cloud comp in e-voting
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Electronic voting (also known as e-voting) is a term encompassing several different typesofvoting, embracing both electronic means of casting a vote and electronic means of counting
votes.
Electronic voting technology can includepunched cards,optical scan voting systemsand specialized
voting kiosks (including self-containeddirect-recording electronic voting systems, or DRE). It can also
involve transmission ofballotsand votes via telephones, privatecomputer networks, or theInternet.
In general, two main types of e-Voting can be identified:[1][2]
e-voting which is physically supervised by representatives of governmental or independent electoral
authorities (e.g. electronic voting machines located at polling stations);
remote e-Voting where voting is performed within the voter's sole influence, and is not physically
supervised by representatives of governmental authorities (e.g. voting from one's personal computer,
mobile phone, television via the internet (also called i-voting)).
Electronic voting technology can speed the counting of ballots and can provide improved accessibilityfor
disabled voters. However, there has been contention, especially in theUnited States, that electronic
voting, especially DRE voting, could facilitateelectoral fraud.
Overview
Electronic voting systems for electorates have been in use since the 1960s[3]
whenpunched cardsystems
debuted. Their first widespread use was in the USA where 7 counties switched to this method for the
1964 presidential election.
[4]
The neweroptical scan voting systemsallow a computer to count a voter'smark on a ballot.DRE voting machineswhich collect and tabulate votes in a single machine, are used by
all voters in all elections inBrazilandIndia, and also on a large scale inVenezuelaand theUnited States.
They have been used on a large scale in theNetherlandsbut have been decommissioned after public
concerns. Internet voting systems have gained popularity and have been used for government elections
and referendums in theUnited Kingdom,EstoniaandSwitzerlandas well as municipal elections
inCanadaand party primary elections in the United States andFrance.[5]
There are also hybrid systems that include an electronic ballot marking device (usually a touch screen
system similar to a DRE) or otherassistive technologyto print avoter verified paper audit trail, then use a
separate machine for electronic tabulation.
[edit]Paper-based electronic voting systemSometimes called a "document ballot voting system", paper-based voting systems originated as a system
where votes are cast andcounted by hand, using paper ballots. With the advent ofelectronic
tabulationcame systems where paper cards or sheets could be marked by hand, but counted
electronically. These systems includedpunched card voting,marksenseand laterdigital pen voting
systems.
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Most recently, these systems can include an Electronic Ballot Marker (EBM), that allow voters to make
their selections using anelectronic input device, usually atouch screensystem similar to a DRE. Systems
including a ballot marking device can incorporate different forms ofassistive technology.
[edit]Direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting system
Further information:DRE voting machine
Electronic voting machine byPremier Election Solutions(formerly Diebold Election Systems) used in allBrazilianelections
and plebiscites. Photo by Agncia Brasil
A direct-recording electronic (DRE)voting machinerecords votes by means of aballotdisplay providedwith mechanical or electro-optical components that can be activated by the voter (typically buttons or
atouchscreen); that processes data with computer software; and that records voting data and ballot
images inmemory components. After the election it produces a tabulation of the voting data stored in a
removable memory component and as printed copy. The system may also provide a means for
transmitting individual ballots or vote totals to a central location for consolidating and reporting results
from precincts at the central location. These systems use a precinct count method that tabulates ballots at
the polling place. They typically tabulate ballots as they are cast and print the results after the close of
polling.[6]
In 1996, after tests conducted on more than 50 municipalities, the Brazilian Electoral Justice has
launched their "voting machine". Since 2000, all Brazilian voters are able to use the electronic ballot
boxes to choose their candidates. In 2010 presidential election, which had more than 135 million voters,
the result was defined 75 minutes after the end of voting. The electronic ballot box is made up of two
micro-terminals (one located in the voting cabin and the other with the voting board representative) which
are connected by a 5-meter cable. Externally, the micro-terminals have only a numerical keyboard, which
does not accept any command executed by the simultaneous pressure of more than one key. In case of
power failure, the internal battery provides the energy or it can be connected to an automotive battery.
