clinical pharmacology module list of anti cancer drugs
TRANSCRIPT
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What Is Cancer?
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Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells.
Cancer cells usually group or clump together to form tumors
Cancer cells that can destroy the normal cells around the tumor and damage the body's healthy tissues
Neoplasm – new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function
Tumor – clumping of neoplasmic cells
Malignant - cancerous
Benign - noncancerous
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What Causes Cancer?
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Signs and Symptoms There are more than 100 different types of cancer.
Every cancer and every individual is unique.
Cancer symptoms and signs depend on the size and
location of the cancer, as well as the presence or
absence of metastasis.
Cancers are classified as either solid or li uid…
Cancer is further classified according to the tissue in
which it arises.
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Symptoms and signs
Fever
Pain- off/on
Fatigue
Skin changes (redness, sores that won't
heal, jaundice, darkening)
Unintended weight loss or weight gain
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More obvious signs of cancer
Lumps or tumors (mass)
Difficulty in swallowing
Changes or difficulties with bowel or bladder function
Persistent cough or hoarseness
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Unexplained bleeding or discharge
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• Squamous cell carcinoma: It is one of the main types of skin cancer. Cancers that involve the anus, cervix, head and neck, and vagina….
• Ewing sarcoma: It is a malignant small, round, blue cell tumor. The pelvis, the femur, the humorous , the ribs and clavicle….
• Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma: When advanced, bone pain, bleeding, frequent infections, and anemia may occur…
• Acute leukemia: Serious medical conditions, diagnosis of leukemia (myeloid,erythroid,lymphoblastic)
• Lymphoma: is a group of blood cell tumors that develop from lymphocytes, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats….
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How Stages of Cancer Are Determined
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TNM classification of a Cancer - Five stages
Stage 0: This refers to cancer that is "in situ”, This type of cancer has not spread and it is not enter into other tissues.
Stage I – Stage III: These higher stages of cancer correspond to larger tumors and/or greater extent of disease. Cancers in these stages may have spread beyond the site of origin to enter regional lymph nodes, tissues, or organs.
Stage IV: This type of cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes, tissues, or organs in the body far away from the site of origin.
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Diagnosing Cancer Examination of Lymph
nodes
CBP
Mammogram
Pap Test
Tumor Marker Test
Bone Scan
MRI
Tissue Biopsy
PET-CT Scan
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What Are Treatment Options?
The treatment is highly variable depending on
the type and stage of a cancer
The most common treatments are surgery,
radiation, and chemotherapy.
Targeted/biological therapies
Hematopoietic stem cell transplants
Angiogenesis inhibitors
Photodynamic therapy
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What are Alkylating agents
Drugs that bind to DNA and prevent proper DNA
replication. They have chemical groups that can form permanent covalent bonds with nucleophilic substances in the DNA.
Alkylating agents are used as part of chemotherapy in different types of cancers.
• Cyclophosphamide
• Ifosfamide
• Temozolomide
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Anti- Metabolites
A chemical that inhibits the use of a metabolite,
which is another chemical that is part of normal
metabolism. Such substances are often similar in
structure to the metabolite that they interfere
with, such as the anti-folates that interfere with
the use of folic acid.
• Capecitabine
• 5- Fluoro Uracil
• Methotrexate
• Gemcitabine
• Pemetrexed
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Anti-Tumor Antibiotics
A variety of mechanisms, they are derived
from microorganisms, cell cycle specific drugs.
• Mitomycin
• Bleomycin
• Epirubicin
• Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal)
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Plant Alkaloids/ Microtubule
Inhibitors
• Mitotic inhibitors
Interfere with microbuls- Taxane
Bind to tubulin- Vinca alkaloids…. • Etoposide
• Paclitaxel
• Irinotecan
• Docetaxel
• Vincristine
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DNA Linking Agents
Carboplatin
Cisplatin
Oxaliplatin
Biological agents
Bis phosphonates
Hormones/other
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Ayurvedic concept of Cancer
Ayurveda is supposed to add a step on to the
curative aspects of cancers.
