cloud, drizzle and turbulence observations in azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • the azores are cloudy,...

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Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores Jasmine Rémillard 1 , Pavlos Kollias 1 , and Edward Luke 2 1 McGill University 2 Brookhaven National Laboratory

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Page 1: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores 

Jasmine Rémillard1, Pavlos Kollias1, and Edward Luke2

1McGill University 2Brookhaven National Laboratory

Page 2: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

CAP-MBL campaign

•  unprecedented data set focused on the marine boundary layer (radia5on and microphysics) 

•  20‐month deployment of the AMF1 on Graciosa Island 

Page 3: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Data set

•  WACR: hydrometeors boundaries, intensity, ver5cal veloci5es 

•  Vaisala ceilometer: liquid cloud base (up to 7.5 km) 

•  MWR: column‐integrated amount of water (liquid and vapor) 

•  Radiosondes: in situ measurements of the thermodynamic state and winds 

Page 4: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Example

•  WACR reflec5vity (colors) and ceilometer bases (black dots) –  Radar echoes below lidar base indicate precipita5on 

Page 5: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Example

•  Regions containing only precipita5on (blue), and those with cloud par5cles (red) 

Page 6: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Cloud and precipitation

Type  High  Middle  Extending  Cu  Sc  Other 

CB  > 7km  > 3km  < 3km  —  —  — 

CT  —  —  > 3km  < 3km  < 3km  < 3km 

Dura5on  —  —  —  < 20min  > 20min  > 20min 

CT variability  —  —  —  —  < 100m  > 100m 

Type  Virga  Light  Intense 

Echo base  > 200m  < 200m  < 200m 

Base reflec5vity  —  < 0dBZ  > 0dBZ 

Echo below CB  Yes  Yes  Possible 

Precipita5on iden5fica5on  done profile by profile 

Cloud iden5fica5on  done daily by cloud clusters               (each analyzed by hours) 

Page 7: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Example

•  Iden5fica5on of cloud and precipita5on types (showing only in the BL) 

Page 8: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Minimum cloud coverage in late summer / early fall, and around half of the cloudy profiles had also liquid precipita5ons 

Full results

Page 9: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Full results

BL clouds dominate the atmosphere, especially in spring and summer, while higher clouds have minima occurrences in summer5me. 

Page 10: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Full results

BL clouds are mostly Cu or Sc, and they o_en coexist within an hour (especially in spring and summer) 

Page 11: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Full results

Most precipita5on evaporates before reaching the ground, and intense precipita5on at the ground occurs mainly in winter. 

Page 12: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Detection of decoupling in the BL

•  Mul5ple cloud layers are most likely forming in a decoupled BL –  Decoupled/coupled hours selected based on the mul5‐layer sta5s5cs in the BL (> 10% vs. 0%) and the cloud base variability in the BL (> 300m vs. < 100m) 

Page 13: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Thermodynamic state

•  Layer‐by‐layer averaging was performed on the soundings linked to decoupled/coupled hours –  Both usually have a transi5on layer –  Coupled cloud layer found either at the inversion or the transi5on (about 50‐50, resul5ng in lower averaged RH) 

Page 14: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Selection of good Sc cases

•  Persis5ng for the most part of a day (> 50%) 

•  Most of the Sc is single‐layer (> 90%) 

 35 days selected 

Page 15: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real
Page 16: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Non-drizzling vs. Drizzling

The Sc coverage can be divided into periods when drizzle is falling from the cloud, and periods without virga (or very limited). 

Precipita5ng periods are characterized by thicker clouds, and stronger liquid water paths. 

Page 17: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Composited daily cycle

Composi5ng the hourly sta5s5cs from the 35 selected days, a daily cycle is obtained. ‐ blue: falling drizzle 

detected ‐ black: no virga detected 

Page 18: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Turbulence

Hourly sta5s5cs of the radar veloci5es during the Sc periods without radar echoes below the ceilometer base provide informa5on about the turbulence and dra_s. 

cloud base 

cloud top 

many small updra_s 

few strong updra_s 

Page 19: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Updrafts and mass fluxes

•  3 different views –  Direct sampling –  Coherent structures –  Sta5s5cal method (Randall et al., 1992) 

Page 20: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Summary

•  The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. 

•  It is hard to detect real coupled BL periods using only cloudiness measurements. 

•  Drizzling Sc clouds are thicker and higher, and contain more liquid than their non‐drizzling counterparts. 

•  Sc clouds have a propensity to precipitate, although it doesn’t reach the ground o_en. 

Page 21: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

Summary

•  Sc clouds are linked to the inversion at the BL top. 

•  The marine Sc observed were rather calm. 

•  Coherent structures account for about half of the mass flux in those marine Sc, with a maximum observed around sunrise. 

Page 22: Cloud, Drizzle and Turbulence Observations in Azores · 2019. 8. 21. · • The Azores are cloudy, with many BL clouds, including a lot of Sc clouds. • It is hard to detect real

(Near) future work

•  Retrieval of drizzle microphysics and cloud dynamics from the WACR Doppler spectra 

•  Characteriza5on of the factors influencing drizzle produc5on and growth in marine Sc clouds