climate + urban life

Workshop at

from Research to Design

climate+urban lifeMareike Krautheim | Ralf Pasel

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A workshop by:Ralf Pasel - pasel.künzel architectsMareike Krautheim - MKA

MaHKU students:Ana AbashidzeXenia ArmaoPembe BirinciParamita DaradasihOlga van LingenOtto PaansBambang PramonoFederico ViolatoAnneroos van VredendaalCiu XunZhang Meng

Editor:MKA and MaHKU studentsEditiorial Coordination: Mareike Krautheim

MaHKUUtrecht Graduate School of Art and DesignInterior Design and Public Space Design2011

from Research to DesignMareike Krautheim and Ralf Pasel

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Content

climate+urban life

AssignmentsWeek 1Week 2 Week 3Week 4Week 5

TemperatureOtto PaansAnneroos van Vredendaal

WindParamita DaradasihZhang MengCui Xun

SunFederico ViolatoXenia Armao

LightPembe BirinciBambang Pramono

WaterAna AbashidzeOlga van Lingen

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climate+urban lifefrom Research to Design

| Form follows climate!| Topics: temperature, wind, sun, light and water| How does climate effects urban life? | What are the climatological influences on urban space?| How can climate be located in Utrecht?| How do specific climatological aspects affect spatial concepts in Utrecht?

8 9Mareike Krautheim: [email protected] / Ralf Pasel: [email protected]

climate+urban life from research to design

MaHKU | Mareike Krautheim + Ralf Pasel

Love your experiments (as you would an ugly child).

Joy is the engine of growth. Exploit the liberty in casting your work as beautiful experiments, iterations, attempts, trials, and errors. Take the long view and allow yourself the fun of failure

every day.

(Bruce Mau, Manifesto for Growth)

The interdependence between climate and physical space is rather complex: Usually architecture is an irrevocable artefact made for many years, while climate is dynamic system that is hardly predictable for more than a few days.

In the beginning, every creative project allows for a speculative and intuitive approach in order to get to a deeper understanding of climate as a parameter that has a direct impact on urban life. Climate is context!

This first step comprises two main aspects: On one hand we would like to stimulate our speculations and assumptions in order to use our fresh mind when entering a field of research - on the other we should guide our attempts and develop a systematic process that is not based on intuition but on scientific research. Meandering between subjectivity and objective facts is in fact not an ambiguity for a designer, but his strength and the added value he or she can give to a proposal.

The project will constitute of two parts, a research phase, to test and apply different research methods in order to explore the topic and a transformation phase with the objective to translate the findings of the research into a strategy for a spatial concept.

Every week we will debate on a core issue or a crucial question regarding the topic of the project.

week 1 - 25:10:011

Mareike Krautheim: [email protected] / Ralf Pasel: [email protected]



Core issues:

How does climate effect urban life?

What are the climatological influences on life in the city?

Parameters? > e.g. Map of influences + effects

Problems? > e.g. Problem tree

Potentials? > e.g. Mental map of chances and possibilities

Do also consider how climate is perceived (or not) by urban dwellers.

Schedule week 1:

25:10:011 morning: theory / research methods > to THINK!

Start: Presentations

debate and theory input about:

potentials, possibilities and restrictions of climate in urban context

25:10:011 afternoon: applied research > to DO!

‘physical’ workshop researching on the core issue and working on the storyboard.

Transferring findings into a ‘graphic’ product.

End: Present findings in a keywords, diagrams, graphics and images.

Specific topics with climatological relevance regarding urban life/issues will be derived

e.g. sun, water, wind, light, weather and thunderstorms, time, etc.

Week 1: Homework (due 02:11:011)

Research on your specific topic and work it out in analytical diagrams, graphs, drawings, sketches and images.

Prepare 20 slides for (Pecha Kucha) presentation next week (20 slides x 20 seconds).

Write a half A4 summary of your findings.

General comment:

Make sure you mention all quotes and sources correctly.

week 1 - 25:10:011




Go deep. The deeper you go the more likely you will discover something of value.


Climate and it’s influence on urban space

Research climatological ingredients with regard to their spatial qualities for the city.

Think about city structures, urban patterns, architectural and landscape elements, etc.

Research on reference projects and analyse their key aspects.

Core issues:

Develop a urban vocabulary related to your topic.

What principles for public space can be derived from the climatological impacts?

Which are potential (spatial / architectural) solutions?

Consequently, what are the effects on the city(life)?

week 2 - 01:11:011



MaHKU | Mareike Krautheim + Ralf Pasel week 3 - 01:11:011

Schedule week 3:


Start: Student presentations (Pecha Kucha, 20 slides x 20 seconds)

Compare possible spatial aspects and their effectiveness deriving from climatological impacts.

Debate on different approaches.


‘physical’ workshop focussing on one key aspect of your research with all its spatial consequences.

Remember problem tree, objective tree? - Turning problems into potentials!

End: Present findings in keywords, analytical diagrams, graphics, images and reference projects.


15:11:09 Mid term presentation!

Continue researching on your specific topic, set the focus on deepening your knowledge and concentrate on finding further key aspects and ‘solutions’.

End your presentation with translating your findings into the specific context of Utrecht.

Work on analytical diagrams, graphs, drawings, sketches and images and support your findings by reference projects.

Prepare 20 slides for Pecha Kucha presentation next week.

Write a summary of your research and give an outlook on the potentials and the relevance your research may have on Utrecht

General comment:

Remember to make sure you mention all quotes and sources correctly.

Bring a printed version (A4) of your presentation to put up in the studio.




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Allow events to change you. You have to be willing to grow. Growth is different from something that happens to you. You

produce it. You live it. The prerequisites for growth: the openness to experience events and the willingness to be changed by them.


Climate and space - one coherent story!

Research and focus on one specific climatological aspect that relates to space from the perspective and the logic of your specific topic. Focus on the spatial qualities and the potentials (for the city).

Deepen your research using analytical diagrams, reference projects and maps.

Never forget: production is the key to success!

Core issues:

1. First deepen the previous findings and extract and develop one key aspect out of your research you consider relevant for the topic. Describe the situation and/or the problem and show the potentials and/or your aims.

Mention: facts and figures, influences, potentials, reverence projects, etc...

Be specific in your research and name the important things. Make sure you develop a coherent research that follows a specific logic. What is the topic? Why is it relevant? How does it perform? How does it influence space? Which potentials could be derived out of it? (etc...)