Arbuda and Granthi mentioned in Sushruta
samhita.
Several studies have been conducted on herbs
under a multitude of ethno botanical grounds.
Rasa sastra drugs are proved anti cancer activity,
due to heavy metal toxicity, lack of knowledge
doctors panic to use this nectar medicine.
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Fundamental classification of Cancer
in Ayurveda
Vataja
Pittaja
Kaphaja
Raktaja
Mamsaja
Medoja
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Pathogenesis of tumours
Sanchaya: Early stages of localized neoplastic
changes.
Prakopa: Transformation of primary growths into metastatic tumours.
Prasara: Metastasis.
Sthana samsraya: Complete metastasis and secondary growth.
Vyakti: Clinical signs and symptoms are expressed.
Bheda: The stage where differentiation of growth occurs on the basis of histopathology.
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Treatment modalities
• Sodhana chikitsa
• Shamana chikitsa
• Rasayana chikitsa
• Dhatwagni chikitsa
• Vyadhipratyanika chikitsa
• Lakshanika chikitsa
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Classical drugs list in Ayurveda
• Fresh herbal decoction is very powerful for
various types of cancers.
• Plant extracts and their bio-active compounds
present in them which are responsible for anti
cancer activity.
• The phyto/chemical exploration of herbo-
minerals can contribute to the discovery of
new anti-cancer drugs.
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Role of Ayurvedic Physicians
• Ayurveda practitioners and researchers in medical sciences can help to improve this medicine by increasing their involvement and contribution
• Standardization and quality production of herbo- mineral products may allow us to develop low cost therapies
• Observation in modern eye with Ayurvedic approach…
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Ayurvedic Cancer Treatment
Use medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the body, including cells at the original cancer site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the body,
1. Rasayana drugs herbo- i erals…. 2. Swarna bhasma preparatio s….. 3. Heeraka bhasma preparatio s….. 4. Panchakarma therapies…. 5. Stress a age e t….. 6. Healthy lifestyle……….
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Crude drugs as anticancer age ts…
• Crude drugs are believed to have nutriceutical effects upon cancer patients
• Crude drug targets in cancer therapy and chemoprevention.
• Known environmental factors associated with cancer are: diet, lifestyle, and environmental toxins.
• Turmeric is fat-soluble When combined with healthy fats, including coconut, ghee or olive oil,
• Curcumin is directly absorbed into the bloodstream through the ly phatic …
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Crude drugs as anticancer agents
• Gold complexes as prospective metal-based anticancer drugs
• Medical and therapeutic value of gold has been recognized thousands of years ago, but its rational use in medicine has not begun until the early 1920s
• Cisplatin is one of the first metal-containing compounds with anti-cancer activity discovered in the 1960s.
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Crude drugs as anticancer agents
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Crude drugs as anticancer agents • British researchers now say that silver compounds are as
effective at killing certain cancer cells as a leading
chemotherapy drug, but with potentially far fewer of side-
effects.
• They compared silver to Cisplatin, currently used to treat a
wide variety of cancers, but known to have harsh side effects
including nausea, vomiting and even kidney da age…….
• Silver is used already in everyday products such as deodorant
with no known side-effects, and could make for a potentially
cheaper alternative to platinum-based Cisplatin.
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Could You Benefit From Ayurvedic
Treatment For Cancer?
Ayurveda
acknowledges that cancer cells are always present in the body,
but when the body is in a state of Dosha balance this is not a problem.
Dosha imbalance basic stages:
Accumulation − here o e or more of the Doshas has increased
Aggravation − as le els i crease for one Dosha, this causes the
remaining Doshas to become
imbalanced
Overflow − the accu ulated Dosha spreads into the body
carrying Aama, or toxic waste
products
Localization − the Dosha settles at a weak site in the body
Manifestation − i.e. symptoms
Disease − such as a particular
kind of cancer
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Crude drugs as anticancer agents
Turmeric
Guduchi
Ginger/Sunthi
Tulasi
Neem
Garlic
Ashwagandha
Bhallataka
Saffron
Gomutra: Cow’s u i e
Today many Cancer , Skin
diseases and AIDS patients
are taking cow urine therapy.
