nights

increasing faster than the number of warm days.6

As well as the compelling temperature record, we

have a large body of observations in many different

systems that are consistent with a warming world. Ice

sheets are melting, losing billions of tonnes of ice

each year. Sea levels are rising at an accelerating

rate. Species are migrating toward the poles and

glaciers are retreating (threatening water supplies for

many millions of people).

To gain a proper understanding of climate, we need to

look at all the evidence. What we see are many

independent observations all pointing to the same

conclusion - global warming is happening.

30

31

32,33

Long-term variation in the number of warm days (red) & warm

nights (blue) per year. Warm is defined as the top 10%.6

Air Temperature Near Surface (troposphere)

Indicators of a Warming World

Snow Cover

Ocean Heat Content

Temperature Over Land

Humidity

Parmesan & Yohe 2003 , NOAA32 34

Sea Surface Temperature

Sea Ice

Glaciers

Sea LevelSpring coming earlier

Species migrating poleward and upward

Tree-lines shifting poleward and upward

Temperature Over Oceans

5

Ice Sheets

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

2

4

6Warm Nights

Warm Days

Varia

tion

inN

um

ber

ofW

arm

Days/N

ights

Year

Page 5: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

source: National Center for Atmospheric Researchhttp://www2.ucar.edu/news/1036/record-high-temperatures-far-outpace-record-lows-across-us

Indicators of a Warming World

Page 6: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Northeast annual avg. temp up 1.4°F since 1970

New York winter temperatures almost 5oF warmer than 30 years ago.

Observed Changes in New York

Page 7: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Later frost in fall

Earlier plant germination and blooms

Earlier arrival of migratory birds

Timing of lake ice formation and melting

Changes in species ranges

Changes in precipitation

Observed Changes in New York

1990 2006

zone change+2+1no change-1-2

1990 USDA Hardiness Zones vs. 2006 Arborday.org Hardiness Zones

differences reflect warmer climate

Page 8: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

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Observed Changes in New York

Page 9: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Sea Level Rise on the Hudson

Sea level is 1’ higher than 100 years ago

Rate of sea level rise is accelerating

United States, the northwestern Gulf Coast and the Mid Atlantic states are witnessing greater erosion rates, federal and private insurance claims, and coastal maintenance costs.

At the same time, the world’s most productive habitats–coastal wetlands, estuaries, and shallow water beds–are increasingly stressed by inundation, intrusion of saltwater to previously brackish or fresh waters, and changes in storm surge exposure. Supremely sensitive to the water levels and salinity, even moderately altered conditions in estuarine and coastal areas will lead to losses of these habitats along with the ecosystem services they provide: food, flood protection, water quality, recreation, and many others.

The Hudson: A Laboratory for AdaptationBuilding consensus around balanced solutions to this massive, yet incrementally-developing, threat promises to be one of the most complex social and environmental challenges of this century. On the one hand is the imperative to protect existing infrastructure and property, which will generate tremendous pressure to harden, raise, or re-engineer shorelines regardless of cost and efficacy. On the other hand is the imperative to facilitate the persistence of the coastal natural resources so that they continue to provide ecological services that sustain people, nature and human endeavor. The optimal balance will require locally-specific tactics that respond to the realities at the water’s edge, and regional strategies that coordinate efforts within a big picture, long time-horizon framework.

Few places in the world are a better living laboratory for exploring the full range of sea level rise adaptation options than the Hudson River Estuary. Home to nearly 100 municipalities and over 12 million people, the Hudson’s 160 miles of estuarine river passes through an incredible gradient of conditions – from the rural farming waterfront communities and rare freshwater tidal forests in the north, to one of the world’s most densely populated urban centers at the salty, marine outlet to the Atlantic.

Sea level rise (SLR) presents the most immediate global climate impact to the Hudson River Estuary. Across much of the estuary, sea level has risen at about one foot per century (2.7mm/year), a rate greater than the global average (see figure 2). The best climate data available indicates that we can expect water levels on the Hudson River – from the Battery in Manhattan to the Federal Dam at Troy - to rise by up to five feet by the end of this century, and perhaps that much again during the next century. (see figure 3 on following page)

Within this projected inundation zone lie historic riverfront communities, the seeds of a sustainable revitalization corridor, billions of dollars of critical public infrastructure, thousands of private landholdings, and over 13,000 acres of globally important tidal wetland and vegetated shallow water habitats. These critical habitats are home to many of the region’s most iconic species including bald eagles and migratory fish like sturgeon, shad and striped bass; they also provide key ecosystem services such as water quality maintenance and flood control to people along the entire estuary.