Remember you can’t solve all problems - make a clear definition of the question of your project.

Specify your research accordingly.

2. Then relate your research to the specific climatological context of Utrecht and show the challenges and ambiguities relating to your topic.

What could the impact of your topic be in a specific situation? How could you transfer your findings of the research into a specific context?

Analyse the relevant aspects in drawings, diagrams and all that helps communicating your ideas.

week 3 - 08:11:011

Utrecht

potentials

change

growthspace

optimize

decline

impact

climate




Schedule week 3:






‘physical’ workshop focussing on one key aspect of your research with all its spatial consequences.

Remember problem tree, objective tree? - Turning problems into potentials!

End: Present findings in keywords, analytical diagrams, graphics, images and reference projects.


15:11:09 Mid term presentation!

Continue researching on your specific topic, set the focus on deepening your knowledge and concentrate on finding further key aspects and ‘solutions’.

End your presentation with translating your findings into the specific context of Utrecht.

Work on analytical diagrams, graphs, drawings, sketches and images and support your findings by reference projects.

Prepare 20 slides for Pecha Kucha presentation next week.

Write a summary of your research and give an outlook on the potentials and the relevance your research may have on Utrecht

General comment:

Remember to make sure you mention all quotes and sources correctly.

Bring a printed version (A4) of your presentation to put up in the studio.




Capture accidents. The wrong answer is the right answer in search of a different question. Collect wrong answers

as part of the process. Ask different questions.(Bruce Mau, Manifesto for Growth)

Climate and location - Show the importance of your topic to the city of Utrecht

Focus on your specific climatological topic and it’s relevance to Utrecht.

Develop a spatial project out of the climatological logic of your research.

The project shall be located in Utrecht and the site you choose for should be particularly suitable for it.

This weeks focus will adress two core issues:

1. the development of a project as such, and

2. to find a specific site in Utrecht for it.

1. the project can be any spatial strategy, an object, an installation, something abstract or in contrary very specific.

What is the relevant content of your project? and which means do you choose to let it speak? What do you want to demonstrate? What could be the best way to do so? How can climate perform? What should your project include?

In brief, show the relation and dependency of your specific topic to space, on a specific site in Utrecht. Address a specific issue that can be approached from a technical, a poetic and/or a playful side.

2. analyse your location and demonstrate its suitability.

Make diagrams, maps and analytical drawings supporting the choice of your site. Formulate the geographical, spatial, social and other conditions that are relevant to your site.

Think about what the impact of your topic in a specific situation is? What is the benefit for the city? What do you want to show? What effects apply and what impacts do they have?

Be precise and think of circumstances (spatial, ...) that will support and accentuate your ideas.

week 4 - 15:11:011




Schedule week 4:






Find the topic for the project and test its effectiveness for the city of Utrecht.

End: Present findings in keywords, sketches, images.


Continue to work on your specific project according to the logic of your climatological research.

Apply and develop your project for a specific site in Utrecht.

Produce drawings, sketches, models and whatever is needed to communicate your idea(s).

Present your production material in design meeting.

Write a short(!) summary of your project and how it relates to your research.

General comment:

From now on studio structure will change to design meetings and ‘round table talks’ instead of Pecha Kucha presentations.




Make your own tools. Hybridize your tools in order to build unique things. Even simple tools that are your own can

yield entirely new avenues of exploration. Remember, tools amplify our capacities, so even a small tool can make a big difference.


Climate and location - Show the importance of your topic to the city of Utrecht

Continue to work on your strategy and your project.

Stay focus on your specific climatological topic.

Show the connection of your project to Utrecht.

Specify and enhance the analysis of your location.

Work on a clear story!

The story should be coherent from the general research to the specification in Utrecht to the resulting project. In other words it should be coherent from day one of the studio till the last.

Follow the logic of your strategy and it will result in a spatial implementation.

The last three weeks of the studio will be dedicated to developing the spatial strategy and the final product.

Produce clear and high-quality drawings, analytical diagrams, 3D images and everything that is needed to explain your story from the first idea to the final project.

week 5 - 22:11:011




Schedule week 5:

22:11:011 morning: spatial strategies and context

Start: Short student presentations and critics


How do the projects ‘contextualize’?


22:11:011 afternoon: workshop

Deepen and specify your idea in collaboration with your climatological team mate.

Be very clear and outspoken in formulating your project.

End: Present findings in keywords, sketches, images.


Continue to work on your specific project according to the logic of your climatological research.

Deepen the relation to the context of your site.

Produce drawings, sketches, models and whatever is needed to communicate your idea(s).

Present your production material in the next design meeting.

Write a short(!) summary of your project and how it relates to your research.

18 temperature - 19

Temperature can be considered a secondary phenomenon: it is experienced by heating through sun, cooling through wind, seasonal and positional changes and material proper-ties. The influence of temperature reaches far: it dictates clothing, spatial organization, social habits, moods, and plays a central role in the discussion about global warming. The following research trajectories investigate how people - but also other life-forms - deal with temperature, either through strategies, artistic statements, and architecture. The research results will be utilized in formulating spatial strategies in dealing with specific temperature-related situations.

Otto PaansAnneroos van Vredendaal

This is cool!

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Research into the human action radius, vernacular architecture and natural architecture Strategies influence form, material properties and appearance

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10 CO>

summer - ventilating and cooling

winter - closing and warming

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20 temperature - 21

Temperature - Necessity dictating shapes

This research trajectory investigates which role temperature plays into the many adap-tions undertaken by both humans and nature to deal with climatological circumstances, especially temperature.

The human body and it’s temperature limitations for functioning has been the starting point of this research, leading into the fields of behavior, adaption and temperature extremes. Traditional, local forms of architecture can be considered extensions to the body to moderate the immediate climate to optimize and ease performance. Vernacular architecture in all its different forms shows how humans have utilized natural phenomena like air temperature, air flow, sun exposure and shadow to shape their housing, often with very limited means. These local forms of architecture exemplify a perfect adaption to the local climatological conditions. The same principle applies to natural architecture. Ter-mite heaps, burrows and cacti exemplify the natural counterpart of human architecture and adaption. Especially the natural architecture and its working mechanisms has been influential in the further course of this research.