The Brazilian electronic ballot box serves today as a model for other countries .[7]
In 2002, in the United States, theHelp America Vote Actmandated that one handicapped accessible
voting system be provided per polling place, which most jurisdictions have chosen to satisfy with the use
of DRE voting machines, some switching entirely over to DRE. In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in
the United States used some type of direct recording electronic voting system ,[8]
up from 7.7% in 1996.[9]
In 2004,Indiahad adopted Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) for its elections to the Parliament with 380
million voters had cast their ballots using more than a million voting machines.[citation needed]
The Indian
EVMs are designed and developed by two Government Owned Defense Equipment Manufacturing
Units,Bharat Electronics Limited(BEL) andElectronics Corporation of India Limited(ECIL). Both systems
are identical, and are developed to the specifications of Election Commission of India. The System is a
set of two devices running on 6V batteries. One device, the Voting Unit is used by the Voter, and another
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device called the Control Unit is operated by the Electoral Officer. Both units are connected by a 5 meter
cable. The Voting unit has a Blue Button for every candidate, the unit can hold 16 candidates, but up to 4
units can be chained, to accommodate 64 candidates. The Control Units has Three buttons on the
surface, namely, one button to release a single vote, one button to see the total number of vote cast till
now, and one button to close the election process. The result button is hidden and sealed, It cannot be
pressed unless the Close button is already pressed.
[edit]Public network DRE voting system
A public network DRE voting system is an election system that uses electronic ballots and transmits vote
data from the polling place to another location over a public network. Vote data may be transmitted as
individual ballots as they are cast, periodically as batches of ballots throughout the election day, or as one
batch at the close of voting. This includes Internet voting as well as telephone voting.
Public network DRE voting system can utilize either precinct count or central count method. The central
count method tabulates ballots from multiple precincts at a central location.
Internet voting can use remote locations (voting from any Internet capable computer) or can use
traditional polling locations with voting booths consisting of Internet connected voting systems.
Corporations and organizations routinely use Internet voting to elect officers and Board members and for
other proxy elections. Internet voting systems have been used privately in many modern nations and
publicly in theUnited States, theUK,SwitzerlandandEstonia. InSwitzerland, where it is already an
established part of local referendums, voters get their passwords to access the ballot through the postal
service. Most voters inEstoniacan cast their vote in local and parliamentary elections, if they want to, via
the Internet, as most of those on the electoral roll have access to an e-voting system, the largest run by
anyEuropean Unioncountry. It has been made possible because most Estonians carry a national identity
card equipped with a computer-readable microchip and it is these cards which they use to get access to
the online ballot. All a voter needs is a computer, an electronic card reader, their ID card and its PIN, and
they can vote from anywhere in the world. Estonian e-votes can only be cast during the days ofadvancevoting. On election day itself people have to go to polling stations and fill in a paper ballot.
[edit]Analysis of electronic voting
ISG TopVoter, a machine designed specifically to be used by voters with disabilities.
Electronic voting systems may offer advantages compared to other voting techniques. An electronic
voting system can be involved in any one of a number of steps in the setup, distributing, voting, collecting,
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and counting of ballots, and thus may or may not introduce advantages into any of these steps. Potential
disadvantages exist as well including the potential for flaws or weakness in any electronic component.
Charles Stewart of theMassachusetts Institute of Technologyestimates that 1 million more ballots were
counted in the 2004 USA presidential election than in 2000 because electronic voting machines detected
votes that paper-based machines would have missed.[10]
In May 2004 the U.S.Government Accountability Officereleased a report titled "Electronic Voting Offers
Opportunities and Presents Challenges",[11]
analyzing both the benefits and concerns created by
electronic voting. A second report was released in September 2005 detailing some of the concerns with
electronic voting, and ongoing improvements, titled "Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of
Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed".[12]
It has been demonstrated that as voting systems become more complex and include software, different
methods of election fraudbecome possible. Others also challenge the use of electronic voting from a
theoretical point of view, arguing that humans are not equipped for verifying operations occurring within
an electronic machine and that because people cannot verify these operations, the operations cannot be
trusted. Furthermore, some computing experts have argued for the broader notion that people cannottrust any programming they did not author.
