cloud-sourcing research collections: a model for strategic change
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Cloud-sourcing Research Collections: a model for strategic change. ARL Fall Forum Achieving Strategic Change in Libraries 15 October 2010. Constance Malpas Program Officer OCLC Research. Cloud Library Project (2009/2010). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Constance MalpasProgram OfficerOCLC Research
Cloud-sourcing Research Collections: a model for strategic change
ARL Fall ForumAchieving
Strategic Change in Libraries
15 October 2010
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Cloud Library Project (2009/2010)
Objective: Assess feasibility of ‘externalizing’ library repository functions to network service providers
Scope: Legacy monographic collections in mass-digitized corpus
Case study: • Motivated client: NYU• Shared print repository: ReCAP• Shared digital repository: HathiTrust
Method: Analyze holdings overlap for generic ARL service population; assess opportunity for surrogate service provision and relegation of local holdings; quantify potential space savings and cost avoidance
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25 years+70M vols.
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
9 months +3M vols.
Our Starting Point: June 2009
Will this intersection create new operational efficiencies? For which libraries? Under what conditions? How soon and with what impact?
HathiTrust
Library off-site storage
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Context: a switching point in library operations
Network service provision entails a “trade-off between cost and control” Nicholas Carr, The Big Switch (2008)
“turnouts, Knoxville, Tennessee” by Steve Minor
In libraries …• shift to licensed provisioning,
shared management infrastructure; gain in operational efficiencies
• print still managed as local asset; increasing attention to long-term costs of redundant inventory, burdensome operations
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Attention Switch: from Print to Electronic
Academic Library Expenditures on Purchased and Licensed Content
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
19982000
20022004
20062008
20142020
Print books and journalsE-journals and e-books
Projected change
Derived from US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1998-2008
You are here
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Format Transition is a Driver
$- $5,000,000 $10,000,000 $15,000,000 $20,000,000 $25,000,000 $30,000,000 $35,000,000 $40,000,000 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Library Materials Expenditures (2007-2008)
Lic
ense
d Co
nten
t as
% o
f Li
brar
y M
ater
ials
$
Derived from ARL Annual Statistics, 2007-2008
50% of ARL materials budget
Growing number of institutions with e-centric acquisitions, service model
Shrinking pool of libraries with mission and resources to sustain print preservation as ‘core’ operation
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Medium Discounted Life Cycle
Cost (per unit)
Total Life Cycle Cost (per unit)
Purchase Cost
(per unit)
Total Cost / Purchase
Cost (per unit)
Monographs $ 119.56 $ 343.03 $ 47.78 718%Current serials
$ 634.91 801.87 590.97 134
Microforms $ 0.27 0.45 0.11 256Govt. Docs $ 14.13 55.40 0.00 311MSS & Archives
$ 20.26 126.79 4.46 1130
Maps $ 26.78 73.82 11.05 247Graphic materials
$ 1.65 2.91 0.06 216216
Sound recordings
$ 22.64 24.77 6.80 219
Video & Film $ 128.95 107.50 15.70 307Computer files
$ 0.17 0.07 0.01 331
Potential life-cyclecost savings of
(119.56-47.78)*500,000 titles=$35,890,000
S. Lawrence et al. (2001) Based on 1999 ARL Data
“monographs are overwhelmingly the largest source or driver of library costs . . . If research libraries want to control their costs, they must work to control and reduce the life cycle costs of maintaining their monograph collections” Lawrence , Connaway & Brigham (2001)
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Inertia: a hidden cost driver?
Cost of management decreases as collections move off-site; the sooner they leave, the greater the savings
Source: P. Courant and M. Nielson (CLIR, 2010)
If 13% of on-campus collection circulates, more than 80% of the expenditure on locally managed collections delivers ‘symbolic’ value
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Enter the Elephant . . .