Otto Paans

Summer - ventilating and cooling

Winter - closing and warming

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Analysis of the climate on the platforms: wind, sun and precipitation exposure.

surface geometry

adaptive shape

surface control

growth model

activity range

material versatility

precipitation exposure

wind exposure

temperature exposure

condensation

network of shade

windbreaker

shade reflection/absorption

volume/surface

lightcatching

ensemble

volume/surface

lightcatching

ensemble

22 temperature - 23

Urban - Cactus - Extreme - Station

When it comes to temperature extremes, few life-forms are better adapted than cacti. Their environment has extreme temperatures, exceptional differences in minimum and maximum temperature (up to 50 degrees), long periods without rainfall and infertile, sandy soils. To deal with these circumstances, cacti have evolved a wide array of tools to develop without wasting any resources, limit evaporation and manipulate the micro climate around their outer skin. The most notable strategies are the spines, which serve as multi-tools and the typical dome-like form. Out of these strategies, mechanisms have been identified. These mechanisms form the toolbox for designing with temperature.

Analogous to this situation, small train stations are among the places where the climate is being experienced on a regular basis. The fact that minimal efforts have been under-taken to limit the exposure to severe climatological circumstances does not enhance the experience. Thus, the visitor is exposed to the whims of the climate, and finds himself in a position which is not entirely unlike that of the cactus. How does one react from a design perspective to this situation?

material versatility

activity range

growth model

network of shade

condensation

shade

precipitationexposure

windexposure

temperatureexposure

volume/surfaceensemble

reflection/absorption

windbreaker

surface control

adaptive shape

surface geometry

winter

spring

summer

500 100 150 200 cm

transparent silicone layer

temperature protection

precipitation protection

windprotection

white coloured metal striptransparent polyurethane skin

24 temperature - 25

Attention...this is a moderated station!

A number of strategies employed by vernacular architecture and cacti has been adapted within design, called a ‘moderator’. To counter the exposure to various climatological circumstances, the moderator consists of a ‘skin’ in which a person can wait for his/her train to arrive. This skin blocks sunlight in summer while allowing it in during the winter, alternately cooling and warming the volume. To enhance the shading effect during sum-mer, strips of white-coloured metal reflect the sunlight. While heating is to be avoided in summer, it is desirable in winter. To maximize the area of transparent surface, the skin has an undulating form. This feature balances the heat/light interests. The round form ensures a minimum of turbulence around the moderator. The rounded roof shelters against direct sunlight and precipitation and allows it to be dispatched quickly.

To enhance the use of the moderator, it has an inner surface of transparent silicone, which forms itself to the human body. The moderator has been designed to stand in, but it is possible to lean comfortably. Due to the material properties of the silicone, the wall will be heated by the sunlight which passes through the skin and the body heat of the user.

Research and impression of the ‘moderator’ - a skin which limits the exposure to the surrounding climate.

spring

winter

summer

The design of the ‘moderators’ on the platform, fully exposed to the climate.

transparent polyurethane skin white coloured metal strip transparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layertransparent silicone layer

precipitationprotection

temperatureprotection

windprotection

Christo and Jeanne-Claude + Pipilotti Rist

high ˚C = people go outside = more social contacts occur

low ˚C = people stay their comfort zone = less social contacts

Once we were accustomed to low temperatures = we stretch our winter comfort zone if we set by

The lower the molecules go > the colder it will be

Heat stressExhaustion = moist/ glammy skin + pupils dilated + normal/ subnormal ˚C Stroke = dry hot skin + pupils constricted + very high body ˚C

Wind chillmeasured by temperature and wind speed

Typical Dutch phenomena; wearing layers of clothes

26 temperature - 27

Temperature - ˚Climate

Temperature is measure by moving molecules; the faster the molecules goes, the warmer it will be. The temperature rise is the main reflect of climate change, that is where the term ‘urban heating’ comes from. The heat stays between the high-rise buildings, because the materials can’t absorb or reflect it. Plus there is less green and water in the city; an important aspect that can absorb or reflect it.

A warm construction works as a human skin and can be a future solution for urban heat-ing. Heat stress occur even because of high temperatures in buildings where people most of the time stays. People also experience the opposite of temperature by wind chill; mea-sured by temperature and wind speed. The excess can be expressed in emotional value.

Temperature can have influence on our mood. We can influence the mood over people in a positive or negative way. To reduce our temperature-dependent behavior we need to function more like the evergreen plant, which is in the same condition every season. For example the people in Norway, they are already set on low temperatures.

Anneroos van Vredendaal

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Amount of layers to protect against temperature

%..%

..%Attractiveness of a public space with a pleasant temperature

Energy supply and demand are in balance, balance between absorb and release http://www.warmbouwen.nl/home/slideshow-principe

Balance inner and outside

Absorb energy/ give back to environment

Moisturizing

Architectural neutral

Shell acts as a skin

‘Looking green’ + natural materials

Transfer heat + light

Breathing

28 temperature - 29

Protection and accessibility

Two totally different European architectural examples shows how people react on archi-tecture that’s related to extreme temperatures. Both temperature architectures deal with climate changes based on extreme temperatures and make use of it, but in real different ways related to the world habitats. It’s both for emergencies in the long time limit. Both designs also work with the distance and access to people.

The ‘Ecoboulevard’ in Madrid is a temporary, moving design that stabilizes the urban climate, based on solar panels, relative humidity and introduces more green. It has an attractive influence on people and ensures that it will bring people back to the street, also because of the cooler temperature.

The Global Seed Vault in Norway, arouse different reactions. Some people think the safe-guards are excessive and it gives other people a reassurance. The seed is protected under a lot of layers against the global heating. Related to a typical Dutch phenomena, is that we protected ourselves by wearing layer clothes during the variation of temperatures.

My fascination about temperature is the dominance of this invisible phenomenon, this determines our lifestyle. My assumption refers to fact that when there is a pleasant tem-perature, the habitats of Utrecht go outside, where arises a wave on more social contacts. When the temperature is low, the habitats stays inside in their own comfort zone. My aim is to create the same social contact in wintertime that exists outside during sum-mer. I noticed that the warmest outside place in the monastery yard near the Dom church is during wintertime. This environment functions as a microclimate and creates the most pleasant place outside. People have a short stop and a small activity.