[13]
Critics of electronic voting, including security analystBruce Schneier, note that "computer security experts
are unanimous on what to do (some voting experts disagree, but it is the computer security experts who
need to be listened to; the problems here are with the computer, not with the fact that the computer is
being used in a voting application)...DRE machines must have a voter-verifiable paper audit trails...
Software used on DRE machines must be open to public scrutiny"[14]
to ensure the accuracy of the voting
system. Verifiable ballots are necessary because computers can and do malfunction, and because voting
machines can be compromised.
[edit]Electronic ballots
Electronic voting systems may use electronic ballots to store votes incomputer memory. Systems which
use them exclusively are called DRE voting systems. When electronic ballots are used there is no risk of
exhausting the supply of ballots. Additionally, these electronic ballots remove the need for printing of
paper ballots, a significant cost.[15]
When administering elections in which ballots are offered in multiple
languages (in some areas of the United States, public elections are required by theNational Voting
Rights Act of 1965), electronic ballots can be programmed to provide ballots in multiple languages for a
single machine. The advantage with respect to ballots in different languages appears to be unique to
electronic voting. For example,King County, Washington's demographics require them under U.S. federal
election law to provide ballot access inChinese. With any type of paper ballot, the county has to decide
how many Chinese-language ballots to print, how many to make available at each polling place, etc. Any
strategy that can assure that Chinese-language ballots will be available at all polling places is certain, atthe very least, to result in a significant number of wasted ballots.
[citation needed](The situation with lever
machines would be even worse than with paper: the only apparent way to reliably meet the need would
be to set up a Chinese-language lever machine at each polling place, few of which would be used at all.)
Critics argue the need for extra ballots in any language can be mitigated by providing a process to print
ballots at voting locations. They argue further, the cost of software validation, compiler trust validation,
installation validation, delivery validation and validation of other steps related to electronic voting is
complex and expensive, thus electronic ballots are not guaranteed to be less costly than printed ballots.
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[edit]Accessibility
A Hart eSlate DRE voting machine with jelly buttons for people with manual dexterity disabilities.
Electronic voting machines can be made fully accessible for persons with disabilities. Punched card and
optical scan machines are not fully accessible for the blind or visually impaired, and lever machines can
be difficult for voters with limited mobility and strength.[16]
Electronic machines can use headphones,sip
and puff, foot pedals, joy sticks and otheradaptive technologyto provide the necessaryaccessibility.
Organizations such as theVerified Voting Foundationhave criticized the accessibility of electronic voting
machines[17]
and advocate alternatives. Some disabled voters (including the visually impaired) could use
atactile ballot, a ballot system using physical markers to indicate where a mark should be made, to vote asecret paper ballot. These ballots can be designed identically to those used by other voters .
[18]However,
other disabled voters (including voters with dexterity disabilities) could be unable to use these ballots.
[edit]Cryptographic verification
The concept of election verifiability through cryptographic solutions has emerged in the academic
literature to introduce transparency and trust in electronic voting systems.[19][20]
It allows voters and
election observers to verify that votes have been recorded, tallied and declared correctly, in a manner
independent from the hardware and software running the election. Three aspects of verifiability are
considered:[21]
individual, universal, and eligibility. Individual verifiability allows a voter to check that her
own vote is included in the election outcome, universal verifiability allows voters or election observers to
check that the election outcome corresponds to the votes cast, and eligibility verifiability allows voters andobservers to check that each vote in the election outcome was cast by a uniquely registered voter.
[edit]Voter intent
Electronic voting machines are able to provide immediate feedback to the voter detecting such possible
problems asundervotingandovervotingwhich may result in aspoiled ballot. This immediate feedback
can be helpful in successfully determiningvoter intent.
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[edit]Transparency
It has been alleged by groups such as the UK-basedOpen Rights Group[22][23]
that a lack of testing,
inadequate audit procedures, and insufficient attention given to system or process design with electronic
voting leaves "elections open to error andfraud".
