CLIMATE SMART LANDSCAPE‐BASED INTEGRATED  WATERSHED 

DEVELOPMENT: EXPERIENCES FROMDEVELOPMENT: EXPERIENCES FROM INDIA 

Scale of Operations

People impacted > 1 million

W t h d Vill 1 265Watershed Villages 1,265

Project Villages 2,776

S 6States 6

Area covered > 7,23,605 ha

People trained > 320,000

Support provided to Projects in Somaliland, Kenya Tanzania and Malawi

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Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi .

WOTR’s CompetenciesTHEMATIC AREAS & COMPETENCIESTHEMATIC AREAS & COMPETENCIES

• Watershed/ Ecosystems Development and Natural Resource ManagementResource Management

• Climate Change Adaptation• Integrated Water Resources ManagementIntegrated Water Resources Management• Sustainable Adaptive Agriculture and Food Security• Rural Livelihoods• Health, Sanitation, Hygiene, Nutrition• Gender, Inclusion (equity) and Women’s Empowerment, ( q y) p• Renewable Energy• Capacity Building and Training• Institutional and Systems Development• Knowledge Management-Action Research , Development

Communication• Policy Dialogue

Clima

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Market Forcesonte

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Market Forces

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Depleted  Natural Resources

Fractured Vulnerable Communities

The Effects of Water Scarcity The Effects of Water Scarcity Women and Children are not sparedWomen and Children are not spared

Long distances to fetch fire wood Tanker fed VillagesLong distances to fetch fire wood a e ed ages

Malnourished children Cattle sheds during droughts

The WOTR Engine for Adaptive Sustainable Development

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Watershed/ Ecosystems Development - A Climate-Development A Climate

Smart Strategy for Sustainable Agricultural

DevelopmentDevelopment

MEASURES -AREA TREATMENTS

Stone Bunds

DRAINAGE TREATMENTS/LAND USE CHANGES

Integrating Bio‐Diversityg g y

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Adaptive Sustainable Agricultureficiency

Water

ER

 Use Ef f Water 

AvailabilityCropping Pattern

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Tem

ent, Soil Health and  

Environmentally safe Practices

Pilot Crop Demos/ Farmer Field Schools

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Water Budgeting

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Water Conservation Technologies

Integrated Pest Management

Conserv g

Integrated Water‐Nutrient C Management

On Field Interventions – Learning By Doing 

Water Efficiency Enhancing Systems Agro AdvisoriesWater Efficiency Enhancing Systems Agro Advisories

Farmer Field Schools School Exposure Trips for Learning & Validation

Locale‐ Specific Meteorological Information

Automated Weather Stations installed in 51 villagesAutomated Weather Stations installed in 51 villages

Weather information displayed on boards in villages

Awareness creation amongst villagers

Agro‐Meteorology software development is in 

Training for villagers

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Weather based, Crop and Locale Specific Agro-Advisory Provisioning: A Systems Diagram

Climate Smart Community Adaptation: Scaling Up with Feet on the Ground 

WOTR has developed/ adapted the following Tools and Frameworks for Context Assessment and Decision Making:Frameworks for Context Assessment and Decision Making:

• CoDriVE‐ PD: A Vulnerability Assessment Tool

• CoDriVE – PA and Livelihoods: A Project and Livelihoods Adjustment Tool

• Modified People’s Biodiversity Register (M‐PBR)

• Children’s Biodiversity Register (C PBR)• Children s Biodiversity Register (C‐PBR)

• Participatory 3‐D Modeling (P3DM)

• Community Disaster Risk Management (C‐DRM)

• IT‐enabled GIS and RS – supported Decision Support SystemsIT enabled, GIS and RS  supported Decision Support Systems

IMPACTS

Strategies & ApproachesDarewadi ‐ 1996Darewadi  1996

Darewadi ‐ 1999

Darewadi ‐ 2009Rejuvenates & Diversifies Natural Resourcesj

Revitalizes Local Economies

Strengthens Relationships

Impact Details

Income From Agriculture (1996 – 2009)

50

60Income From Agriculture (1996 – 2009)

% of Change=427% over 13 Years : for one year =33%

40

50

ROI : 600% over 13 Years : for one year =46%

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1996 - 1.27 0.32 2.41 2.61 - 4.01 10.61

Cash Crops Cereal Oil seed Pulses Vegetable Milk Fodder Total

1996 1.27 0.32 2.41 2.61 4.01 10.61

2001 15.10 1.93 0.02 0.75 5.25 1.06 8.54 32.65

2009 32.53 4.13 0.04 0.92 2.63 0.82 14.88 55.93

The Impacts of Watershed DevelopmentThe Impacts of Watershed Development

Barren land decreased by 74% decreased by 74%

despite a 32% decline in rainfall.