Figure 2. Sea level change since 1856, observed by tidal gauge at the Battery, Manhattan, NYC.

0

100

200

300

400

500

1856 1881 1906 1931 1956 1981 2006

Hudson River Sea Level 1856-2009(in mm, observed at Manhattan)

average = 2.79mm/yr

source: NOAA

Sea Level Rise

by 2080Lower emissions:

8-23 inches

Higher emissions:

37-50 inches

Page 10: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

2020 1155 additional acres

SAVING THE LAND THAT MATTERS MOST Hudson River Sea Level Rise Projections

2050 2641 additional acres

2080 4647 additional acres

inundation zone > 5000 acres by

2080 Sea Level Rise on the Hudson

Page 11: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

The Hudson Valley: A Climate Crossroads

Page 12: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

160+ miles of estuarine riverglobally rare habitats85% of NY’s vertebrate speciesglobal hotspots

RamsHorn Marsh

What’s at Stake?

Page 13: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

82 communities>250,000 people$Bs of infrastructurehistoric & cultural centers

What’s at Stake?

Page 14: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

underpinnings of local & regional economiesWhat’s at Stake?

Page 15: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Sustainable Waterfront Communities

securityresilience

justiceviable economies

healthy environments

Page 16: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Save taxpayer dollars

Spur local economies and create millions of green jobs

Improve public health

Reduce risks to people and property

Enhance national security

Create a legacy of leadership and conservation

...and avert catastrophe.

Opportunity

Page 17: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

How Do We Plan Toward the Best of Both Worlds?

Page 18: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

100” 200” 300” 400” 500”

Wetland

SAV

Diverse Housing Types,Sizes and Affordability

Plan by Raymond Curran

Parking Garage andOn-Street Parking

Alley and ParkingBehind Buildings

Local Street Along Greenways and Parks

Renovated Existing Buildings

Special Public Spaces

Viewing Piers, MarinasTour Boat Facilities

Bioretention Areas

Parking Lot Screening

Restored Historic Building

100-YEAR FLOODPLAIN

Restored Tributary

Preserved Ecologically Sensitive Area

100-FOOT SETBACKIn Parks, Greenways, andNatural Areas

70-FOOT SETBACKIn Built Riverfront Areas

44

4

4

4

4

4

44

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4 4

4

4

Mixed-Use Buildings Public Buildings Residential Buildings

Resilient Riverfront

Communities

Protect Tidal Wetlands and Floodplains

Soften and Restore

Shorelines

Page 19: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

REVITALIZING HUDSON RIVERFRONTSIllustrated Conservation & Development Strategies for Creating Healthy, Prosperous Communities

This document was prepared with technical and financial assistance from the New York State Department of State

www.revitalizinghudonsriverfronts.org

Page 20: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

100” 200” 300” 400” 500”

Wetland

SAV

Diverse Housing Types,Sizes and Affordability

Plan by Raymond Curran

Parking Garage andOn-Street Parking

Alley and ParkingBehind Buildings

Local Street Along Greenways and Parks

Renovated Existing Buildings

Special Public Spaces

Viewing Piers, MarinasTour Boat Facilities

Bioretention Areas

Parking Lot Screening

Restored Historic Building

100-YEAR FLOODPLAIN

Restored Tributary

Preserved Ecologically Sensitive Area

100-FOOT SETBACKIn Parks, Greenways, andNatural Areas

70-FOOT SETBACKIn Built Riverfront Areas

44

4

4

4

4

4

44

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4 4

4

4

Mixed-Use Buildings Public Buildings Residential Buildings

• Identify built and natural assets at risk

• Steer development away from shorelines and floodplains

• Site new infrastructure out of the 500+ year floodplain

• New structures elevated or resilient

• Employ softer, greener shoreline treatments where appropriate

Page 21: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Four Basic Typologies

Linear RiverfrontPark

Natural Area

Community Park

Built Riverfront

IVERFRONT IDOR

One of the most positive, forward-looking steps waterfront communities can take is to establish a riverfront greenway corridor along their entire shoreline. The greenway corridor serves as continuous, open space along the riverfront that provides public access, recreation, and habitat protection. Wherever conditions allow, this mostly vegetated corridor should extend inland to the 100-year floodplain boundary OR 100 feet from the mean high-water line, whichever is GREATER.

Riverfront greenway corridor uses can be thought of as falling into four

: The most urban form of the riverfront greenway corridor that functions as a direct extension of the adjacent downtown area or municipal center. It provides public access to the riverfront and should include lively, mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly public destinations drawing upon local cultural, economic, and environmental assets.

