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Cloud Computing for Education and Learning:Education and Learning as a Service (ELaaS)

Mohssen M. Alabbadi

Computer Research Institute (CRI)King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST)

Riyadh, Saudi [email protected]

Abstract — Cloud computing, despite its hype, is being widely

deployed, with its dynamic scalability and usage of virtualized

resources, in many organizations for several applications. It is

envisioned that, in the near future, cloud computing will have a

significant impact on the educational and learning environment,

enabling their own users (i.e., learners, instructors, and

administrators) to perform their tasks effectively with less cost by

utilizing the available cloud-based applications offered by the

cloud service providers. This paper discusses the use of cloudcomputing in the educational and learning arena, to be called

‟Education and Learning as a Service” (ELaaS), emphasizing its

possible benefits and offerings. It is essential for an educational

and learning organization, with its budget restrictions and

sustainability challenges, to use the cloud formation best suited

for a particular IT activity. The Jericho Forum proposes a cloud

computing formation model, called the Cloud Cube Model

(CCM), which is based on 4 criteria. To preserve the symmetry of

the cube, a new cloud computing formation model, called the

Complete Cloud Computing Formations (C3F), is proposed. The

IT activities in the educational and learning organizations are

then classified with respect to the two criteria: mission criticality

and sensitivity. Each class is then mapped into the appropriate

position in the C3F, creating ELaaS Quadrant. This essentially

establishes a general conceptual framework for ELaaS.

Keywords- Cloud Computing; Cloud Computing Formations;

Education and Learning as a Service (ELaaS); Grid Computing;

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in

Education; Virtualization; Web Services; Utility Computing

I. I NTRODUCTION

Cloud computing is an emerging Internet-based computing paradigm, with its built-in elasticity and scalability, fordelivering on-demand information technology (IT) services tousers in a pay-per-use basis, in similar fashion as already donefor other utilities (i.e., water, electricity, etc.). It is a confluence

of business developments and the following existing ITtechnologies:

Virtualization: It enables the creation of a virtual (asopposed to actual) version of an IT resource (e.g., anoperating system, a server, a storage device, ornetwork). This allows data center consolidation and

provides separation and protection;

Grid Computing: It enables the execution of tasksover multiple computers dispersed over geographicalareas, forming a seemingly supercomputer capability;

Utility Computing: It refers to the packaging and provisioning of computing resources in the form ofmetered service with some pricing scheme, thus withvirtualization, IT resources can be provisioned as anon-demand service available on a subscription basis1

[14];

Web Services: Web services, in particular those based

on the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) whichis an XML-based open source message transport protocol, allows software delivery, where pieces of thesoftware can be developed and then published on aregistry to be dynamically discovered and consumed

by other client applications over different transport protocols (e.g., HTTP, TCP/IP, etc.) irrespective of the programming language and platform. Web serviceshave created the foundation for the Service OrientedArchitecture (SOA) paradigm and, most importantly,SOAP-based Web services are now being used in thedelivery of some aspects of cloud computing which notonly deliver software remotely but also other IT-related functionality [20].

Three trends have contributed to the emergence of cloudcomputing: the Internet and its technologies, in particular,World Wide Web (WWW) and Web 2.0 functionality; thecatch up of telecommunications with hardware and software,where open standards were leveraged, resulting in low cost of

broadband and wide availability of accessible high-speedwireless networks; and the falling cost of storage andcomputing devices, first led by mainframes and minicomputersthen PCs, and, more recently, by Internet-enabled handheldmobile devices.

All these technologies and trends made computing moredistinctively distributed, thus migrating back to huge data

centers. Networks of these computing plants, called “ITfactories” [1], with commercial realization, form “cloudcomputing” [7]. Cloud computing provides users a power ofchoice among less expensive (or free) competing services thatare user-friendly, accessible from any location, and morereliable [1]. It marks the reversal of a long-standing trend,where end users and organizations are now willing to surrender

1 The provision of software programs and applications to users as a service viathe Internet by application service providers (ASPs) during the 1990s couldnot succeed because of insufficient bandwidth [20] and importability due tothe use of proprietary technologies.

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a large measure of control to 3rd-party service providers [8] togain several advantages such as redirecting resources, focusingon long-term strategic business development, and businesscontinuity [15].