In 2009, theFederal Constitutional Court of Germanyfound that when using voting machines the"verification of the result must be possible by the citizen reliably and without any specialist knowledge of
the subject." TheDRENedap-computers used till then did not fulfill that requirement. The decision did not
ban electronic voting as such, but requires all essential steps in elections to be subject to public
examinability.[24][25]
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Abstract
The idea, the concept, and the term, that is cloud computing, has recently passed into common currency and the
academic lexicon in an ambiguous manner, as cloud dust is being sprinkled on an excess of emerging products.
Exorcising complexity and protecting against the caprice of the moment, this paper explores the notion behind the
hype of cloud computing and evaluates its relevance to electronic government and electronic voting informationsystems. This paper explores increasing participation and sophistication of electronic government services, through
implementing a cloud computing architecture. From an Information and Communication Security perspective, a
structured analysis is adopted to identify vulnerabilities, involved in the digitalization of government transactions
and the electoral process, exploring the notion of trust and transparency within this context. In turn, adopting a cloud
computing approach for electronic government and electronic voting solutions is investigated, reviewing the
architecture within the previously described context. Taking a step further, this paper proposes a high level
electronic governance and electronic voting solution, supported by cloud computing architecture and cryptographic
technologies, additionally identifying issues that require further research.
Research Highlights
This paper explores the notion behind the term cloud computing. Evaluates its relevance to e-Government.
and e-Voting information systems.
Keywords
Cloud computing;
Electronic voting;
Electronic government;
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Information and communication security
Figures and tables from this article:
Fig. 1. Goals and objectives (soft goals) identified in the EU'09 initiative.
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E-voting is an election system that allows a voter to record his or her secure and secret ballot
electronically. In 2004, it's estimated that approximately 30 percent of the voting population in the
United States used some form of e-voting technology, including direct electronic recording (DER)touch
screens or opticalscanners, to record their vote for President. Electronic votes are stored digitally in a
storage medium such as atapecartridge,diskette, orsmart cardbefore being sent to a centralized
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location where tabulation programs compile and tabulate results. Advocates of e-voting point out that
electronic voting can reduce election costs and increase civic participation by making the voting process
more convenient. Critics maintain that without a paper trail, recounts are more difficult and electronic
ballot manipulation, or even poorly-written programming code, could affect election results.
E-Voting Technology Glossary
This glossary provides short definitions of the most common e-voting technologies, acronyms
and concepts. Computerworld.com has posted a usefulinteractive map of voting technology
state by state, including equipment, vendors and problem reports.
access card
An access card is an encrypted electronicsmart cardused to interact with a DRE machine.
There are four types: security, supervisor, administrator and voter access cards.
accessible voter-verified paper audit trails (AVVPAT)
An AVVPAT is a physical record of the votes cast on a direct-recording electronic machine (DRE)
that may be immediately verified by a voter and retained for later confirmation.
ballot-marking device (BMD)
A BMD is an electronic device that allows disabled users to vote independently. A BMS can be
used in combination with paper ballots and PCOS machines to provide confidential voting
access to the reading- or language-impaired, quadriplegics, blind or foreign language speakers.
Ballot marking devices also provide accessibility for standard optical scanning machines.
ballot definition file (BDF)
A ballot definition file is a key component of DRE and optical scanning systems. A unique BDF is
created for each election and contains all of the details for a given contest, including candidate
names, affiliations and other ballot data. The DRE or optical scanner uses the BDF to determine
what is displayed on a screen and how ballots are recorded on the system. The counting
software on many e-voting systems use BDFs as a key to tally votes. Ballot definition files are
often created by third-party vendors or programmers and have been identified as a potentialarea for human error to enter the system -- or vector for systematic hacking to occur. As a
result, ballot definition audits have been the focus of critics of e-voting. VotersUnite.org
provides more information in this PDF aboutballot definition files.
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direct-recording electronic machine (DRE)
Adirect-recording electronic machineis a device with software that records and tabulates
votes. The voter interacts with a DRE using buttons or atouch screen.
