Cloning…Cloning…Cloning…Cloning…CloningCloning

What do you What do you think of think of cloning?cloning?

www.mofirst.org/images/clone-tank.jpgwww.guardian.co.uk/.../dinosaur-dna-recreationtdpri.comhttp://www.bamkapow.com/bk_images/mini_Me.jpg

What is a clone?What is a clone?

Clone refers to Clone refers to genetically identical genetically identical cells originating from one cellcells originating from one cell..

Clones do NOT necessarily look alikeClones do NOT necessarily look alike Even identical twins are different due

to the slight differences in environment they experience.

Clones would be even more different as they would live in a very different environment and time

Brief history of cloningBrief history of cloning

1902: Determine 1902: Determine chromosomes hold chromosomes hold genetic info.genetic info.

1902: Embryo is 1902: Embryo is divided in lab.divided in lab.

1914: First 1914: First successful nucleus successful nucleus transfer between 2 transfer between 2 cellscells

Brief history of cloningBrief history of cloning

1952: Tadpoles 1952: Tadpoles clonedcloned

1953: Watson and 1953: Watson and Crick find the Crick find the structure of DNA.structure of DNA.

1962:Frogs cloned1962:Frogs cloned

Brief history of cloningBrief history of cloning

1977: Mice created 1977: Mice created from single parentfrom single parent

1996: First animal 1996: First animal cloned from adult cloned from adult cells is born, cells is born, “Dolly” the sheep.“Dolly” the sheep.

Types of cloningTypes of cloning

DNA/gene cloningDNA/gene cloning Artificial twinningArtificial twinning Reproductive cloningReproductive cloning Therapeutic cloningTherapeutic cloning

DNA/gene cloningDNA/gene cloning A technique to A technique to reproduce reproduce

DNA fragments or DNA fragments or genesgenes

Step 1:Step 1: DNA fragment DNA fragment containing the genecontaining the gene

Step 2Step 2: Fragment united : Fragment united with a “cloning with a “cloning vector”(vector”(Recombinant Recombinant DNA molecule)DNA molecule)

Step 3Step 3: Recombinant DNA : Recombinant DNA molecule introduced into a molecule introduced into a host cell host cell

Step 4Step 4: Recombinant DNA : Recombinant DNA molecule can then be molecule can then be reproduced reproduced

Used by the HGP Used by the HGP researchers to copy genesresearchers to copy genes

www.biochem.arizona.edu/.../PLASMID.gif

Artificial Embryo TwinningArtificial Embryo Twinning Technology mimics the natural process of Technology mimics the natural process of

creating identical twins.creating identical twins. In nature, twins occur just after fertilization of an In nature, twins occur just after fertilization of an

egg cell by a sperm cell=> 1 egg, 2 genetically egg cell by a sperm cell=> 1 egg, 2 genetically identical individuals identical individuals

Artificial embryo twinning occurs in a Petri dish Artificial embryo twinning occurs in a Petri dish instead of in the mother's body. instead of in the mother's body. Manually separating early embryo into individual cells, Manually separating early embryo into individual cells,

and then allowing each cell to divide and develop on its and then allowing each cell to divide and develop on its own. own.

Embryos are placed into a surrogate mother, where they Embryos are placed into a surrogate mother, where they are carried to term and delivered. are carried to term and delivered.

Embryos are genetically identical.Embryos are genetically identical.

Reproductive cloning= SCNTReproductive cloning= SCNT

Called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT) Called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT) Somatic cellSomatic cell (not sperm/egg cell): actually (not sperm/egg cell): actually

contains 2 complete sets of chromosome transfercontains 2 complete sets of chromosome transfer NuclearNuclear: The nucleus is like the cell's brain, : The nucleus is like the cell's brain,

contains DNA. contains DNA. TransferTransfer: Moving an object from one place to : Moving an object from one place to

another.another. So what does this really mean…… So what does this really mean…… Transfer of Transfer of

genetic material from the nucleus of a genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, nucleus, and thus its genetic material, has been removed. has been removed.

How does this work?How does this work?