I created an outside comfort zone to keep the people longer to join the characteristic environment. It is a public furniture, warmed by a water pump water-water system. The groundwater has a constant temperature of 10 to 14°C and is usually abundant. The spot of the design arose from the climate cards; situated to the rise of the sun and the view to the Dom tower. The communal furniture is build up out of different zones, separated by heights. The whole design is located under the zero line, to sit wind free on different sitting levels. For this design Cristo and Jeanne Claude and also Pipilotti Rist inspired me. They are capable to creating a pleasant, mysterious atmosphere outside.

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30 temperature - 31

Stretch your winter comfort zone

Climate cards about the microclimate in the monastery yard, searching for the best comfort zoneImpressions of the outside comfort zone

32 wind - 33

Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. The ultimate cause of earth’s winds is solar energy. When sunlight strikes earth’s surface, it heats that surface differently. Newly turned soil, for example, absorbs more heat than does snow.

Uneven heating of earth’s surface, in turn, causes differences in air pressure at various locations. In many locations, wind patterns exist that are not easily explained by the gen-eral principles outlined above. In most cases, unusual topographic or geographic features are responsible for such winds, known as local winds. Land and sea breezes are typical of such winds. Because water heats up and cools down more slowly than does dry land, the air along a shoreline is alternately warmer over the water and cooler over the land, and vice versa. These differences account for the fact that winds tend to blow offshore during the evening and on-shore during the day. The presence of mountains and valleys also produces specialized types of local winds.

Paramita DaradasihZhang MengCui Xun

Introduction Wind

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Wind Effects in the City Wind Movement in the City

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General Research Wind

Warm Moist Wind

Warm Air

Prevailing Wind

Warm Air

Wind Effects

Corner Effect Funnel Effect Wind to multiple

high rise building

Down Wash Effect Row Effect Wind effect to single

high rise building

Turbulence Effect Cumulative Effect Building absence

Wind is air motion. It is produced by the uneven heating of earth’s surface by the sun. Since the earth’s surface is made of various land and water formations, it absorbs the sun’s radiation unevenly. Two factors that are necessary to specify wind : speed and direc-tion.As the wind blows, it might blows trough obstacles. Building, trees and bridges, are few of wind obstacles in the city. The impact of these obstacles are what we feel as wind ef-fects. There are various wind effect that we can feel in the daily life. For example, the hard blowing wind that we often feel when we are walking on the pedestrian walk, passing a tall building.

Paramita Daradasih

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Dance in the Wind Installation To see the wind

Inspiration

36 wind - 37

Visualising Wind Movement

To give sense of hear and touch

To a form of wind movement

With light and reflection

In daily life, wind is commonly recognizable visually by the movement of things in our surrounding. The falling leaves, and the waving grass are some of the most common clue of how the wind move around us. In the busy urban life, the beauty of wind movement is sometimes forgotten.

In this project, the key issue is to give awareness of the beauty of wind movement that is hard to see in daily urban life. To visualize the presence and movement of wind in the city, the process started with analyzing the effects of wind to solid mass and city scapes. How the shape of buildings and streets can affect the movement and strength of the wind. The next step is to analyze the many possibilities on how to translate these wind effects in to a visual art object. The main tools of visualizing those effects are light, reflection and movement.

Colored Floor Movement by wind strenghtReflected Light Installed Light

August 2012 , 6 knots

July 2012 , 7 knots

March 2012 , 9 knots

Dance With the Wind . Design Idea Form and movement study



July 2012 , 7 knots




July 2012 , 7 knots


38 wind - 39

Dance In the Wind at Neude Square

Design Idea

Movement Additional idea; reflection enhancer

> Reflected Light > Installed Light > Colored floor

The location for this project is chosen with the prediction of the many wind effects oc-curred in the area. Neude square, is a square located in front of the historical art deco building of Utrecht General Post office. The big buildings around this square produce multiple wind effects that made this area perfect for a wind kinetic sculpture installation.

Dance With the Wind Installation translates wind into visual movement and shape that changes according to the wind directions and strength . To come up with the desired movement and reflection, a light weight reflective material is needed for the installation. The material should be light enough to move to light breeze produced by the wind effects on the area. The chained material then locked to a hot air balloon. As the balloon rise up, the wind will blow both the balloon and the material, and it would have 2 kinds of movement. The balloon and the whole tower will move according to the wind direction, and the material around it will move like waves of water, as it turns and flip according to the wind speed.

August 2012, 6 knots

July 2012, 7 knots

March 2012, 9 knots

How the wind occurs

40 wind - 41


Wind is caused by differences in pressure. When a difference in pressure exists, the air is accelerated from higher to lower pressure. On a rotating planet, the air will be deflected by the Coriolis effect, except exactly on the equator. And the ocean current cause the dif-ference of the temperature, cause the difference of the pressure.

In the city ,the street between high buildings like a canyon, wind became bigger and big-ger when it throw it. Wind became the very common for citizen .

Air is everywhere, so wind always combine with other climate, bring different kind of feel-ings to people .

Zhang Meng

wind in the city

the general science of wind different feelings of people which cause by wind in different situation .

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two kinds of different phenomenon

42 wind - 43

Concept / Strategy - Wind and Urban Life

Wind is a kind of climate, the most common phenomenon in the world. winds have vari-ous names associated with their average strength, such as breeze, gale, storm, hurricane, and typhoon. The most special one is tornado, is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud .

Wind like a postman, it can take something from one place to the other. Such as sand storm, it’s a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions. Dust storms arise a gust front or other strong wind blows loose sand and dirt from a dry surface. In the city sand storm is a big problem of environment and a big trouble of daily life. However it has big beneficial effect of ecology, Central and South American rain forests get most of their mineral nutrients from the Sahara; iron-poor ocean regions get iron; and dust in Hawaii increases plantain growth.

wind can be very different & wind in netherlands

Wind takes sand around the world

the location and the shape of the container, I’d like to call it wind eggs

44 wind - 45

Proposal for Utrecht

From the research, I found some characteristic of wind, first is difficult to control, second can happen whenever, third it’s a kind of natural transportation, but you can’t forecast where the place it is. I want to combine the three main point of wind, I made a produc-tion, I call it wind egg! The shape it likes an egg and empty inside, but sharp in the front to increase the wind power when the things is blowing out. I will put it on the top of Rabobank’s new build-ing, where is just near city center, the most busy place in the city, because I want to more people can experience the phenomenon which the egg created. I do an analysis of the wind in Utrecht, both the level and the direction are variable in the year. Under the specific level add the specific direction the door of the wind egg will be open by wind, and the inside material will be blow out into the city. Depend on the 12 wind rose I made 12 eggs, each one contains different material inside .

bird's eye perspective // when the egg is open, the water blow out of the egg, if it’s sunny now you will see a rainbow on the sky .

the phenomenon in the city cause by the wind eggs

When the wind come from NW, over 3 Beaufort. It will blow the fluorescent pow-der. Like see the polar lights .

