climate mrv for africa phase 2 development of national ghg ... · civil aviation – methodology...

Climate MRV for Africa – Phase 2

Development of National GHG Inventory

ENERGY – Mobile combustion (transport)

Project of the European Commission

DG Clima Action EuropeAid/136245/DH/SER/MULTI

Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess

and Laura Lahti

Team Leader and Key Experts

April 2017

Lead partner

National GHG Inventory – key elements

Steps in preparing the national GHG inventory

Energy: Mobile combustion - Transport

Energy: Mobile combustion

5 main source categories:

Road

Off-road

Aviation

Railways

Water-borne

3 main GHGs: CO2 CH4 N2O

Energy in the overall GHG matrix, 2013

Transport contributes

about a quarter of energy

sector GHG emissions

Global emissions: 32.2 GtCO2 (2013)

Transport contributes close

to half of energy sector

GHG emissions

Ethiopia

Road Transportation

Road Transportation - scope

6 sub-categories:

Cars

Light Duty Trucks

Heavy Duty Trucks

Motorcycles

Evaporative Emissions from Vehicles

Urea-based Catalysts

Liquid and gaseous fuels

Catalytic converter emissions (non-combustion)

Two types of activity data can be used

Fuel sold (quantity combusted): use for CO2

Vehicle kilometres (distance travelled): use for CH4

Use both approaches as validation (QA/QC)

CO2 Emissions from combustion

Tier 1: Default IPCC carbon content of fuels

Tier 2: Country-specific carbon content of fuels

Road Transport - methodology

Road Transport – methodology (CO2)

CO2 from combustion: Main equation (IPCC 3.2.1)

A B = A x B

Fuel sold (TJ)

x Emissions factor

(kg CO2/TJ)

= CO2 emissions (kg CO2)

A1 A2

Fuel consumption

(unit)

x Net calorific

value (TJ/unit)

B1 B2

Carbon emissions

factor (kgC/TJ)

x Molar ratio

(44/12)

Road Transport – methodology (CO2)

CO2 from Urea-based catalysts (UBC) (IPCC 3.2.2)

A B C = A x B x C

Additive consumed

(Gg)

x Purity of urea

(%)

x Carbon factor


C1 C2

12/60 (Carbon fraction in

urea, CO(NH2)2)

x 44/12 (Carbon fraction

in CO2)

Notes:

Additive: 1-3%

of diesel used

Purity: 32.5%

(IPCC default)

CH4 and N2O emissions are more difficult to calculate

Depend on vehicle technology, fuel and operating

characteristics

Total Fuel Sold much more certain than disaggregated

fuel consumption and vehicle kilometres data

Emissions from biofuels to be included and reported!

Road Transport – methodology (CH4 / N2O)

Road Transport – methodology (CH4 / N2O)

Choice of Tiers

Tier 1 - fuel-based emission factors

- fuel consumption

- equation 3.2.3 (IPCC)

Tier 2 - fuel-based emission factors, specific to vehicle type

- fuel consumption


Tier 3 – detailed country-specific vehicle kilometre data

– activity-based emission factors by vehicle type

- modelling


Decision

Tree

CH4

N2O

Fuel sold/consumed

Is it disaggregated for on-road / off-road?

Is there any double counting with e.g. Agriculture?

Could some fuel be used for stationary combustion?

Is there data for biofuels and blends?

Cross-check by using data for vehicle type & vehicle km

Vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT)

Tier 1 – useful for comparison (QC)

Tier 2 & 3 – necessary (by fuel, vehicle type, road type)

Sample surveys or annual checks of commercial vehicles

Other parametres – vehicle technology and age

Road Transport – Activity data

Biofuels are not included for CO2 emissions

As the CO2 released is re-absorbed by tree/plant

grow, there is no additional CO2 emitted. Any net

change is reported in the AFOLU source category

Biofuels are included for CH4 and N2O emissions

They are additional emissions, not accounted for

anywhere else in the inventory

Road Transport – Biofuels

Off-Road Transportation

Relevance: vehicles and mobile machinery in:

o Agriculture

o Forestry

o Industry (incl. construction)

o Residential (recreation, gardening)

o Other (airport grounds)

Emissions: CO2 , CH4 , N2O

Same methodology as Road transport

Challenge with data due to dispersed/discrete nature

CO2 – consumption by type of fuel at national level

Challenge obtaining activity data

Urea-based emissions if relevant

Off-Road Transport - scope

Off-Road Transport – methodology (CO2)