Step 1: Isolate a Step 1: Isolate a somatic cellsomatic cell from an adult from an adult organismorganism

Step 2: Step 2: TransferTransfer the the nucleusnucleus from that cell to an from that cell to an egg cell from which the nucleus had been removed. egg cell from which the nucleus had been removed.

Step 3: Treat the reconstructed egg containing the Step 3: Treat the reconstructed egg containing the DNA from a donor cell with chemicals or electric DNA from a donor cell with chemicals or electric current in order to stimulate cell division.current in order to stimulate cell division.

Step 4: Implant the cloned embryo into a female Step 4: Implant the cloned embryo into a female host host

A clone created through SCNT is not truly an A clone created through SCNT is not truly an identical clone of the donor animal. Only the identical clone of the donor animal. Only the clone's chromosomal or nuclear DNA is the clone's chromosomal or nuclear DNA is the same as the donor.same as the donor.

SCNT vs. Normal fertilization?SCNT vs. Normal fertilization?

Same result= Same result= a dividing ball of cells, called a dividing ball of cells, called an embryoan embryo..

Both contain Both contain two complete sets of two complete sets of chromosomeschromosomes. .

BUT.. Where did those sets come from?BUT.. Where did those sets come from? Normal fertilizationNormal fertilization: sperm and egg both : sperm and egg both

contain one set of chromosomes, combine, contain one set of chromosomes, combine, embryo gets 2 sets. embryo gets 2 sets.

SCNTSCNT: egg chromosomes are removed and : egg chromosomes are removed and replaced by chromosomes from a somatic cell, replaced by chromosomes from a somatic cell, already has 2 sets of chromosomesalready has 2 sets of chromosomes

Therapeutic cloningTherapeutic cloning Made in the same way as reproductive cloning Made in the same way as reproductive cloning except except

the embryo is not implantedthe embryo is not implanted Does not create a new genetically identical individualDoes not create a new genetically identical individual Stem cells are harvested from the embryos producedStem cells are harvested from the embryos produced The stem cells are used to grow different types of cellsThe stem cells are used to grow different types of cells VERY controversial process!!!VERY controversial process!!!

Scientists feel that therapeutic cloning isn’t really cloning Scientists feel that therapeutic cloning isn’t really cloning because the embryo is not allowed to live beyond 4-5 daysbecause the embryo is not allowed to live beyond 4-5 days

But…if you believe that human life begins at conception, this But…if you believe that human life begins at conception, this young life is still a human being worthy of respectyoung life is still a human being worthy of respect..

Something to think about….. Does therapeutic Something to think about….. Does therapeutic cloning suggest that human life a just a cloning suggest that human life a just a commodity to be manipulated?commodity to be manipulated?

Reproductive vs. Therapeutic Reproductive vs. Therapeutic cloningcloning

Other types of cloningOther types of cloning

Single cell organisms, Single cell organisms, like bacteria and fungi. like bacteria and fungi. (This includes (This includes fermentation processes fermentation processes for production of bread, for production of bread, beer, and wine.)beer, and wine.)

Entire plant asexual Entire plant asexual replicationreplication

Natural cloning occurs Natural cloning occurs in sexual reproduction, in sexual reproduction, when the embryo splits when the embryo splits in two to produce twins.in two to produce twins.

Meet Dolly…opening a can of Meet Dolly…opening a can of wormsworms

In 1996, Dolly the sheep became the In 1996, Dolly the sheep became the first vertebrate cloned from the cell first vertebrate cloned from the cell of an adult animal. of an adult animal.

Not only was this a remarkable Not only was this a remarkable scientific breakthrough but it scientific breakthrough but it immediately gained interest and immediately gained interest and concern from around the world on concern from around the world on the future of cloning technology as it the future of cloning technology as it would effect humans.would effect humans.

How did they do it…Step 1How did they do it…Step 1

Cell collected from a sheep’s udder (a somatic cell)

Step 2Step 2

Nucleus is removed from unfertilized egg of second sheep.

Step 3Step 3

Udder cell (somatic cell) is inserted (transferred) into egg with no nucleus.

Step 4Step 4

Insertion is successful.

Step 5Step 5

Electrical charge is supplied.