When the wind come from SW over 9 Beaufort. It will blow salt from it. Make people smell the sea and remember the begin of the year. Cheer up

When the wind come from South over 14 Beaufort .It will blow the sand. Because the sahara is on the south of Nether-lands, let’s feel sand storm in UTRECHT!

46 wind - 47


When it comes to wind, the first thing appears to people’s mind will be wind mill and turbine, of course, nowadays, wind power is becoming an important study for sustainable life. At the same time, wind landscape is also becoming a new interests for landscape designer, who can “play” with the wind, designers create wind sculpture like instruments, when wind go through the sculpture, it will plays music in public space, even large scale like wind park, with smart design with wind, it attracts people especially children’s eyes. On the other hand, ventilation system is another complex and interesting thing, which is mainly created by wind. Reasonable ventilation system in a house can reduce the energy consumption, more important, suitable ventilation design in a city can creates good at-mosphere to people, even influences climate. Over all, wind is not only a natural phenom-enon, but also contains potential advantages for human life.

Cui Xun

Not Ventilated Ventilated

Wind influences on plants and insects

Wind powered instrument sculpture

Wind turbine Wind energy landscape

Wind mill Solar wind bridge, Italy

Wind powered building

When the insects migra-tion changed by wind, the Plants variety will be changed follow this.

Wind speed and direction influence insects migration and plants grow-ing.

Not Ventilated Ventilated

Summer

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Winter

Ventilation system reduce energy consumption

Ventilation on the city- different building and plants structure of the city can change wind direction

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46.1

Microclimate in Chinese garden

Wind

48 wind - 49


From the general research, the ventilation system inspired me that, wind direction can be changed by building structure and trees, if wind speed can be reduced by walls or plants, the climate will be different in the city with good ventilation design, basic on that, I discovered that wind can helps to create microclimate in a closed area, such as Beijing courtyard and Dutch Hofjes. There is many yards and gardens had been built by closed walls, with plants, small lake, good ventilation system, certain amount of wind, rain and sunlight in it. Those elements create the so called Microclimate, which means the inside atmosphere( temperature, humidity, etc.) is different (better) from outside. Then I compared Beijing yards with Dutch yards, I found that the yards in this two countries had same ingredients to create better climate. The closed high walls can prevents big wind from outside, with one or two gates to ensure ventilation function; meanwhile, plants and water play important roles in Microclimate, plants like cherry tree, bamboo, and flowers have nice smell could easily blowed by the wind, bring fresh air and the fantastic smell of the flowers and grass; water can be transformed to humid air by the wind, to keep humidity for plants and to keep fresh air in that area. My idea is to create a Microclimate garden in the city ( the city has big amount of wind generally) is good to inhabitants go outside to enjoy the sunshine on windy day.

Rain and Sunlight

Beijing courtyard typology:The whole building closed by walls, rooms built around the wall, the walls prevent big wind go in, it has only one or two gates, wind can go though the yard, especially after the rain, wind can bring fresh air go in, to be able to recycle the air.

Hofje

The ingredients of creating Microclimate in both Beijing courtyard and Dutch Hofjes

Small square of water (most exists in Chinese courtyard)

Direction of the gates

Plants

Closed walls

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Cherry tree corridor with benches

Garden layout Entrance

Toleteeg en Rotsoord

L. Napoleonplantsoen

Bleekstraat

Utrecht

Nieuw Engeland, Th. a. Kempisplantsoen

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50 wind - 51

Proposal for Utrecht-Microclimate garden

Dutch weather is always with big amount of wind all over the year, Utrecht is located in the center part of The Netherlands, which has good weather condition compare with coastal city, it is easily to create Microclimate in the city, the fact is Dutch weather is rainy and windy during whole of the year, because of this people rarely go park or garden during windy day, this is the starting point that I wanted to create a secret garden with Microclimate in it, basic on the typology of Hofjes, to enlarge it to become a garden. People can stay in the garden and enjoy the sunlight in windy day. I call it “secret” garden because it is closed by walls, to prevent big wind go in, people cannot see what is going on inside, when people really come into it, it is like a different world with flowers, trees and nice air quality. At the same time, the materials of walls and the type of the plants is also important to create the garden, they are not only can pre vent the wind, but also can absorb sun-power to keep warm.

Location: Tolsteegplantsoen in Utrecht, The Netherlands

Wind influences garden with different layouts, the arrangement of the walls could prevent heavy wind from southwest, wind go inside through the gates, bring fresh air.

General wind direction from southwest. Sun Movement from East to West.

Bamboo, Miscanthus, etc. could show the wind direction, also, wind flows plants making sounds, which is like living in a mysterious world.

Material:Red sandstone, Glass, (absorb sunlight, store heat, wind-proof) Wood Board (Absorb humidity, eco-friendly)

Wisteria sinensis Sweet Miscanthus Phyllostachys viridis

52 sun - 53

The sun is the star at the centre of the Solar system.It’s a star of small to medium size, made essentially of hydrogen and helium, plus other heavy elements present in trace amounts. It is classified as a yellow dwarf. The Sun, like almost all the stars, is in the main se-quence, or a long period of stable equilibrium in which the star melts, in its core hydro-gen into helium. This process generates each second a large amount of energy, emitted in the space in the form of electromagnetic radiation (solar radiation). The Solar radiation, emitted mainly as visible light and infrared, allows life on Earth by providing the energy needed to activate the main mechanisms of life; also the insolation of the Earth regulates its climate and most meteorological phenomena.

