clovis and later paleoindian traditions (10,000-8,000 b.c.) technology, subsistence, and settlement

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CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

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Page 1: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS(10,000-8,000 B.C.)

Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Page 2: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Paleoindian Chronology Early Paleoindian (10000 B.C. to 9000 B.C.)

The first subperiod, Early Paleoindian, is characterized by Clovis or Clovis-like large fluted stone points.

Great mobility of the Paleoindians of this subperiod is suggested by the finding of stone tools and debitage traded or transported by these small bands over hundreds of kilometers from their quarry source.

Megafauna of the Late Pleistocene was found in these three environmental zones.

Page 3: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Middle Paleoindian

9000 B.C. to 8500 B.C. The second subperiod, the Middle

Paleoindian, is characterized by a number of fluted and unfluted points, both larger and smaller than Clovis points.

This subperiod is viewed as a time when the population was adapting to optimum environmental resource zones instead of randomly moving throughout the Americas.

Concentration on specific zones and resources may account for the variation in the stone points of this subperiod.

Page 4: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Late Paleoindian

8500 B.C. to 7900 B.C. The last subperiod, the Late Paleoindian, is

characterized by Dalton and other side-notched-style points.

The replacement of fluted point forms by nonfluted points is believed to reflect a change in the adaptive strategy, away from hunting Late Pleistocene megafauna toward a more generalized hunting of small, modern game, such as deer, and a collecting subsistence strategy within the southern pine forests as they replaced the boreal forests.

Page 5: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Early Paleoindian-Clovis, NM

The Clovis culture takes its name from the town in New Mexico, where the striking stone projectile point characteristic of the tradition was first found.

Similar Clovis points have been found in every region of North America south of the glaciers.

Page 6: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Pleistocene Mammals

Clovis points are found in association with the bones of Ice Age animals in sites in many areas of North America and document both the importance of big game hunting and the effectiveness of early Paleo weaponry. The species exploited included mammoths, who grazed on the tundra grasses and mastodons who browsed on the spruce needles. Giant, long-horned bison provided a secondary food source.

Page 7: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Humans caused extinction of Large Pleistocene Mammal? Martin Hypothesis

Humans came in, spread rapidly and were able to hunt down species easily. 32 species gone by end of Pleistocene.

Humans or Climate? New study-Asteroid

http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/25/cosmic_blast_may_have_killed_off_megafauna/

Page 8: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Clovis, NM

Page 9: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Clovis Point

The point pictured at the top of this page, was found in Pike County, Illinois. It is made from fine white chert which has minute, rust colored inclusions. It is fluted on both sides.

http://members.aol.com/artgumbus/clovis.html

Page 10: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Clovis Points

It's distinctive characteristics include a central groove, or flute, along both of its faces and finely worked edges.

The typical blade measures 10-13 cm in length by 4 cm in width and was produced by a combination of percussion and pressure flaking. The fluting allowed hafting to a wooden spear shaft to make a formidable weapon.

Page 11: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Other Clovis Points

Knife River Flint, western North Dakota. The rarity of points and absence of other artifacts or signs of settlement suggests the presence of small groups who made only infrequent visits to the province in the course of their movements.

http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/manarchnet/chronology/paleoindian/clovis2.html

Page 12: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Kimmswick Mastodon Kill

http://www.lithiccastinglab.com/cast-page/2001aprilkimmswickclovis.htm

Page 13: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Kimmswick Site The Kimmswick site is located 20 miles south of St.

Louis, Missouri and near the small historical town of Kimmswick. It's situated about 417 feet above sea level on a terrace abutting a 65 foot limestone bluff and occupies a small area at the confluence of Rock and Black creeks, approximately one mile from the Mississippi River.

The Kimmswick site has had a long history of excavation. Beginning in 1839 Dr. Albert Koch unearthed skeletal remains which were later identified as Mammut americanum and later sold to the British Museum of Natural history in 1844 where they are still on display.

In 1897 C.W. Beehler rediscovered the site  and later built a small on-site museum in 1900 which housed hundreds of fossil bones. Several excavations followed Beehler but the most extensive were those of Robert McCormick Adams in the 1940's who left the most complete record of the site.

Page 14: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Kimmswick Clovis Point

http://www.lithiccastinglab.com/cast-page/2001aprilkimmswickclovis.htm

Page 15: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

East Wenatchee Cache, Washington in 1987. The site is located in an apple orchard near the Columbia River in central Washington. The initial find was made by workers who were digging a ditch for an irrigation pipe line.

http://www.lithiccastinglab.com/gallery-pages/2000decemberwenatcheeclovis.htm

Page 16: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Other Clovis Sites

http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/gault/clovis.html

Page 17: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Middle Paleoindian-Folsom Traditions 9,000 - 8,000 BC

The course of the Paleo Period was marked by a gradual warming trend and the retreat of the glaciers and eventually of the large bodies of water, such as Lake Agassiz, formed by their meltwaters.

Environmental changes led to the extinction the mammoth and other megafauna and encouraged changes in hunting strategy, technology and social organization of hunting groups.

About 11,000 years ago (9000 B.C.), the Folsom culture, also known as the Lindenmeier culture, replaced previous Clovis ways of life.