When compared to the existed traditional IT services provisioning models, cloud computing has many advantagessuch as reduced upfront investment (i.e., software, hardware,

and professional staff to maintain servers and upgradesoftware [15]), reduced launching time, where days becomehours [15], expected performance, high availability, infinitescalability, tremendous fault-tolerance capability [22], andenhanced collaboration, accessibility, and mobility, allowingusers to use any device, such as a personal computer (PC), or amobile phone, etc. [8]. Therefore, the use of cloud computingwill have a profound positive impact on the cost structure ofall the industries using IT resources by lowering the total costof ownership (TCO) [8], resulting in an indirect crucial impacton business creation and the macroeconomic performance atnational levels [6], extending to a global level. This benefitsthe private as well as the public sectors, including healthcare,

education (especially for e-learning) [5], and the activities ofgovernment agencies.In both academia and industry, cloud computing has been

recently attracting significant momentum and attention as oneof those opportunities that could prove to be of immense

benefits and empowering in some situations, due to itsflexibility and pay-per-use cost structure, for organizations. Inthe educational and learning arena, this will be called‟Education and Learning as a Service” (ELaaS).

Cloud computing was in the list of the top 10 strategictechnologies and trends identified by Gartner, the US analystfirm, consecutively in the previous years. In 2008, it was listedas ‟Web Platform & Web Oriented Architecture (WOA)” due

to the success of Software as a Service (SaaS) model and itthen became pronounced as ‟cloud computing” in the years2009 through 20112.

The Horizon reports, resulted from collaboration betweenthe New Media Consortium (NMC) and EDUCAUSELearning Initiative (ELI), a program of the influentialEDUCAUSE, a non-for-profit US organization, aim to providean educational-orientated perspective on expected keyemerging technologies for higher education as well as K-12education published as separate reports by identifying theemerging technologies likely to have a large impact onteaching, learning, research, or creative expression withinlearning-focused organizations. The higher education and K-12

editions do not differ in terms of the technologies featured butin terms of the adoption Horizons because K-12 education lags behind higher education in using IT technologies. Cloudcomputing was placed as a unifying technology supportingother emerging technologies in the year 2008 [11]. Then it

2 See Gartner, Inc., Press Releases, Gartner Newsroom, Retrieved online, onAug. 30, 2011, at http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=530109 (for the year2008), http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=777212 (for the year 2009),http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1210613 (for the year 2010), andfinally http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1454221, (for the year 2011).

appeared as an emerging technology to be adopted in 1-2 yearsfor 2009 [11] and 2010 [12] but it gained the power of a keytrend in 2011 [13]. IDC, a US market research firm, estimatedthe IT spending on cloud computing services to reach US$42

billion by 2012 [15].

There are several successful deployments of cloudcomputing within educational and learning organizations,utilizing both commercial and non-commercial cloudcomputing solutions [9,14,18,19,21]. However, there areseveral “cloud formations” (i.e., forms of cloud computing)and it is essential for an educational and learning organization,with its budget restrictions and sustainability challenges, to usethe cloud formations best suited to its IT activities. TheJericho 3 Forum [10] has established a cloud computingformation model, called the Cloud Cube Model (CCM) whichis based on 4 criteria (i.e., dimensions) [10]. The use of a cube,a 3-dimensional object, to represent the 4 criteria eliminates thesymmetry inherited in the cube. Thus a new cloud computingformation model, called the Complete Cloud ComputingFormations Model (C3F), is proposed. The IT activities in theeducational and learning organizations are then classified with

respect to the two criteria: mission criticality and sensitivity.Each class of the IT activities is then mapped into theappropriate position in the C3F, thus creating ELaaS. Thisessentially establishes a general conceptual framework foradopting and deploying ELaaS.

The structure of the rest of the paper is as follows. SectionII properly defines cloud computing. C3F is explained in detailsin Section III. The classification of the IT activities ineducational and learning organizations is discussed in SectionIV. Section V shows the mapping of these IT activities intoC3F, creating ELaaS. Finally, the concluding remarks are givenin Section VI.

II. CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is a nascent business and highlydisruptive technology concept with different meanings fordifferent IT professionals. For application and IT users, it is ITas a service (ITaaS), delivering computing, storage, andapplications over the Internet from centralized data centers, andfor Internet application developers, it is an Internet-scalesoftware development platform and runtime environment,whereas for infrastructure providers and administrators, it ismassive, distributed data center infrastructure connected by IPnetworks [15]. These different views are clearly reflected in theviews of cloud computing for some providers such as Amazon,Microsoft, and Google [2]. Furthermore, the abstracted

definition of cloud computing [19] does not distinguish it fromother paradigms such as grid computing; this abstracted viewcan be used for comparing cloud computing with other

3 Jericho (called Ārīḥā, in Arabic, meaning ‟fragrant,” driven from the wordReah and called yəriḥo in Hebrew) is a city located near the Jordan River inthe West Bank of the Palestinian territories. It is situated well below sea levelnorth of the Dead Sea, thus it is the lowest permanently inhabited site onearth. It is also believed to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in theworld (Wikipedia, Jericho, May 21, 2011, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., SanFrancisco, CA, USA, Retrieved, online. on Aug 30, 2011, athttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho).