Federico ViolatoXenia Armao

Introduction to the sun

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Worship of the sun The sun and mankind

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General Research Sun

Why “sun”? The term derives from the Latin “sol, solis,” which in turn derives from the Sanskrit “suryas” whose root, “SVAR” means “shine”.The man, from its origins has made the sun object of attention and, often, venera-tion. Some examples come to us from the first megaliths of Nabta Playa in Egypt and Stonehenge in England, built taking into consideration the position of the sun during the summer solstice. Another population who had the sun as the main object of worship were the Egyptians, who even supported the direct descendants of the pharaoh with the sun god Ra or Amon Ra.In classical mythology from the Greeks to the Romans, the worship of the sun has always been very strong. Curious was the cult of Sol Invictus, among the Romans: it was celebrated every December 25 with the priests who foretold that a virgin gave birth to the sun. Then with the advent of Christianity, the story has changed slightly.The man since he cane on earth, has always theorized the existence of a god, and the sun, was certainly, in human history, the most venerated one.

Federico Violato

Legend: Helvetica Neue LT Std, 57 Condensed, 6.5 pt

3060

500 1000

10

170°

140°

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Concept / Strategy - Sun and Urban Life

The sun, beyond this divine character that surrounds it, how do we perceive it now? How do we relate with him? What does it mean that “it’s sunny”? It means that there is light, there are colors, there is heat, and that there is visibility. But these are not the only mani-festations of the sun. Because the sun is also evident in his absence, which creates dark, cold, unconscious. And it is also manifested in the feelings that cause to us its presence or its absence. It creates ways of living, feelings and emotions. in Holland the presence of the sun is something fundamental to people who can not wait to enjoy it. But the urban plan plays against the sun, because it always creates areas where there is no sun, leaving them empty and underutilized. As a showcase for all the cities and all the citizens in the world to demonstrate how we can reclaim the right to the sun I designed this mirror that is able to bring the light in those areas, always in the dark.

erosion shadows shapes

light

division reactions behaviours

bother pleasure

‘sunright’ mirrors

Achter de Dom and Breedstraat

Janskerkhof

Proposal for ‘sunright’ spots in Utrecht

Pieterskerkhof

Janskerkhof

Achter de Dom

Breedstraat

Oudegracht

Oudegracht

Daalseplein

58 sun - 59


Utrecht has in his urban plan areas where the sun beats almost never because of the narrow streets and because of the houses that are very tall. This, at a social impact, has made these areas of the city less attractive and less used by people. The fact is that these spaces are present in abundance in the town centre, which already has a fairly narrow and intricate urban plan, effectively taking away space for the most basic daily activities. Dutch citizens being very addicted to the sun, but having so few places to enjoy it. The project “sunright” allows you to bring the beneficial effects of the sun even in those places that were always kept in the dark. Thanks to this system of mirrors, it is possible to direct rays of the sun at will, going to carry the sun in places where there was none before, making that places, in fact, more accessible.

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General Research Sun

The sun is essential for people and very important for urban life. When the sun shines people can take advantage of this fact, thus are involved in many outdoor activities. The sunlight creates different colors and impressions and influences the city and its residents. The problem comes for the cities with low average hour sun per year. With weak sunshine the temperature is lower and people do not have the opportunity to enjoy their city and the activities which are related to the sunlight.

Xenia Armao

The city without sun is empty and dark

The city with sun is always full of people

west eastmorning 11.00 a.m.

west eastafternoon 15.00 p.m.

south northafternoon 15.00 p.m.

south north morning 11.00 a.m.

west eastmorning 11.00 a.m.

south north morning 11.00 a.m.

west eastafternoon 15.00 p.m.

south northafternoon 15.00 p.m.

The solution

Oudegracht in Utrecht

62 sun - 63

The strategy - Sun and Urban Life

The Oudegracht canal is the most famous canal in Utrecht and along this canal there are many cafes and restaurants. The problem is that usually there is sunlight only in one side of the bank river and people prefer the side with the sun than this with shadow. Thus the side with sunlight is always full of people but the side with shadow most of the times is empty. The proposal strategy is an installation along the canal covered with glass –mir-rors (heliostats) that move during the day.

The problem

The façade of Oudegracht with the glass – mirrors (heliostats)

Oudegracht with the glass – mirrors

ThE CANyoN of LIGhTS

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The canyon of lights

The proposal is to bring sunlight into shadow. The sunlight first is reflected by the glass -mirrors and then is sent on the other side. During the day and according the different angle of sunlight the positions of heliostats change. Sometimes the sun is reflected direct on the other side and sometimes the heliostats work as zic-zac system. The result of this installation is that during the sunny days there is sun on both sides of the canal. In this way its side of the canal is full of the people.

66 light - 67

Light is an energy that is visible to the human eye, and responsible for the sense of sight. It makes everything visible around us or affords illumination. Light is the most important phenomenon of the planet. All the colors depend on light which make it the fundamental constant of the nature.

Natural or artificial, light is one of the most important need for the modern societies. Light provides healthy atmosphere to live in. With this reason, a non-stop living city re-quires the same atmosphere for the night and so artificial light becomes as important as natural light especially to illuminate the darkness .Day is visible with the natural light and night illuminate by the artificial one for different moods and needs.

Pembe BirinciBambang Pramono

Introduction Light

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General Research Light

Light has always been a creator of life. Light is the natural beginning and the main com-ponent of the urban life. I oriented my research trajectory towards the source of natural light, behavior of light, value of light and the effects of light in an urban context. No matter whether it is artificial or natural light, an object has the same attitude when there is a light source. Simply, there is highlight, core shadow and reflected light on an object and there is a cast shadow reflected on a surface. All these parameters are vari-able in accordance with the amount of light, the proximity between light and object, and the object’s texture. Light and shadow have spontaneous relationship and in the case of natural light this simple relationship can take different form according to the climatic conditions (relationship between sun and geographical location). Each climatic condition has different quality and quantity of light and we experience them as a sunlight, daylight, skylight and even moon light. People have different behav-iors and attitudes to the sunlight and sometimes shadow can be an indispensable part of the urban life as well as light.

It is unquestionable that if there is light, there is absence of light, the darkness. The day and the night. Everyday phenomenon of our planet. Day rolls into the night and night rolls out of the day. It is an ongoing relationship creates different moods and values. If darkness doesn’t bring the light as a morning surprise then there never be a mystery of the night.

Pembe Birinci

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When DAY rolls into the night, NIGHT rolls out of the day.