In order to start cell division an electrical charge or chemical reaction is needed

Step 6Step 6

Cells begin to divide.

Steps 7 and 8Steps 7 and 8

How did How did they do they do

it?it?

Summary of Dolly ExperimentSummary of Dolly Experiment

Dolly was cloned SCNT. Dolly was cloned SCNT. Somatic cells taken from a six-year-old white Somatic cells taken from a six-year-old white

faced sheep and cultured in a lab.faced sheep and cultured in a lab. 277 cells then fused with 277 unfertilized 277 cells then fused with 277 unfertilized

eggs (each with the nucleus removed)eggs (each with the nucleus removed) 29 viable reconstructed eggs survived and 29 viable reconstructed eggs survived and

were implanted in surrogate Blackface ewes.were implanted in surrogate Blackface ewes. 1 gave birth to Dolly1 gave birth to Dolly 0.361% survival0.361% survival

In nature between 33-50% of fertilized eggs In nature between 33-50% of fertilized eggs develop.develop.

Human Cloning and Human Cloning and EthicsEthics

Fertilization vs. cloningFertilization vs. cloning

Is it possible?Is it possible?

YES!!! But…

Just because we can do it, should we?

Let’s take a survey…Let’s take a survey… Results of Time/CNN poll in 2001 of 1,015 adult AmericansResults of Time/CNN poll in 2001 of 1,015 adult Americans

P1-Question 1- clone animals: Good (29%), Bad (67%)P1-Question 1- clone animals: Good (29%), Bad (67%) P1-Question 2- clone humans: Good (7%), Bad (90%)P1-Question 2- clone humans: Good (7%), Bad (90%) P1-Question 3- reasons against cloning: Religion (34%), P1-Question 3- reasons against cloning: Religion (34%),

Distinctiveness (22%), Breeding a superior race (22%), Distinctiveness (22%), Breeding a superior race (22%), Dangerous (14%)Dangerous (14%)

P1-Question 4-personality: Yes (10%), No (74%)P1-Question 4-personality: Yes (10%), No (74%) P1-Question 5- clone yourself: Yes (5%), No (93%)P1-Question 5- clone yourself: Yes (5%), No (93%) P1-Question 6- timeline for a clone: 10 years (45%), 20 years P1-Question 6- timeline for a clone: 10 years (45%), 20 years

(23%), 50+ years (10%), never (15%)(23%), 50+ years (10%), never (15%) P2- Question 1-cloning for organs: Yes (28%), No (68%)P2- Question 1-cloning for organs: Yes (28%), No (68%) P2- Question 2-cloning to save a life: Yes (21%), No (74%)P2- Question 2-cloning to save a life: Yes (21%), No (74%) P2- Question 3-cloning to help infertility: Yes (20%), No (76%)P2- Question 3-cloning to help infertility: Yes (20%), No (76%) P2- Question 4-delayed twins: Yes (10%), No(88%)P2- Question 4-delayed twins: Yes (10%), No(88%) P2- Question 5-clone on lost child: Yes (10%), No (88%)P2- Question 5-clone on lost child: Yes (10%), No (88%) P2- Question 6-same sex couple offspring: Yes( 10%), No (86%)P2- Question 6-same sex couple offspring: Yes( 10%), No (86%) P2- Question 7-superior race: Yes (6%), No (92%)P2- Question 7-superior race: Yes (6%), No (92%)

Pros/ Uses of cloningPros/ Uses of cloning

Cure human diseases- stem cellsCure human diseases- stem cells Create animals that are disease resistantCreate animals that are disease resistant More consistent food productsMore consistent food products Save endangered speciesSave endangered species Replacing organs and other tissuesReplacing organs and other tissues InfertilityInfertility Replacing a lost childReplacing a lost child Creating donor peopleCreating donor people Harvest organs from animalsHarvest organs from animals