Election Assistance Commission (EAC)
TheU.S. Election Assistance Commissionwas created by HAVA in 2002. According toEAC.gov,EAC is "an independent, bipartisan commission charged with developingguidanceto meet
HAVA requirements, adoptingvoluntary voting system guidelines, and serving as anational
clearinghouseof information about election administration. EAC alsoaccredits testing
laboratories, certifies voting systemsand audits the use of HAVA funds."
end-to-end auditable voting systems (E2E)
End-to-end auditable voting systemsprovide voters with a receipt that can be taken home.
They are a form ofVVPATs. The receipt does not allow voters to prove to others how they
voted because such systems are unconstitutional in most states.
Election Incident Reporting System (EIRS)
The EIRS is a Web-based online reporting system that allows volunteers and officials to log
reports of election problems. The EIRS is maintained by theVerified Voting Foundation.
electronic ballot marker (EBM)
An EBM, like a BMD, is a form of ballot-marking device that allows voters to make selections
with an electronic input device, often using atouch screensystem similar to a DRE. EBMs make
e-voting systems accessible to disabled voters.
e-voting (electronic voting)
E-voting is an election system that allows a voter to record his or her secure and secret ballot
electronically. E-voting technology includes direct-recording electronic machines (DREs)
withtouch screensand opticalscanners. Electronic votes are stored digitally in voter access
cards until they are sent to a centralized location where tabulation programs compile and
tabulate results. Advocates of e-voting point out that electronic voting can reduce election
costs and increase civic participation by making the voting process more convenient. Critics
maintain that without a paper trail, recounts are more difficult and electronic ballot
manipulation or poorly-written programming code could affect election results.
Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA)
TheHelp America Vote Act of 2002is a federal program that provided nearly three billiondollars to U.S. states to replace punch card voting systems, created the Election Assistance
Commission (EAC) to assist in the administration of Federal elections, provided assistance with
the administration of certain Federal election laws, and established minimum election
administration standards.
independent testing authority (ITA)
An independent testing authority is a non-partisan organization in charge of verifying and
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testing voting machines. The EAC has now taken over from NASED as the ITA for e-voting
machines.
NASED
TheNational Association of State Election Directors. Formerly responsible for ITA (independent
testing authority) examination of e-voting machines, a responsibility now handled by the EAC.
NVRA
The National Voter Registration Act of 1993, often called "the motor/voter" law because it
promoted increasing voter-registration opportunities, allows a voter to register at the same
time he or she receives or renewes a drivers' license.
optical scan voting machine
Optical scan voting machinesuse an electronic scanner to read marked paper ballots and
tabulate the results. Many counties have been switching from touch screen systems to optical
scanners in recent years due to concerns about DRE machines.
precinct-counted optical scanner (PCOS)
A PCOS counts votes directly at the polling place instead of at a central location.
public network DRE voting system
A public network DRE voting system (PNDREVS) is an network that registers electronic ballots
and transmits the voting data back to a central location over a public network. Voting data
come from optical scanners, DREs, Internet voting or telephone systems. Voters in Estonia, for
instance, can vote in local and parliamentary elections via the Internet using a PNDREVS e-
voting system. Estonians use a national identity card with a computer-readable microchip to
access an online balloting system using an electronic card reader and PIN.
pull lever voting machines
Pull lever voting machines, also known asdirect-recording voting systemsor lever machines,
use mechanical systems to record votes. These machines were a fixture of big city elections
throughout the 20th century. Today, only New York still uses pull lever machines.
punch card voting system
A punch card voting system is simply a stiff card and a mechanical device that punches holes to
mark a voter's choices on a ballot. Punch card systems have been used for large-scale data
collection since the 19th century, when the government used it for the 1890 U.S.Census.Herman Hollerith's Electric Tabulating System, the ancestor to computers as we know
them today, used punch cards.
statewide voter-registration system (SVRS)
Every state was required to have an SVRS in place by HAVA, with the exception of North
Dakota, which does not maintain such a database. The Pew Center on the States maintains alist
of the status of SVRS installations for the 50 states.