A t d f 15 ill l d th f ll iA study of 15 villages revealed the following:

• Productive wells increased by 29%• Area under irrigation increased by 233%• Area under irrigation increased by 233%• Cropped area increased by 25%• Agriculture employment went from 4 to 10 months /year locally (150% increase)• Distress migration declined by 84%Distress migration declined by 84%• Milk production increased by 143%• Production of Food crops by 65%• Vegetable production by 64%Vegetable production by 64%

Water Shortages : Fading Memories Water Shortages : Fading Memories

Increased Resilience to Climate Change

Some Policy Impacts  

• Capacity Building as a distinct and preparatory phase included in all Go ernment and large scale WSD Programmes in Indiaall Government and large‐scale WSD Programmes in India

• The Watershed Development Fund (NWDF) set up by Govt. of I di b d hi h d l d d h IGWDPIndia based on this approach developed under the IGWDP.

• Participatory Net Planning (PNP) adopted in Govt. Programs  

• Secured permission to treat Govt. Forest land 

• Government of Maharashtra adopted the handholding approach• Government of Maharashtra adopted the handholding approach of WOTR involving NGOs and facilitating agencies‐ “Mother NGO/ Resource NGO” 

• The Rajiv Gandhi Watershed mission (MP) adopted the PNP & Village Envisioning methodologyg g gy

HOW IT IS DONE PUTTINGHOW IT IS DONE: PUTTING PEOPLE AT THE CENTREPEOPLE AT THE CENTRE

An Inclusive Community Involvement• The Village chooses to implement the project (self‐selection)

• Agree to non‐negotiable disciplines

• Village institutions involved:• General Village Body (Gram Sabha of all adult members)• General Village Body (Gram Sabha of all adult members)

• Village Council and the Village Development Committee  (representative of all communities including landless poor) ( p g p )

• Women’s Self‐Help Groups & their Apex Body 

• Forest Protection Committee & others 

What is done: Community EngagementCommunity Engagement

Village Envisioning 

Capacity Building

Participatory Net Planning (PNP)

Adopting a “Systems Approach”

Implementation Implementation 

Maintenance of Accounts, Records  and Reporting

Participatory Impact Monitoring & Peer Group Assessment

What is done: Important Aspects for continued Important Aspects for continued Community Engagement & SustainabilityCommunity Engagement & Sustainability

Key Issues consciously addressed:

Inclusiveness and equity (community takes responsibility)q y ( y p y)

Gender Sensitivity

Transparency Transparency

Plan for Sustainability:

Maintenance Fund

Water Budgeting g g

Quality Education & with an eco‐systems focus

Linkages with government and other service providers

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Linkages with government and other service providers

Addressing related issues (eg renewable energy; rural tourism)

Managing It AllManaging It AllIT‐ enabled, GIS and Remote Sensing –

supported Decision Supportsupported Decision Support , Documentation and Monitoring 

Systems 

Project Area – LISS-IV satellite imageses

Project Area – LISS-IV satellite images ro

ach

Transition area Rainshadow area

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Akole Cluster Pathar I & II

Socio Technical ApproachUsing Technology for Context Assessment & Decision making

Net Planning using Mobile GPS

Socio-Economic DataData

Net Plan Data

Crop Mapping within single gat  using mobile GPSp pp g g g g

Pre‐Treatment Scenario(Dec 1992) Kumbarwadi Watershed988 ha/ 500 mm rainfall for all images

Dec 2000

988 ha/ 500 mm rainfall for all images

Post‐Treatment Scenario (Dec 2011)

Class Dec 1992 (ha) Dec 2011 (ha) % Change

Wasteland 362.45 255 ‐42Water spread area 2.48 3.64 +32

Cropland 290.92 328.15 +11

Canopy Cover 81 85 114 47 +29Canopy Cover 81.85 114.47 +29

Total 988.33 988.32

Programs, Funders & Partners

• Climate Change Adaptation Program• Indo German Watershed Development Programp g• Sujala Watershed Development Program

SHMM Trust

Government of MaharashtraGovernment of Andhra PradeshGovernment of Madhya PradeshSHMM Trust

Fund Gove e t o ad ya ades

Knowledge Partners

World Agroforestry Centre

India Meteorological Centre Department

Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, MPKV

Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, CRIDAg ,

Bharati Vidyapeth Institute of Environment Education and Research

Concluding Considerations• Climate Change impacts ecosystems, water resources,Climate Change impacts ecosystems, water resources, 

communities, livelihoods and economic activities – all are rooted in and interact within and across watersheds

• Building adaptive capacities needs to take into consideration the inter‐relationships between these components, identify p p , yvulnerabilities and undertake measures that ameliorate risks to them

• In rural economies, developing contexts, livelihoods and well being depend upon nature and the quality of environmental g p p q yservices

• Watershed based sustainable landscape management, p g ,improved water use efficiency, climate smart agriculture, better value chain management and increased market access will help build adaptive capacities, mitigate risks and reduce vulnerabilities of the poor 

Thank You!Thank You!Catching Rain Everywhere…