climate-neutral berlin 2050 - 名古屋大学€¦ · the role of cities in climate and energy...

Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin

The Role of Cities in Climate and Energy Policy

Climate-Neutral Berlin 2050

Lothar Stock Director General Climate Protection and Energy Senate Departement for Urban Development and Environment Berlin

Developing Cities, International Symposium, Tokyo, 5. November 2015


Berlin – Facts and Figures

• Growing city • Global warming • Economic challenges • Creative hot-spot

Marvin Siefke / pixelio.de

Etienne Rheindahlen / pixelio.de Jens Havelberg / pixelio.de

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Berlin – Facts and Figures • Capital city of Germany and one of the 16 German states (Länder) • Administration: Central administration (Senatsverwaltungen) and 12 districts

• Population: about 3.5 million, density: 3809 inhabitants/km2 • High population growth, forecast: 3.75 million by 2030 • Refugees: approximately 40.000 in 2015

• GDP 2012 at 117.3 billion (low), above- (German) average growth rate of 2.2 % • unemployment rate at about 11 % in 2014 (German average 6.7 %), decreasing tendency • mainly service sector, also creative industries, research,

media and IT, tourism (about 9 million visitors per year)

• green city: around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes

• remarkable public transport system, biggest metro system in Germany • motorisation rate: 324 cars/1000 residents in 2014 (German average 538/1000); more than 50 % of all households own no car • share of private motorized transport is decreasing despite of growing population

(from 38 % in 1998 to 30 % in 2013)


Administration

Population

Economy

Infrastructure/Transport

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Climate and Energy Policy in Berlin The

Numbers

• Lowest per capita Emission • central and large scale CHP

important • Renewables only marginal (electricity

and heat) • Major source: Buildings (private,

industry, services)

CO2-Emissions by fuel sources 1990 - 2012 CO2-Emissions in tonnes per capita PEC by fuels in 2012

Sources of electricity production in 2012 Emission by Source 2012

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Climate and Energy Policy in Berlin

Year Instrument/Action Aim/problem 1990 Berlin Energy Saving Law (BEnSpG) Support of economically and ecological

environmental and social energy supply and consumption, goal -25% CO2 emission reduction by 2010 (Regulatory law)

1990-2010 Different Regional Energy Programs As required under the BEnSpG, mainly sets of individual measures, no closed concepts

1998 Conclusion of 1st Climate Protection Agreement Agreements of firms/organizations on concrete aims, measures and investments for emission reduction; energy supply, housing companies, public and private firms (Voluntary action).

2006 Energy Program 2006 – 2010 (final Regional Energy Program)

Reduction of energy consumption and emissions, no goals, loose/no follow up on implementation

2007-2013 Climate Protection Council Expert advice council for Senate (representatives of interest groups)

2010 Energy Concept 2020 „Energy for Berlin“ Bidding and Procurement Law (AVG)

CO2-reduction through energy efficiency, CHP & RE in energy supply, goal 20% by 2020, loose/no follow up on implementation. Obligation to respect ecological criteria in publ. procurement.

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New Strategy: Climate-neutral Berlin 2050 2011/2012

Coalition agreement : „Getting Berlin climate neutral by 2050“

2012 Special Unit on Climate Change and Energy

2013/2014 Feasibility Study „Climate Neutral Berlin 2050“

currently Setting up „Berlin Energy and Climate Program“ Energy Turnaround Law

to come Implementing Berlin Energy and Climate Program

Feasibility study

Energy Turnaround

Act

Berlin Climate

and Energy Program

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Feasibility study: Climate-Neutral City Berlin 2050

• Can Berlin become climate neutral until 2050

• Which requirements have to be fulfilled?

• How can energy related CO2-emissions be reduced under different conditions?

Lead interest

• Compilation of comprehensive analysis of CO2-emissionen and reduction potentials in different areas (energy generation and transport, mobility, households and consumption, buildings and urban development, economy)

• Development of reference scenario and two alternative future development scenarios for objective achievement

• Development of strategy recommendations for a climate protection path

• Development of measures and lead projects

• 80 % Emission reduction possible

• 2 scenarios „centralized efficient city“ and „decentralized network city“

• Linking electricity and heat sectors, using excess electricity

• Large potential for solar energy (PV and thermal)

• Recommendations of action for each of the target areas

• Regional effects on the economy

Tasks

Results

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Feasibility study: Climate-Neutral City Berlin 2050

Source: Machbarkeitsstudie Klimaneutrales Berlin 2050

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Energy Turnaround Act • Legal foundation for quantified reduction targets (40% by 2020, 60% by 2030, 85% by 2050)

• Fixing instruments for goal achievements

• Framework legislation addressing the public sector

• Basis for the development, implementation and monitoring of Berlin energy and climate protection Program (BEK)

• Continuation of climate protection agreements

• Implementation of climate adaption monitoring

• Master plan CO2-neutral city administration

• Modernization schedule for public buildings (energy management, renovation) • Legal implementation of advisory council • Other: adaptation, education, energy