Light and the absence of light

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Concept / Strategy - Light and Urban Life

Starting from the ralationship between light and shadow and light and darkness, I con-centrated on the sun movements in different seasons. The lowest and the highest posi-tions of the sun and their shadow effects in different times of a day. The main startegy is to combine the sun diagram and its principles with a space in public area in order to demonstarte the value of light, the absence of light and their ongoing and continous rela-tionship. The main question was ‘How to materialize this relationship in a space’. Initially, I concentrated on the form of an object. Circular and cylindrical forms capture the light and reflect it in different shades, such as a gradient effect. Then I inspired by a puckered sheet which is the perfect example for this relationship. Floating effect of the light and the absence of it. It indicates the natural association of the light and darkness which was my main inten-tion to demonstrate.

Month: March Day: 21 Time:12:00 Plan, Landscape

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Parks are indispansible part of the urban life in Utrecht. They are important places for citizens to draw away from the busy city life and enjoy a sunny day. For this reason i de-cided to apply my startegy into a central park of Utrecht.My proposal is a light pavilion with the strategy of creating a light atmosphere by using natural light and bringing different values of light and darkness to demonstrate their ongoing relationship. The form created by using sun diagram as the basis and the interpretation of the horizon-tal and vertical movements of the sun. The organization of the space is arranged accord-ing to the sunrise and the sunset. The opening at the bottom side of the space will create a abstract sun effect and light will flow through the ceiling in differenet gradient and the top part will be seen darker than anywhere which enable thousands of dot lights to sparkle as a night view. All the surfaces have curve shape to catch the light and distribute it in different levels. The pavilion will distribute the importance of these two everyday phenomenon -light and darkness- and raise awareness of this interconnected relationship. The importance of darkness as much as light. It is going to create a continuous light and darkness condition in one day situation to indicate this natural assocation. More importantly, one spacific day in a year which is 21 of March -The first day of Spring- the sun light will flow from the top opening and will pass the bottom opening through the water to celebrate the coming of spring.

10:00 12:00 14:00

Summer

Artificial Light Illusion

cast shadow focal point

guide

dignitytorch

texture

Visible Light Spectrum

Artificial Light Illusion and the atmosphere created

74 light - 75

Artificial Light

Light is made up of electromagnetic particles that travel in waves. The human eye responds to only a small part of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. From the longest waves (lowest frequency) through the shortest waves (highest frequen-cy), lighting specialists identify the electromagnetic wave regions as 1) radio waves, 2) microwaves and radar, 3) millimeter waves and telemetry, 4) infrared, 5) visible light, 6) ultraviolet, and 7) x-rays and gamma rays. The “visible light spectrum” is that small part of the electromagnetic wave spectrum seen as colors. The visible light spectrum ranges from about 700nm (nanometers) to about 400nm. In order, the colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. These are the colors of a rainbow from top to bottom, by light the color made possibleAn absence of darkness --> Artificial light makes experiencing natural night-timeArtificial light is any light that is not sunlight. Artificial light is light which is man made, such as fluorescent, tungsten, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, halogen, compact fluores-cent, et cetera. It can be turned on and off at a flick of a switch. There are also very special types of artificial light for specific purposes Such as infared heat lamps, ultraviolet lights for plant growth and tanning, et cetera. With artificial light, it is possible to create an illusion whether by shadow or projected laser even somehow limited by color.

Bambang Pramono

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How does it work How inhabitant’s heat turn into power to generated illusion by light

people hea

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people come at certain point, the termo cameras capture the heat, trans-ferred into energy to light on the light systems

light illusion will be shown the artefact of Hoog Catherijne Castle, but at certain event will be adjust by request.

the certain point position of the people will define which light illusion will be shown thermographic camera

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Interaction inhabitants with the City

Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. A closely related term is interconnectivity, which deals with the interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to surprising emergent phenomena.

Interaction between inhabitants and the city. There are many sources of light. The most common light sources are thermal: a body at a given temperature emits a characteristic spectrum of black-body radiationThe heat of inhabitants will captured by thermo camera then transfer into power to light on the Hoogh Catharijne. The light will be dimmed when less people appeared.

This interaction may shown how city reacted based on resident action of gathering at certain spot that marked as open space.

light illusion will be shownthe artefact of Hoog Catharijne Castle, but at certain event will be adjust by request.

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people hea

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Torch of Light

By history, the Vredenburg square integrated with The Utrecht Centraal Station is the center of Utrecht. Recently, this site became the entrance and exit gate. Although served as an entrance, not every people who passing by, knew the history of this melting point. So, to remains them of the city history, an interaction between people and the city called Torch of Light is need to be design.This illusion by light, interpreted the past of Hoog Catharijne Castle by projecting the past facade. The purposed of this projection is simply guide the inhabitants to recalled the origin of the Utrecht City Center.On occasion even the illusion may vary by purpose.

80 water - 81

How can a simple chemical formula H2O have such a huge impact on human’s life?Water that is transparent, odorless and covers 70% of our planet. Our body contains 60% of water as well. Water exists in nature in the three main stages, as a gas: water vapor, as a liquid: fluid water and as a solid: ice. At room temperature, water is a liquid without specific color. Water moves continually though hydrological process. Water has a very important role to keep the temperature on the earth It is important to realize the importance of water for human and for all the living crea-tures on the earth, although it’s impossible to fully understand the enormous meaning of it existence.

Ana Abashidze

Olga van Lingen

Introduction Water

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gateway to the river

Use of water and access to the water in the ancient city ‘Uplistsikhe’ in Georgia water and space

road made of stone slabs

source

channels

gateway to the river82 water - 83

General Research Water

‘If there is magic on this planet, it is contained in water.’ (Loran Eisely, The Immense Journey, 1957)

The essential components of urban development are based on water. An ancient city ‘Uplistsikhe’ (“the lord’s fortress”), a historical heritage of Georgia, is an interesting case. Water was a crucial element for preserving and developing the status of main political, economical and cultural centre from BC.X till XV AD. The city is situated near the river Mt-kvari, which played significant role for agriculture, trade, transport and even for defense. Spring water was distributed from the high mountains through the channel and it was the local source of clean water for each family. For many years the city was regarded as one of the most developed places of this area and it was due to the key factor of water.

What is the role of water today and how we experience it? All developed cities are equipped with different water distribution systems, though we experience it in another sense. In atmosphere a water vapor becomes heavy on a certain temperature and starts to fall down. During rain the air is wet, there are sounds of rain drops and we smell a certain aroma of rain. A visibility is different, which changes our perception of the envi-ronment. People’s behavior changes, they try to create their own space by putting up the umbrellas.

