climate unit i. definitions s a. weather--day by day variations in temperature (temp),...
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CLIMATE UNIT
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I. Definitions
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A. Weather--day by day variations in temperature (temp), winds,pressure and precipitation (ppt)
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B. Climate--average seasonal weather for an area, usually described in terms of monthly averages of temp and ppt.
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Before we can study about weather and climate we
need to know a little about Earth movements and Earth/Sun relations.
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II. Earth Movements & Earth/Sun Relations
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A. Rotation1. The earth rotates on its axis.
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2. It takes 24 hours to make one complete rotation.
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3. Therefore, when we look at rotation we can talk about day and night and time zones.
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B. Revolution1. The earth revolves around the
sun.
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2. It takes approx. 365 days to make one
complete revolution.
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3. Therefore, when we look at revolutions of Earth around the
sun we can explain seasons.
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See diagrams and handout.
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North Pole
South Pole
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Circle of Illumination
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
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North Pole
South Pole
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Circle of Illumination
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
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North Pole
South Pole
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
Circle of Illumination
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III. Climate ElementsA. Temperature
(temp.)--the amount of heat in the
atmosphere.
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B. Precipitation (ppt)--the falling moisture
onto the earth, rain, snow, sleet, hail, fog, etc.
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C. Air Pressure & Wind
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1. Air Pressure--is the weight of the air (the air being forced
down or let up.)
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2. Wind--horizontal movement of air.
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*******************************The climate controls act upon the elements to produce
different climates. ******************************
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IV. Climate Controls
A. Latitude
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1. Low Latitudes or Tropics
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a. Area between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn (it actually extends a little north and south to 30N and 30S).
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b. Tend to be warm to hot year round.
c. Where the sun’s rays are perpendicular
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Low Latitudes
30 N
30 S
0
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2. Middle Latitudes or Temperate Region
a. 30 to 60 North and 30 to 60 South
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b. Neither hot nor cold--will get cold part of the year and hot part of the year.
c. Has seasons
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Middle Latitudes
Low Latitudes
Middle Latitudes
60 N
30 N
30 S
60 S
0
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3. High Latitudes or Polar Regions
a. 60 to 90 North and South
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b. The sun is never directly overhead
and with the times of darkness it
gets very cold.
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High Latitudes
Middle Latitudes
Low Latitudes
Middle Latitudes
High Latitudes
90 N
90 S
60 N
30 N
30 S
60 S
0
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Cold all year
Cold all year
Seasons
Seasons
Hot all year
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B. Continentality
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1. In general, large land masses will have greater changes in temp.
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2. Land will get hotter and colder depending on the temp. of the air.
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3. Large bodies of water stay relatively the same temp. all year.
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4. Therefore, if wind crosses over water to get to a place it will stay relatively the same temp. all year.
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If it crosses over land there will be greater variations of temperature change.
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C. Elevation
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1. The higher up a mountain
you go--the cooler it gets.
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2. For every 1000’ the temp.drops
3.6 F.
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3. Therefore, in highland areas the temp. will vary depending on where you are on the mountain side.
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A
B C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
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D. Atmospheric Circulation
1. General Facts
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a. The Low Lat. receive
more heat.
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b. Heat is transmitted to the higher lat. by
ocean currents & atmospheric circulation.
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2. Pressure Systems
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a. Because of uneven heating, areas of high and low pressures develop.
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1) Low Pressure
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a) Where the earth is relatively hot the atmosphere is heated causing the surface air to expand and rise.
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b) i.e. Heated air rises--expands and is less dense--low pressure.
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L
H
H
30 N
0
30 S
Hadley Cell
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2) High Pressure a) As the air cools it becomes more dense.
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b) Air begins to sink--High
Pressure
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30 N
0
30 S
L
H
H
60 N
60 S
L
L
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b. Air moves from a High Cell to a Low Cell along the surface of Earth.
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c. As the air moves parallel
to Earth wind systems develop.
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d. Because of Earth’s rotation the winds are deflected to the left in both the Northern Hem. & the Southern Hem.
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Coreolis Effect
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e. Therefore, air moving out of a High Cell in the Northern Hem. is clockwise & counterclockwise in the Southern Hem.
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f. As the air moves into a Low Cell it is counterclockwise in the Northern Hem. & clockwise in the Southern Hem.
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H
L
Northern Hemisphere
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H
L
Southern Hemisphere
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Northern Southern Hem. Hem.
High Cell CW CCW
Low Cell CCW CW
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g. High Pressure Cells -- stable weather conditions, clear, dry (no ppt.)
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h. Low Pressure--unstable, rainy, windy.
(hurricanes,typhoons, cyclones,tornadoes, willy willies, etc.)
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3. Wind Belts a. Out of the High Cells we get winds as the air moves to a Low Cell.
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b. In a Low cell the air is rising--
no wind.
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c. In a High cell the air is
sinking-- no wind.
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d. Winds are named from where they come. --See diagram.
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Westerlies
Westerlies
NE Trades
SE Trades
0
30 S
60 S
30 N
60 N
Horse Latitudes
Horse Latitudes
Doldrums
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4. Air Masses a. Independent of the wind systems, masses of air move into an area.
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b. Each has its own temp. & ppt. characteristics.
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1) Warm Masses, Cold Fronts, etc.
2) Marine vs. Continental Air Masses.
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c. Fronts are places where a mass of warm air meets a mass of cold air.
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When they meet--clouds and ppts. occur. Usually clear afterwards.
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High Cell--DryDry
Low Cell--WetWet
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E. Ocean Circulation 1. Ocean currents help move the heat from the equator to the
poles.
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2. Ocean Currents are clockwise in the N. hemisphere and counterclockwise in the S. hemisphere.
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3. Each current is considered a warm, hot, cool or cold current depending on where it is.
4. See Map.
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5. In general,a. Warm currents: along the equator
b. Hot currents:
W side of ocean
E side of continents
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c. Cool currents: near Arctic and Antarctic circles
d. Cold currents: E side of ocean
W side of continents
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6. Moisture is not picked up from a cold current. It will be picked up from a hot current.
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Hot Current--WetWet
Cold Current--DryDry
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F. Mountain Barriers
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1. Barriers will block the winds and funnel them in different areas
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a. Rocky Mts. funnel the winds through the Great Plains and block south California
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b. The Alps block cold air from the
north keeping N. Italy warm
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c. The Himalayas keep India
warmd. etc.
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2. Orographic ppt.
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Warm, moist air
Dry air
Windward-- wetwet
Leeward-- drydry
Dew Point
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a. Deserts can result on the
leeward side (Atacama Desert)
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b. Rainy on the windward side (Washington & Oregon--windward of the Cascade Mts.)
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