Jun-09Jul-0
9
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
Jun-100
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
Growth of HathiTrust Digital LibraryJune 2009 - June 2010
Full View Titles Limited View Titles Total Volumes
Equal in scope to e.g. University of
Minnesota
Equal in size to median ARL
library
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0 20 40 60 80 100 1200%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Rank in 2008 ARL Investment Index
% o
f Ti
tles
in L
ocal
Col
lect
ion
A global change in the library environment
June 2010Median duplication: 31%
June 2009Median duplication: 19%
Academic print book collection already substantially duplicated in mass digitized book corpus
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Mass Digitized Books in Shared Repositories
Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-100
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
Mass digitized books in Hathi digital repository Mass digitized books in shared print repositories
Uni
que
Titl
es
~75% of mass digitized corpus is ‘backed up’ in one or more shared print repositories
~3.6M titles
~2.5M
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Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-100%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
% o
f M
ass
Dig
itize
d Co
rpus
Dup
licat
edShared Print Service Provision: Capacity Varies
Library of Congress
UC NRLF/SRLF
ReCAP
CRL
Union of 5 major shared print collections
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Prediction
Within the next 5-10 years, focus of shared print archiving and service provision will shift to monographic collections
• large scale service hubs will provide low-cost print management on a subscription basis;
• reducing local expenditure on print operations, releasing space for new uses and facilitating a redirection of library resources;
• enabling rationalization of aggregate print collection and renovation of library service portfolio
Mass digitization of retrospective print collections will drive this transition
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A ‘Green’ Strategy: Cooperative Management
Data current as of June 2010
Shared print provision could enable at least 32K linear feet of space recovery …
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A Strategy to Transform Library Operations
Data current as of June 2010
Represents +30K linear feet of
shelving and at least $440K in
annual cost avoidance*
* Assuming relegation for titles held by >99 libraries; one volume per title * $.86
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An Achievable Strategy -- if latent shared print capacity is activated
Data current as of June 2010
95% of target30K linear ft $420K
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Implications: Shared Print
A small number of repositories may suffice for ‘global’ shared print provision of low-use monographs
Generic service offer is needed to achieve economies of scale, build network; uniform T&C
Fuller disclosure of storage collections is needed to judge capacity of current infrastructure, identify potential hubs
Service hubs will need to shape inventory to market needs; more widely duplicated, moderately used titles
If extant providers aren’t motivated to change service model, a new organization may be needed
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Recommendations: Where to Start
• If your institution has significant holdings in storage swap your symbol so that aggregate preservation resource is addressable and carrying capacity can be assessed
• Use the mass digitized book corpus as driver for de-duplication and storage transfers; strengthen preservation infrastructure where it is most needed
• Retain on-site only those titles for which demand and local value exceeds the (significant) economic and opportunity costs of local management; est. 13% circ rate does not justify current expenditure pattern
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Recommendations: What to Stop
• Storage transfers that don’t meet a known preservation need; local space pressures (alone) shouldn’t dictate what moves first or farthest
• Preservation strategies that presume local autonomy; the scholarly record is a shared asset and its preservation is a collective responsibility
• Enhancing bibliographic records for digitized content, beyond the addition of standard identifiers; let network visibility and full-text search hasten the migration of inventory from stacks to storage
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Proposal: Pilot a Strategic Print Reserve
Largest shared storage collections use mass-digitized titles held in common to characterize generic service offer and common price point for a ‘national print reserve’
Compare:• Availability in print (restricted collections, NOS,
loss rate) • Delivery timetable (including home-delivery
option)• Repository characteristics (environmental
conditions, etc.)• Transaction costs (establish baseline, look for
efficiencies)
subscription cost based on N titles * ($.86 * x) / no. participants in region holding print version; service
level sufficient to enable reduction in inventory
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An Ideal Time for Experimentation …
Source: Gartner's Hype Cycle Special Report for 2010
2-5 years to refine the model
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Acknowledgments
Cloud Library Project staff:Michael Stoller, Bob Wolven, Matthew Sheehy (NYU & ReCAP)Kat Hagedorn, Jeremy York (HathiTrust)Roy Tennant, Bruce Washburn, Jenny Toves (OCLC Research)
Sponsors:Carol Mandel, Jim Michalko, Jim Neal, John Wilkin
Funder:Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
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