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computing paradigms as done in [17] when cloud computingwas compared, based on computer architecture model, withservice computing and pervasive computing. The disparity ofcloud computing definition is even extended to organizationssuch as EDUCAUSE, which views cloud computing as “thedelivery of scalable IT resources over the Internet, as opposedto hosting and operating those resources locally, such as on acollege or university network” [4]; this definition clearly lacks

the service concept and pay-per-use aspect of cloud computing.Unfortunately, there is abundance of definitions for “cloud

computing” in the literature, with hype and divergentviewpoints, leading to a non-standard definition; the JointInformation Systems Committee (JISC) confirm the confusionabout the terms “cloud” and “cloud computing” [1]. In this

paper, the “U.S” National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST) definition is adopted. NIST defines cloudcomputing as a ‟model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurablecomputing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned andreleased with minimal management effort or service provider

interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and iscomposed of five essential characteristics, three servicemodels, and four deployment models” [16].

The five essential characteristics are [16]: on-demand self-service, where a consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities as needed automatically withoutrequiring human interaction from each service's provider;broad network access, where the capabilities are availableover the network and accessed through standard mechanisms,

promoting the use of heterogeneous thick or thin client platforms such as mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs; resourcepooling, where the provider's computing resources are pooledto serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with

different physical and virtual resources dynamically assignedand reassigned according to consumers demands; rapidelasticity, where the capabilities can be rapidly and elastically

provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out,and rapidly released to quickly scale in; and measured service,where the cloud service providers automatically control andoptimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability atsome level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service.

There are three service models of cloud computing, wherein all models the consumer does not manage or control theunderlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers,operating systems, storage, or applications. The three servicemodels are Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a

Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS) [16].With IaaS, the consumer, based on demands, can provision

processing, storage, networks, and other computing resources,such that the consumer is able to deploy, run, and controlarbitrary software, including operating systems andapplications, with possibly limited control of select networkingcomponents (e.g., host firewalls) [16]. By virtualization,hardware level resources are abstracted and encapsulated,

providing a flexible infrastructure of distributed data centerservices, where the end user can access the services through a

standardized interface, connected via Internet-style networking.Examples of IaaS are Amazon EC2 and S3.

With PaaS, the consumer can deploy onto the cloudinfrastructure consumer-created or acquired applicationscreated using programming languages and tools supported bythe cloud provider, such that the consumer has control over thedeployed applications and possibly application hostingenvironment configurations [16]. It is the middleware

providing application services and/or runtime environment forcloud applications, layering between IaaS and SaaS. It includesoperating system support and software developmentframeworks to provide a platform for developers to develop,test, and deploy Web-scale applications and services. GoogleAPP Engine and Microsoft Azure are examples of PaaS.

On the other hand, with SaaS, the provider’s softwareapplications are accessible by the consumer from various clientdevices through a thin client interface such as a web browser,where the consumer may possibly have control over limiteduser-specific application configuration settings. SaaS is simplytop-layer applications delivered on demand. SaaS is the mostvisible layer of cloud computing for end users. A well knownexample for SaaS offerings is Salesforce.com.

There are four deployment models for cloud computing: private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, and hybridcloud [16]. When the cloud infrastructure is owned solely foran organization, providing hosted services to a limited numberof people behind a firewall, it is called a private cloud; it alsocalled an internal cloud or a corporate cloud. But when thecloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations,supporting a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g.,security requirements or compliance considerations), then it iscalled community cloud. Both the private and communityclouds may be managed by the organizations or a 3rd-party andmay exist on premise or off premise. On the other hand, public

cloud makes its cloud infrastructure available to the general public or a large group and is owned by the organizationselling the cloud services; it is also called external cloud.Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more cloud models(private, community, or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology,enabling data and application portability.

Cloud computing faces five major challenges that need to be addressed: security, interoperability, availability, performance, and data migration. Security is concerned aboutdata privacy, confidentiality, and network traffic isolationthrough partitioning, whereas interoperability must supportcustomer choice and additional agility (for example, in

workload mobility). Service level agreement (SLA) shouldaddress performance, availability, latency, and QoS (quality-of-service) issues. On the other hand, the problem of migratingdata between clouds, both public and private, is probably the

biggest challenge [15].