CO2 from combustion: Main equation (IPCC 3.3.1)

A B = A x B

Fuel sold (TJ)

x Emissions factor

(kg CO2/TJ)


A1 A2

Fuel consumption

(unit)

x Net calorific

value (TJ/unit)

B1 B2

Carbon emissions

factor (kgC/TJ)

x Molar ratio

(44/12)

Decision

Tree

CO2

CH4

N2O

Civil Aviation

Civil Aviation - scope

Domestic aviation:

Commercial passenger planes

Agricultural planes

Private jets and helicopters

International and military aviation – excluded

Fuels: jet fuel (kerosene/gasoline), aviation gasoline

Operational cycle:

Landing and Take-off (LTO) – 90% of emissions

Cruise – 10% of emissions

Civil Aviation – methodology (CO2/CH4 /N2O)

All Tiers separate Domestic vs. International flights

Tier 1 - fuel-based emission factors

- fuel consumption (jet fuels & aviation gasoline)


Tier 2 - fuel-based emission factors, specific to vehicle type

- fuel consumption (jet fuels only) for LTO and Cruise

- equations 3.6.2. to 3.6.5 (IPCC)

Tier 3 – detailed country-specific vehicle kilometre data

– activity-based emission factors by vehicle type

- modelling


Fuel consumption

Number of Landings/Take-offs

Detailed aircraft/flight movements

Civil aviation – Activity data

Decision

Tree

CO2

CH4

N2O

Civil Aviation – methodology: Tier 1

Fuel consumption based only (IPCC 3.6.1)

A B = A x B

Fuel used (TJ)

x Emissions factor

(kg/TJ)

= Emissions (kg)

A1 A2

Fuel consumption

(unit)

x Net calorific

value (TJ/unit)

B1 B2

Carbon emissions

factor (kg/TJ)

x Molar ratio

Civil Aviation – methodology: Tier 2

4-step calculation (Domestic vs. International)

Step 1: Estimate Total fuel used for aviation (data)

Step 2: Estimate LTO fuel used

Step 3: Estimate Cruise fuel used

Step 4: Estimate LTO and Cruise emissions

LTO fuel used = Number of LTOs x Fuel used per LTO

Cruise fuel used = Total fuel used - LTO fuel used

LTO emissions

= Number of LTOs

x LTO emission factor

Cruise emissions

= Cruise fuel used

x Cruise emission factor

Water-borne Navigation

Water-borne Navigation - scope

All types of water-borne transport:

Large cargo ships

Fishing and Transport boats

Recreational vessels

International and military vessels – excluded

(to confirm if domestic: check tax & duty data)

Fuels: diesel (mostly), fuel oil/natural gas (some)


Water-borne navigation – methodology

2 Tiers only (all emissions - CO2 , CH4 , N2O )

Separate for Domestic vs. International activity

Tier 1 – default or country-specific emission factors by fuel

- fuel consumption by fuel type

Tier 2 – country-specific emission factors by fuel

- fuel consumption by fuel, vessel and engine type

- check EMEP/EEA emissions guidebook (2005)

Water-borne navigation – methodology

Tier 1 and Tier 2 equation (IPCC 3.5.1)

All emissions: CO2 , CH4 , N2O

Fugitive emissions (e.g. oil tankers) – report separately

A B = A x B

Fuel used (TJ)

x Emissions factor

(kg/TJ)

= Emissions (kg)

Railways

Railways - scope

3 types of locomotives:

Diesel

Electric

Steam (coal)

Fuels: diesel, electricity, sub-bituminous coal

Electricity – accounted for in stationary

combustion


Railways – methodology

CO2 - Tier 1 and Tier 2 only

CH4 , N2O – all 3 Tiers (Tier 3 – by engine use)

Tier 1 – default emission factors by fuel

- fuel consumption overall (regardless of locomotive type)

Tier 2 – country-specific emission factors by fuel

- fuel consumption overall

- (if available – by locomotive type)

Railways – methodology

Tier 1 and Tier 2 equation (IPCC 3.4.1)

All emissions: CO2 , CH4 , N2O

A B = A x B

Fuel used (TJ)

x Emissions factor

(kg/TJ)

= Emissions (kg)

Thank you!

Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess and Laura Lahti

climate mrv for africa phase 2 development of national ghg ... · civil aviation – methodology...

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