http://www.nased.org/index.htmhttp://www.nased.org/index.htmhttp://www.nased.org/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_scan_voting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_scan_voting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_machines#Direct-recording_voting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_machines#Direct-recording_voting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_machines#Direct-recording_voting_systemhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Herman-Hollerithhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Herman-Hollerithhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Herman-Hollerithhttp://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/template_page.aspx?id=42364http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/template_page.aspx?id=42364http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/template_page.aspx?id=42364http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/template_page.aspx?id=42364http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/template_page.aspx?id=42364http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/template_page.aspx?id=42364http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Herman-Hollerithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_machines#Direct-recording_voting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_scan_voting_systemhttp://www.nased.org/index.htm -
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vote by mail
Vote by mail systems are being installed in states where touchscreen installations have been
removed. Oregon is moving entirely to a vote by mail system, which effectively replaces polling
centers with post offices and treats each registered voter as an absentee.
voter access cardsA voter access card is one of four types of encryptedsmart cardsused to authenticate,
administer and operate DRE machines. Security experts identify these cards as a potential
vulnerability, due to the possibility of loss, damage, forgery or the vector injection of malicious
code.
voter-verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT) or (VVPT)
Civil liberties, security and fraud experts all recommend DRE machines that include the capacity
to print a physical record that may then be audited to confirm election results. The record may
may then be visually verified by the voter and retained as a receipt and confirmation. Such
records are of course then useful in the event of a recount or otherwise contested election.Dr.Rebecca Mercuriis credited as the creator of theVVPATconcept, in which e-voting is made
auditable through visual verification of a paper facsimile before transferring it to a secure
location. As as result, VVPAT is sometimes referred to as the "Mercuri method."
voting machine vendors
The top four providers of voting machine equipment areElection Systems &
Software(ES&S),Premier Election Solutions(formerly Diebold),Sequoia Voting
SystemsandHart InterCivic.
=====================================================================================
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Cloud computing:
Cloud computing is the use ofcomputingresources (hardware and software) that are delivered as a
service over anetwork(typically theInternet). The name comes from the use of a cloud-shaped symbol
as an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it contains in system diagrams. Cloud computing entrusts
remote services with a user's data, software and computation.
There are many types of public cloud computing:[1]
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/smart-cardhttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/smart-cardhttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/smart-cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Mercurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Mercurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Mercurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_Verified_Paper_Audit_Trailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_Verified_Paper_Audit_Trailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_Verified_Paper_Audit_Trailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Systems_&_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Systems_&_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Systems_&_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Systems_&_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Election_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Election_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Election_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_InterCivichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_InterCivichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_InterCivichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_InterCivichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Election_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Systems_&_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Systems_&_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuri_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_Verified_Paper_Audit_Trailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Mercurihttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/smart-card -
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Infrastructure as a service(IaaS)
Platform as a service(PaaS)
Software as a service(SaaS)
Network as a service(NaaS)
Storage as a service(STaaS)
Security as a service(SECaaS)
Data as a service(DaaS)
Desktop as a service(DaaS - see above)
Database as a service (DBaaS)
Test environment as a service(TEaaS)
API as a service(APIaaS)
Backend as a service(BaaS)
Integrated development environment as a service (IDEaaS)
Integration platform as a service (IPaaS), seeCloud-based integration
In thebusiness modelusing software as a service, users are provided access to application software anddatabases. The cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms on which the applications run.
SaaS is sometimes referred to as on-demand software and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis.
SaaS providers generally price applications using a subscription fee.
Proponents claim that the SaaS allows a business the potential to reduce IT operational costs by
outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the
business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and personnel
expenses, towards meeting other IT goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be
released without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of SaaS is that the users' data
are stored on the cloud providers server. As a result, there could be unauthorized access to the data.
End users access cloud-basedapplicationsthrough aweb browseror a light-weight desktop ormobileappwhile thebusiness softwareand user's data are stored on servers at a remote location. Proponents
claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with
improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust resources to meet
fluctuating and unpredictable business demand.[2][3]
Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scalesimilar to
autility(like theelectricity grid) over a network.[4]
At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader
concept ofconverged infrastructureandshared services.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_environment_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_environment_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backend_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backend_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-based_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-based_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-based_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-nist-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-nist-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-nist-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-nist-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-based_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backend_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_environment_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service -
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Characteristics
Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:
Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.