III. COMPLETE CLOUD COMPUTING FORMATIONS (C3F)

There are several “cloud formations” (i.e., forms of cloudcomputing), where each form offers different characteristicswith varying degrees of flexibility, collaborative opportunities,and risks [10]. The Jericho Forum [10] proposes a cloud

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computing formation model, called the Cloud Cube Model(CCM), shown in Fig.1.

The CCM is based on 4 criteria (i.e., dimensions) todifferentiate cloud formations from each other and the mannerof their provision. The CCM uses 4 faces of the cube, as shownin Fig. 1, with two faces left blanks, representing no criterion(i.e., empty faces). This eliminates the symmetry of the cubeand it may introduce confusion, when categorizing the cloudservices as done in [3].

Figure 1. The Cloud Cube Model (CCM) from the Jericho Forum[10]

To preserve the use of a cube with its symmetry, whereevery pair of opposite faces represents the same criterion, thenumber of criteria needs to be reduced to three. The reductionis simply done by combing two criteria of the original CCMinto one, resulting in a new cloud computing model, to becalled the Complete Cloud Computing Formation (C3F). As inCCM, other attributes like ‟offshore” and ‟onshore,” eventhough they are relevant, are not considered. The C3F isdepicted in Fig. 2 and its three dimensions are as explained indetails below.

I. Physical Location and Management: This deals with the physical location of the cloud infrastructure with respect to

the organization’s boundaries and who is managing the

delivery of the cloud service(s) used by the organization.

The management is primarily a policy issue (i.e. a business

decision, not a technical or architectural decision) which

must be embodied in a contract with the cloud provider.

Thus, the following types result:

Internal/In-sourced (Int/In): It is within the

organization's physical boundary (i.e., Internal) under

the control of the organization's own staff (In-sourced).

Internal/Outsourced (Int/Out): It is within the

organization's physical boundary (i.e., Internal) underthe control of a 3rd-party (Outsourced).

External/Outsourced (Ext/Out): It is not within

organization's physical boundary (External) under the

control of a 3rd-party (Outsourced). Most likely, the

owner of the cloud infrastructure is controlling it as

well, as in the case of public cloud.

The case for External/In-sourced form is not practical with

the present technology. This is like a public cloud provider

giving control of its infrastructure and services to its

customers.

II. Ownership: It defines the ownership of the cloud

technology, services, interfaces, etc. It indicates the degree

of interoperability to enable “data/applicationtransportability” between the organization's systems and

other cloud forms, and the ability to withdraw the

organization's data and/or application from a cloud form or

to move or share them to another organization without

constraint. Proprietary (P): The cloud service provider is keeping

the means of provision under its ownership.

Consequently, when operating in clouds that are

proprietary, moving data and/or applications to another

cloud provider(s) may require significant effort or

investment.

Open (O): Open clouds are using technology that is

not proprietary. The organization is not constrained to

share its data and collaborate with selected parties

using the same open technology.

III. Architectural Mindset: In the original CCM, this

criterion defines whether the traditional IT perimeters such

as network and firewall are operating inside, calledPerimeterised (Per), or outside, called De-perimeterised

(D-p), the organization. On the other hand, this criterion

was modified in [3] and this modification is adopted in

C3F, resulting the following types.

Perimeterised (Per): Perimeterised means

infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and platform as a

service (PaaS), or any services, contracts, and supports

using infrastructure and platform.

De-perimeterised (De-p): De-perimeterised stands for

Software as a Service (SaaS), or any services,

contracts, or supports for software/application, since

they are restricted by hardware boundary.

Figure 2. The Complete Cloud Computing Formation (C3F)

Since the three criteria are mutually exclusive, then thereare 3*2*2= 12 forms. Furthermore, each form is to berepresented as a 3-tuple element with the following attributes:(Physical Location and Management, Technology Ownership,Architectural Mindset). For example, (Int/Out, O, De-p) is a 3-tuple designating internal /outsourced, open, De-perimeterisedform.

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IV. IT ACTIVITIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND LEARNING

ORGANIZATIONS

Cloud computing can deliver great advantage to aneducational and learning organization, with its budgetrestrictions and sustainability challenges, but only if theorganization uses the cloud formation best suited for a

particular activity [10]. This necessitates the classification of ITactivities in these organizations with respect to some scheme. Itis crucial to select the classification criteria that suit theeducational and learning environment.