Linear Riverfront Parks: Long, narrow public areas within the riverfront greenway corridor that offer uses such as walking, fishing,

The Riverfront Greenway

This mostly vegetated corridor should extend inland to the 100-year floodplain boundary OR 100 feet from the mean high-water line, whichever is GREATER.

100 / 100 rule

Page 22: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

A Gradient of Riverfront Communities

Page 23: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Sea-Level Habitats Ramshorn Marshphoto: Jeffery Anzevino

Legend

Projected River in 2020

Projected River in 2050

Projected River in 2080

RIVER INUNDATION µ0 0.5 10.25

Miles

Current River

Identify Resources, Risks, and

Vulnerability:Cornwall’s Waterfront

on Sea Level Rise

yv

dT

r

3k

Page 24: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector
Page 25: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Inunda&on    Zone

Page 26: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Inunda&on    Zone

Tidal  Wetland

Page 27: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Inunda&on    Zone

Tidal  WetlandHardened  ShorelineNatural  Shoreline^^^

Page 28: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Inunda&on    Zone

Tidal  WetlandHardened  ShorelineNatural  Shoreline^^^Inundated  Infrastructure  ROW

Page 29: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Inunda&on    Zone

Tidal  WetlandHardened  ShorelineNatural  Shoreline^^^Inundated  Infrastructure  ROW

j

v

y

d3 r yT

kv

Page 30: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

III

III. CONNECT PEOPLE TO THE RIVER

The Hudson River is the natural asset that makes the waterfront such an attractive place to live, work, and play. Providing public access to, along, and into the river should be a priority of all shoreline development. In built riverfront areas, this can take the form of plazas for public festivals, concerts, and farmers’ markets; esplanades and boardwalks for walking; and piers and marinas. Community parks, buffers, and natural areas also are essential for connecting people to the river. It is important to link riverfront areas to each other as well as to significant inland destinations like downtown shopping districts, parks, residential areas, and tourist attractions. These connections can be fostered through a system of sidewalks, trails, bike paths, roads, public transit, trolleys, ferries, or water taxis supported by attractive signage, landscape furniture, and sufficient lighting. By connecting people to the Hudson, riverfront development can stimulate investment in our riverfront municipalities while enhancing quality of life.

The NYSDOS Coastal Management Program and LWRP call for protecting, maintaining, and increasing the level and types of access to the waterfront and water-related recreation resources. Accomplishing this requires balancing the following factors: the amount and types of waterfront access desired by the public, the capacity of infrastructure to provide access to the waterfront, and environmental constraints to providing access.

When located adjacent to the shore, development should provide for water-related recreation whenever such use is compatible with both reasonably anticipated demand for such activities and the development’s primary purpose. Funding for projects that connect people to the river, such as parks, boat launches, and docks may be provided by the NYSDOS; NYSDEC; NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation; the Hudson River Valley Greenway; and the Hudson River Foundation.

Soften and Restore Shorelines

Page 31: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Dead stout stake to secure geotextile fabric

Eroded streambankInstall additional vegetation like live stakes, rooted seedlings, etc.

Compacted soil about 1-foot thick

Live cuttings

Geotextile fabric

High tide

Streambed

Low tide

2 to 3 ft.

Hei

ght v

arie

s: 8

-feet

max

.

* Not to scale

3 to 4 feet

NOTE: Rooted/leafed condition of living plant material does not represent time of installation.

Rock fill

Dead stout stake used to secure geotextile fabric

Live stakes

Geotextile fabric recommended

Streambed

Low tide High tide

Riprap

Esopus Meadows Watertrail Preserve, Esopus

Foundry Dock Park, Cold Spring

Page 32: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

* Not to scale

2 to 3 feet

Low tide

Streambed

Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineering systems

High tide

Gabion baskets

Geotextile fabric

Erosion controlfabric

Compacted fill material

Live branch cuttings(1/2 to 1 inch diameter)

NOTE: Rooted/leafed condition of living plant material does not represent time of installation.

Page 33: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Protect Tidal and Supratidal Habitats Ramshorn Marsh

Page 34: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Restore Tidal and Supratidal Habitats Hudson South Bay

Page 35: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Tidal Wetlands Non-Tidal Wetlands NHP Occurrences

Legend

Current

Page 36: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Tidal Wetlands Non-Tidal Wetlands NHP Occurrences

Legend

2020

Page 37: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Tidal Wetlands Non-Tidal Wetlands NHP Occurrences

Legend

2050

Page 38: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

Tidal Wetlands Non-Tidal Wetlands NHP Occurrences

Legend

2080

Page 39: "Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" by Sacha Spector

A Roadmap to Resilience