Application programming interface(API) accessibility to software that enables machines to
interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans
and computers. Cloud computing systems typically useREST-based APIs.
Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditureis converted
tooperational expenditure.[27]
This is purported to lowerbarriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically
provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive
computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and
fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).[28]
The e-FISCAL project's state of the artrepository
[29]contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them
concluding that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure
available in-house.
Deviceand location independence[30]
enable users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure
is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from
anywhere.[28]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-yarmis-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-yarmis-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-yarmis-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-yarmis-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface -
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Virtualizationtechnology allows servers and storage devices to be shared and utilization be
increased. Applications can be easily migrated from one physical server to another.
Multitenancyenables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:
Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels) Utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 1020% utilised.
[15]
Reliabilityis improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed cloud
computing suitable forbusiness continuityanddisaster recovery.[31]
Scalability and elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand")provisioningof resources on a fine-grained,
self-service basis near real-time,[32]
without users having to engineer for peak loads.[33][34]
Performanceis monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed
usingweb servicesas the system interface.[28]
Securitycould improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but
concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for
stored kernels.
[35]
Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in partbecause providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers
cannot afford.[36]
However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed
over a wider area or greater number of devices and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared by
unrelated users. In addition, user access to securityaudit logsmay be difficult or impossible. Private
cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and
avoid losing control of information security.
Maintenanceof cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on
each user's computer and can be accessed from different places.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition of cloud computing identifies "five
essential characteristics":
On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server
time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service
provider.
Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones,
tablets, laptops, and workstations).
Resource pooling.The providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a
multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassignedaccording to consumer demand. ...
Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to
scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities
available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any
time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitenancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitenancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-amazon-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-amazon-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-amazon-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-vmstartuptime2012-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-vmstartuptime2012-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-vmstartuptime2012-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-idc-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-vmstartuptime2012-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-amazon-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitenancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization -
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Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and
reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
National Institute of Standards and Technology[4]
[edit]On-demand self-service
See also:Self-service provisioning for cloud computing servicesandService catalogs for cloud
computing services
On-demand self-service allows users to obtain, configure and deploy cloud services themselves using
cloud service catalogues, without requiring the assistance of IT.[37][38]
This feature is listed by theNational
Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) as a characteristic of cloud computing.[4]
The self-service requirement of cloud computing prompts infrastructure vendors to create cloud
computing templates, which are obtained from cloud service catalogues. Manufacturers of such templates
or blueprints includeHewlett-Packard(HP), which names its templates as HP CloudMaps
[39]RightScale
[40]andRed Hat, which names its templates CloudForms.
[41]
The templates contain predefined configurations used by consumers to set up cloud services. The
templates or blueprints provide the technical information necessary to build ready-to-use clouds.[40]
Each
template includes specific configuration details for different cloud infrastructures, with information about
servers for specific tasks such as hosting applications, databases, websites and so on .[40]
The templates
also include predefined Web service, the operating system, the database, security configurations and
load balancing.[41]
Cloud consumers use cloud templates to move applications between clouds through a self-service portal.
The predefined blueprints define all that an application requires to run in different environments. For
example, a template could define how the same application could be deployed in cloud platforms based
on Amazon Web Service, VMware or Red Hat.[42]
The user organization benefits from cloud templates
because the technical aspects of cloud configurations reside in the templates, letting users to deploy
cloud services with a push of a button.[43][44]
Cloud templates can also be used by developers to create a
catalog of cloud services.[45]
[edit]Service models
Cloud computing providers offer their services according to three fundamental models:[4][46]
infrastructure
as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) where IaaS is the
most basic and each higher model abstracts from the details of the lower models. In 2012 network as a
service (NaaS) and communication as a service (CaaS) were officially included by ITU (InternationalTelecommunication Union) as part of the basic cloud computing models, recognized service categories of
a telecommunication-centric cloud ecosystem.[47]
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