Cow urine & Panchgavya is
great elixir, proper diet,
pleasing to heart, giver of
mental and physical strength,
enhances longevity. It
balances bile, mucous and
tridosha. Remover of heart
diseases and effect of poison.
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Ayurvedic Drugs for symptomatic
t eat e t…. All Guggulu Combinations are useful in pain
relief and reducing size of tumors
Vyadhiharan ras, G.Rasayan : for all infective conditions
Bilva, Kutaja,Chardiripu,Karpura ras : for loose motions and vomiting
Sukthi, sanka bhasma, kuberaksha,chitraka: for pain abdomen
Arogyavardini vati, Rasa Sindura: very effective solution for almost all types of diseases.
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Ayurvedic Drugs for symptomatic
t eat e t…. • Khadiradi Vati, Rasamanikyam- mouth ulcer & throat
infection
• Mukta Pishti, Pravala, Abhrak, Emerald bhasma -heart , Lung diseases, nutritional deficiencies in the brain ..
• Panchanimba Churna, PTGG -All severe skin disorders ,
• Kushmanda Avaleha - Digestive Stimulant, blood vomiting
• Vatkulantak ras - Epilepsy, Brain cell stimulation, Tumors
• Mrityunjaya Ras, Malla Sindur – fever, pneumonia, Fungal
infections, diseases due to bacteria, irus…
• Tribhuvan kirthi ras – in all chronic fevers
• Makardhwaj: Cellular protection, Rasayan, Balance -Vata,
Pitta and Kapha.
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Ayurvedic Drugs for symptomatic
treatment
Hirak Bhasma
Vaikranta Bhasma
Seethamsu ras
Pradarantak ras
Gomutra Silajit
Varunadi kasayam
* Bhunaga tailam
* Jathiphaladi churnam
* Vranasodana tailam
Subhra bhasma, Raktabandini, Vasa : in bleeding
Ahiphena, Banga : Severe pains & in Bone pai …..
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Module 1
ARBUDA / eoplas …. Kanchanara ghanam 50 Gms
Pravala bhasma 30 Gms
Swarna makshika bhasma 20 Gms
Abhraka bhasma (100 puta) 4 Gms
Rasa karpuram 5 Gms
Swarna Bhasma 1.5 Gms
Hiraka bhasma 1 Gm
combine above all and dose 2gms T.I.D
Tab. Seethamsu ras 2 B.I.D
Tab. Ballataka Vati 2 B.I.D
Tab. Varunadi Kasayam 1 B.I.D
Tab. Vatkulantak ras 2 B.I.D
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Module 2
• ACUTE LEUKEMIAS (myeloid, erythroid,lymphoblastic) • Laksha churnam 50 Gms
• Vasa ghana churnam 50 Gms
• Subhra bhasma 30 Gms
• Swarna makshika bhasma 20 Gms
• Raktabandini 10 Gms
• Rasa sinduram 5 Gms
• Abhrak bhasma(100 puta) 4 Gms
• Vaikranta bhasma 2 Gms
• Swarna Bhasma 1.5 Gms
combine above all and dose 2gms T.I.D
Tab. Pradarantaka ras 2 B.I.D
Tab. Bhallataka vati 1 B.I.D
Tab. Seethamsu ras 2 B.I.D
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Conclusion
• Excess intake of vitamins may cause CANCER
• Focus on fruits and vegetables
• Moderate Your Meat Portions, limiting
alcohol, avoid tobacco
• Keep a Healthy Weight
• Consume Less Salt
• in early stage of Cancer Ayurvedic treatments
are useful
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