Two principles will govern the selection of theclassification criteria. First, it is evident that commercial cloudservice providers are gaining significant economies of scale intheir infrastructure and service-delivery capacities, enablingthem to provide enhanced and mature services, when comparedto an individual educational and learning organization, nomatter how large and complex the organization is. This is anoutward principle, leading to the adoption of cloud computing.This makes it evident that cost is not to be considered as acriterion for classification, at least in the long term planning.Furthermore, for educational and learning organizations, the

benefits of moving some of the IT services into the cloud mayoutweigh the risks associated with respect the challenges facingcloud computing.

Second, commercial cloud service providers do notsufficiently understand the educational and learning businessrequirements, at least from the point of view of the educationaland learning organizations. This is an inward principle, limitingthe use of cloud computing to the non-core organizationalservices. The two principles are balanced, creating a neutralview for adopting cloud computing.

TABLE I. EXAMPLES OF IT ACTIVITIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND

LEARNING ORGANIZATION

SensitivityMission Criticality

Low High

High Sensitive Research

Activities

Student Email

Students Records

Staff Records

Faculty Records

Medical Records

Administrative(Finance, Purchasing,etc.)

Backup of SensitiveInformation

Low

Alumni Email

Student Projects

Websites for Faculty,

Students, Staff, andClasses

News & Announcements

Non-sensitive ResearchActivities

Faculty & Staff Email

E-learning

Mobile learning

Backup of Non-sensitive Information

Equipped with above two principles, the two classificationcriteria are: mission criticality and sensitivity. Missioncriticality parameterizes the relation of the activity to the coreservices of the organization, whereas sensitivity measures theimpact of the activity on the organization, an individual, orgroup of individuals in the organization. Sensitivity is

concerned about privacy, security, data integrity, intellectual property management, audit trails, and other issues. Forsimplicity, both criteria are categorized as Low and High.Table 1 gives some examples of IT activities in the educationaland learning organization for each category.

Both criteria can be fine grained to suit the organizationenvironment. The examples of IT services given in Table 1 arenot meant to be exhaustive but they are typical IT activities inthe educational and learning environment. Each educationaland learning should classify their IT services as done in Table1. The classifications of services provided in the table 1 arerepresentative and the services may be classified differently,depending on the other factors such as national complianceregulations and laws, organizational requirements, etc.

V. CLOUD COMPUTING IN EDUCATION AND LEARNING

A. Education and Learning asa Service (ELaaS)

Each category of the IT activities is then mapped into theappropriate position of in the C3F, as depicted in Fig. 3. Themapping creates ‟Education and Learning as a Service”(ELaaS) and the resulted quadrant is to be called ELaaSQuadrant. This establishes a general conceptual framework forELaaS

ELaaS is symphonious with other cloud terms (e.g., IaaS,SaaS), emphasizing the service concept. However, it is clearfrom the figure that ELaaS is a hybrid approach, includingcloud and non-cloud based solutions. Some IT activities in theeducational and learning environment may be bestimplemented and operated using a traditional non-cloud basedsystem.

Figure 3. Mapping the ITactivities into C3F: ELaaS Quadrant

B. Step Forward

The right-hand quadrants in the ELaaS Quadrant show that(Int/In, *, **) and (Int/Out, *, **), where * and ** indicateeither Open (O) or Proprietary (P) and either Perimeterised or De-perimeterised, respectively, are very strong candidateapproaches. This suggests that an educational and learningorganization can take a step forward by establishing its ownedcloud computing infrastructure. This enables the organizationto be a cloud computing service provider for its own IT needsas well as other educational and learning organizations.

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VI. CONCLUSION

It is essential for an educational and learning organization,with its budget restrictions and sustainability challenges, to usethe cloud formations best suited to its IT activities. A cloudcomputing formation model, called the Complete CloudComputing Formation Model (C3F), is proposed. It is based onthe Cloud Cube Model (CCM) developed by the JerichoForum. The IT activities in the educational and learning

organizations are then classified with respect to the twocriteria: mission criticality and sensitivity. Both criteria arecategorized as Low and High. Each category of the ITactivities is then mapped into the appropriate position of in theC3F. The mapping creates ‟Education and Learning as aService” (ELaaS) and the resulted quadrant is to be calledELaaS Quadrant; ELaaS is a hybrid approach, including cloudand non-cloud based solutions. Essentially, this establishes ageneral conceptual framework for ELaaS

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