• Climate protection and adoption as educational content • Development of a climate friendly energy production and supply • Increased use of renewable energies

• Early May first pass Senate, and council of Mayors (Bouroughs) • Mid June second pass Senate • Currently at parliament (committee discussion) • By end of the year: parliamentary adoption

Specific Goals

General Goals

Timeline

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Berlin Climate and Energy Program

• Key plan for climate and energy in Berlin1010 • Measures in different field of actions (energy supply, economy, transport, urban

development & buildings, private households & consumption) • Responsibilities and timeframes for implementation • Monitoring plan • Broad participation (online participation, workshops, events) • Sub-programme on adaptation • To be presented end of 2015, Senate decision requirement

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Berlin Climate and Energy Program

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New Strategy: Climate-neutral Berlin 2050

• Reduction of per capita CO2 emissions below 1.7 tons till 2050 • Reduction of CO2 emissions by 40 % till 2020, by 60 % till 2030, by 85 % by 2050 (compared to

1990) • Stronger influence on public service tasks (energy infrastructure) • Strengthen role model function of public sector • Better coordination of climate and energy policy

Source: Machbarkeitsstudie Klimaneutrales Berlin 2050

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Climate Adaptation - Impacts Expected climate impacts in the city of Berlin

• By 2050, yearly average temperatures will have risen by up to 2.5 degrees Celsius.

• There will be more summer days, hot days and tropical nights.

• The number of frost days will decrease.

• Hot spells will increase in frequency, be more intense and last longer than at present.

• The yearly amount of precipitation will decrease only slightly.

• However, precipitation events will shift from the summer to the winter half-year. Winters will be wetter and summers drier.

• Extreme weather events such as intense rain will become more frequent.

Calculated increase of summer days in Berlin

Source: SteP Klima

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Climate Adaptation – SteP Klima

• Instrument of regional/spatial planning

• meant to be an integrative, cross-departmental instrument, set of weighing-up and control tasks rather than a detailed set of instructions

• no final, closed concept but initial strategy as basis for further discussions

• adopted in 2011, updated in 2015

• preserve the quality of life in the city in the face of climate change and to improve it wherever possible

• maintain the concepts of »compact city« and the »city of short distances« as they are best suited to ensure an urban environment worth living in under the conditions of climate change

• prevent health impairments to citizens caused by heat stress in built-up and open spaces, minimise damage caused by climate change-related extreme weather events,

• stabilise the water ecosystems in the face of changing precipitation patterns,

• prevent an increase in the frequency of combined sewer network overflow and the resulting pollution of Berlin’s water resources,

• preserve rest and recreation opportunities in nature areas, open spaces and on Berlin’s waterways,

• provide adequate reachability of new settlement areas via rail-bound public transport,

• and ensure that the utilities and waste disposal infrastructures remain fully functional.

Nature

Urban Development Plan (Stadtentwicklungsplan /SteP Klima):

Main Goals

Specific goals

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Climate Adaptation – SteP Klima • In several fields of activity, StEP Klima defines a graded, spatially differentiated setting

for climate protection and adaptation to climate change in Berlin:

• bioclimate in populated areas,

• green and open spaces,

• water quality and intense rain,

• climate protection

• Measures e.g. • Greening of roofs and facades • increase the albedo and the heat storage capacity of roofs, facades and sealed

surfaces through the use of heat insulating materials and light colours

• preserve existing trees along streets and in courtyards for the shade they offer and plant new trees

• No full coverage, does e.g. not concern energy industry, tourism and the health

sector

• No comprehensive monitoring of climate impacts

Climate adaptation requires an integrated approach across all types of infrastructure planning and multiple levels of government.

Fields of acticity

Further needs

Source: SteP Klima

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Climate Impact Monitoring • necessary prerequisite for further climate adaptation

planning, is meant to enable policy makers to respond to climate change adequately

• assesses a great variety of different state- and impact-indicators state-indicators: illustrate state of the environment that is subject to changes by anthropogenic and other influences (e.g. temperatures, summer and heat days, precipitation) impact-indicators: illustrate actual climate impacts in different sectors such as air, water, soil, biodiversity, health, forestry

• first data was made available in 2015, indicators will now be monitored continously

• data will be made available online

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Climate Adaptation Planning • in the making, will be presented by the end of 2015

• action is also required by the Energy Turnaround Act

• Identifcation of current and future climate changes

relevant to the system (using different climate models including IPCC scenarios, down scaled to the city of Berlin)

• Assessment of physical and social risks and vulnerabilities

• Development of a comprehensive adaptation strategy covering all relevant fields, outline a set of adequate measures

• Participation of relevant stakeholders from administration, politics and economy (workshops/interviews)

• Development of an outreach concept to facilitate its implementation

• Development of a strategy to monitor and reevaluate implemented adaptation options

Status

Procedure

Comparison of different climate models

Source: PIK

Using path models to identify need for action

Source: PIK

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Thank you for your attention!

[email protected]

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