Cons of/ problems with cloningCons of/ problems with cloning Public perception- most of the population is against cloningPublic perception- most of the population is against cloning ExpensiveExpensive Not efficient, low success rateNot efficient, low success rate Will divert resources and possibly delay curesWill divert resources and possibly delay cures Massive quantities of human eggs required =>Risking Massive quantities of human eggs required =>Risking

health and exploitation of women (coercion of egg donors)health and exploitation of women (coercion of egg donors) Treats human life like a commodity Treats human life like a commodity Gateway to genetic manipulation and control of human Gateway to genetic manipulation and control of human

beingsbeings Tumors, genetic defects in clonesTumors, genetic defects in clones Pre-mature ageing (genetic age)Pre-mature ageing (genetic age) Threat to a person’s uniquenessThreat to a person’s uniqueness Lack of knowledgeLack of knowledge

Deck stacked against us….Deck stacked against us…. Sheep: 1 live birth out of 277 cloned embryos (0.4%) Mice: 5 live births out of 613 cloned embryos (0.8%) Pigs: 5 live births out of 72 cloned embryos implanted (7%) Goats: 3 live births out of 85 cloned embryos implanted

(3.5%) Cattle: 30 live births out of 496 cloned embryos implanted

(6%) (4.8%; 24 survived) Cat: 1 live birth out of 188 cloned embryos (0.5%) Rabbits: 6 live births out of 1852 cloned embryos (0.3%)

(0.2%; 4 survived) This suggests that cloning is time

consuming and expensive and does not yield a significant number of viable offspring

Is it legal?Is it legal?

The United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the European The United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the European Union all have laws on human cloning, but the laws are vague and Union all have laws on human cloning, but the laws are vague and do not differentiate between reproductive and therapeutic cloningdo not differentiate between reproductive and therapeutic cloning

Most countries do not have any specific legislation on cloningMost countries do not have any specific legislation on cloning

Sterility onlyLegalIllegalCanada

Therapeutic LegalIllegalChina

Private company only

LegalIllegalUS

LegalLegalIllegalJapan

Supernumerary OKLegalIllegalUK

IllegalIllegalIllegalGermany

Create/Use of embryo

Therapeutic

Cloning

Human cloning

Country

Sterility onlyLegalIllegalCanada

Therapeutic LegalIllegalChina

Private company only

LegalIllegalUS

LegalLegalIllegalJapan

Supernumerary OKLegalIllegalUK

IllegalIllegalIllegalGermany

Create/Use of embryo

Therapeutic

Cloning

Human cloning

Country

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001342/134277e.pdf

Cloning legality in the USCloning legality in the US Animal cloning controlled by FDAAnimal cloning controlled by FDA 2001: 2001:

Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001 (H.R. 2505)Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001 (H.R. 2505) passed in the House July 31, 2001, not acted upon by passed in the House July 31, 2001, not acted upon by the Senate the Senate

2003: 2003: Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2003 (H.R.234) Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2003 (H.R.234) passed the House February 27, 2003, not acted upon passed the House February 27, 2003, not acted upon by the Senate by the Senate

2007: 2007: The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2007 (H.R. 2560)The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2007 (H.R. 2560) introduced on June 5, 2007 and defeated in the House introduced on June 5, 2007 and defeated in the House

Prohibition on human cloningProhibition on human cloning Criminal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonmentCriminal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment Civil penalty: Minimum 1 million dollar fine Civil penalty: Minimum 1 million dollar fine

Some ethical questionsSome ethical questions Are human clones individuals?Are human clones individuals? Do clones have parents? Do clones have parents?

Who are they? Who are they? The cell donor? The cell donor? Nucleus donor?Nucleus donor? Surrogate?Surrogate?

How old is a clone? Go by age of DNA or age of tissues?How old is a clone? Go by age of DNA or age of tissues? Do the benefits of cloning outweigh possible number of trials Do the benefits of cloning outweigh possible number of trials

(possibly failed ones) that would have to occur with human (possibly failed ones) that would have to occur with human embryos? embryos?

Is it ok to clone for outstanding individuals physically or mentally? Is it ok to clone for outstanding individuals physically or mentally? For experiments?For experiments?

Who should have access to cloning technology – only people with good genes?

Who should pay for the cloning? Should we be able to use this technology to design our children? Who does genetic information belong to? Should people with genetic diseases be cured? Should they have

children