Ana Abashidze

System 1: Drinking water distribution System 2: Access to the river by a secret gateway

System 3: main gateway to the main road which connected Black and Caspian Sea

System 4: Usage of water in agriculture

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Utrecht in the rain Utrecht on a sunny day

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Transformation of a behavior and different perception of an environment is the main component that rain brings to the city. Randomness of people in the streets changes the atmosphere of public space. People shapes are different, since they are standing under the umbrella, separated from each other. Communication in public space is also rare; no one stops to feel the full atmosphere. The main goal was to give an opportunity to the people to feel what’s happening around, realize the unique changes around them, experi-ence and feel the rain. The sponge became a tool for the concept of self transformative umbrellas. The shelter for people, which will become a key factor to collect people during rain, without separa-tion to occupy public space, to communicate and feel the new environment that rain creates for them.

Dry sponge Sponge filled with water

By squeezing the sponge returns into its original form

EXPERIENCE ThE RAIN

Impression of Vredenburg square

By evaporation during dry weath-er the ‘umbrellas’ contract into a straight column. The water is

collected and delayed dis-tributed onto the square and from there into the sewage.

The unfolded ‘umbrellas’ form a shelter during rain periods.

During rain the sponge absorbs water and expands.

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In Utrecht it often rains. During sunny days, streets are full of people. Especially the city center is crowded, although during rain they have to cover themselves or go into the roofed place. Vredenburg square is in the center of Utrecht next to the central station that is the main connection and mobile area. The square is mostly empty during rain. The spongy umbrellas will be distributed throughout the square area. During rain the sponge will collect water and become bigger, it will create shelter for people. The aim is to stimulate people to use the public space during rain, to feel difference, communicate and meet each other.

The umbrellas will be open during rain, but when it stops, the sponge will get smaller, and the umbrellas will be closed. The umbrella as a water collector will keep the water for a short period and will thereafter bit by bit demonstrate water on the square.Under the umbrella people will hear, feel and discover new sense of the environment. Rain will change the public space in a different way, make it open for people to feel the atmosphere that nature gives us to experience.

SENSE of ThE RAIN

‘Umbrellas’ folded ‘Umbrellas’ unfolded

Functioning of the ‘umbrellas’

three important topics led to the main topic one of the ways to deal with water, used as an inspiration by fashion designer Iris van Herpen

STARTING POINTS

60%71%

use

importance

awareness

THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF WATER

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General Research Water

Water plays a major role in our lives, as you can see in the first illustration. The Nether-lands is inextricably linked with water. The life of Dutch is largely devoted to water man-agement. To give an example: without the protection of dikes, large parts of our country would be under water.We deal roughly with water in two ways: we use it in a purposeful way, such as entertain-ment.And we protecting ourselves against the water, such as water sewerage.Annual there is 690 to over 900 millimeters of precipitation in the Netherlands. Where does all the water go?In the research I deepened three topics, these are illustrated on the left page. I had a number of questions: what is the behavior towards water? How do infrastructure and water react on each other? And do we realize how important water is?All these topics came to the main topic: the presence and absence of water.

Olga van Lingen

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amsterdam monday 08:30 pm. weather: normal, no precipitation amsterdam thursday 11:00 pm. weather: a lot of rain and wind amsterdam saturday 13:00 am. weather: snow everywhere

dam square monday 08:30 pm. weather: normal, no precipitation dam square thursday 11:00 pm. weather: a lot of rain and wind dam square saturday 13:00 am. weather: snow everywhere

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Concept / Strategy - Water

We actually play hide and seek with water in the Netherlands. If we need water, we get it from the crane. If water is not desired, we disguise it.The presence of water in a certain space or area does a lot to humans. An interesting ex-ample is the behavior of people during precipitation. Some of the frequent reactions are: suddenly everybody moves faster, they occupy more space by using their umbrellas and the choice of transport changes. These are interesting reactions towards precipitation. But most of the time these are negative loaded reactions on the presence of water.I want to show water in a positive manner. Can we show the amount, movement, absence and presence of natural water? In particular natural water as a precipitate in the form of rain.A strategy which uses the amount of natural water, precipitation. The rain comes rightly in a system, such as a canal. Subsequently changed the water and that results in a move-ment in the design.

precipitation

the water in a ‘system’

water pile

movement

movement of different transport (walking people, bicycles and cars) on the Dam in Amsterdam in different weather conditions and times

various cistern systems by De Urbanisten

water storage facilities were the square visible makes use of by De Urbanisten

amsterdam monday 08:30 pm. weather: normal, no precipitation

dam square monday 08:30 pm. weather: normal, no precipitation

amsterdam thursday 11:00 pm. weather: a lot of rain and wind

dam square thursday 11:00 pm. weather: a lot of rain and wind

amsterdam saturday 13:00 pm. weather: snow everywhere

dam square saturday 13:00 pm. weather: snow everywhere

movement of infrastructure (tram, subway and train) in Amsterdam in different weather conditions and times

800 cm

0,2 m

0,8 m40 cm

1,60 m

driverplastic

inflow opening

canal bottom

anchoringin the soil

water level

connecting rod

aspirator

not transparent

closed frame

transparent plastic

the water level meter in one of the stages at Bemuurde Weerd Oostzijde

technical drawing where you can see how the water moves into the system and activates the system

september

august

july

junemay

october

november

december

january

february

march

april

6,07 cm

5,28 c

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6,16 cm

5,35 cm

4,19 cm

5,77 cm

5,89 cm

5,85 cm

4,95 cm

4,61 cm

4,6 cm

3,53 cm

highest difference

movement of the water in this particular place

different places where the water is coming from

the origin of the water in com-bination with the movement

high precipitation no precipitation low precipitation

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Realize the amount of rainfall in Utrecht by a water level meter. The water level meter is located next to the water pumping station, in the center of Utrecht near Showing the movement, amount, presence and absence of rainfall to the inhabitants.By a circular tube which is directly in contact with the water of the canal.When it rains the water rises immediately, which results in movement. Owing to the movement the driver floats, the effect is that the water in the tube increas-es. By the increasing water in the tube, you experience the amount of rainwater.It is a self-functioning system operating on the rainfall of Utrecht

climate + urban life

Documents

climate effects urban

climate effect urban

urban space

research phase

field of research

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ralf pasel pasel

workshop atfrom research