Page 18: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Folsom Environment

Page 19: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Environmental Conditions

The warming trend had a major effect on vegetation and the herd animals that depended upon it.

On the land, the grasslands which were supported by dry, warm conditions, expanded northwards, replacing the spruce forest habitat of the mammoth with one more suitable to bison herds.

The species of that time, Bison antiquus, was larger than the modern Bison bison and had longer horns.

Page 20: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Bison antiquus

http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/manarchnet/chronology/paleoindian/folsom.html

Page 21: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Folsom Technology

During the brief thousand year period of Folsom occupation, Native peoples were able to quickly adapt to a changing environment through modifications in resource use, weaponry and hunting strategy.

They effectively exploited the giant bison which then roamed the grasslands in large numbers.

Page 22: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Folsom Points

The Folsom tool kit maintained many of the characteristics of the previous Clovis tradition.

The new projectile points had thinner blades and were smaller, possibly in response to the efficiencies of bison hunting or to facilitated hafting to a spear point.

Page 23: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Atlatl Technology

Folsom points may also have been a response to the advent of a new weapon.

Although direct evidence is lacking, some archaeologists believe that the atlatl or spear thrower was introduced at this time.

This hunting accessory served to increase the length and leverage of the hunter's arm, causing the spear to be thrown further and with increased velocity.

Page 24: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Folsom Subsistence and Settlement

While archaeologists are not certain how bison were hunted 10,000 years ago, historical accounts of bison hunting by Natives on the Plains can be interpreted through ethnographic analogy to suggest techniques which may have been employed.

For example, the Jones-Miller site in Colorado is a 10,000 year old bison kill site where remains of about 300 animals were found in an arroyo.

The animals were mainly cows with nursing calves suggesting a late fall kill site. Later historical accounts relate that bison were driven into snow filled arroyos where they became mired, so that they could be more easily dispatched by the hunters.

Page 25: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Bonfire Shelter, Texas

http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/bonfire/bb2.html

Page 26: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Mile Canyon, downstream from Bonfire Shelter

http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/bonfire/plunge.html

Page 27: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Bonfire Bison

This almost complete skeleton of a yearling bison calf was found in the lower part of Bone Bed 3. Apparently it was buried beneath other fallen bison carcasses and was never butchered.

http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/bonfire/plunge.html

Page 28: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Late Paleoindian 8500-7900 B.C.

Changing climate-end of Ice Age More land opening due to reduction

in ice sheets, but less land due to sea level rise.

Pleistocene mammals extinct by 8000 B.C.

Page 29: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

History of Subsistence Studies at Dust Cave

Vertebrate Faunal Remains Invertebrate Faunal Remains Plant Remains

Page 30: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Vertebrate Faunal Remains

Majority of remains in Late Paleoindian (LP) are Avifauna (with emphasis on ducks and geese) & this lessens but continues in Early Side-Notched (ESN).

Habitats exploited in LP & ESN were likely wetlands & dry uplands.

Very few large mammals (white-tailed deer) represented in both LP & ESN.

R. Walker 1998

Page 31: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Invertebrate Faunal Remains

Mussel species found in small creeks and tributaries comprised approximately 40% of assemblage.

Also species of mussels which could have been collected from the shoals area of the Tennessee River.

P. Parmalee 1994

Page 32: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Plant Remains

Abundance of nutshell, particularly from hickory. Also hackberry, grape, pokeweed black walnut,

black gum and acorn. Most plant resources probably collected from

August to November.

P. Gardner 1994, K. Detwiler n.d.

Page 33: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Refinement of Subsistence with Increased Sample of Faunal Remains

Late Paleoindian New sample collected from units to the East and West

of the entrance trench. Sample includes better defined stratigraphic zones

(particularly U) and radiocarbon data. Early Side-Notched

Sample from entrance trench. Refined distribution based on recent stratigraphic and

radiocarbon data.

Page 34: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Late Paleoindian Sample Size and Distribution

N=3,221

B

131

133

135

G

F

Dust Cave(1Lu496)

E

C A

N

H

C o f f e e

S l o u g h

C I = 0.5 m

Test Units Test Trench

m eters

C urrent Excavation

D

L

r i p

i n e

F ig u re 1 .2 . D u s t C av e P lan M ap illu s tra tin g ex cav a tio n s tag es .

Page 35: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Dust Cave

View of the cave during early testing of thesite. The buckets mark the front of the opening.

Page 36: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

View of the test trench excavated between1990 and 1994, the supports were removed briefly to photograph the extent of the trench and then replaced.

Page 37: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Sediments

View of test unit A showing microstratigraphic concentrations of anthropogenic sediments (left side and lower area of unit) and pit features (upper right side of unit).

Page 38: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

The east side of the site, showing themicrostratigraphic layers. The white tags in the wall have the zone designations.

Page 39: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Early Side-Notched Sample Size and Distribution

N=3,387

B

131

133

135

G

F

Dust Cave(1Lu496)

E

C A

N

H

C o f f e e

S l o u g h

C I = 0.5 m

Test U nits Test Trench

m eters

C urrent Excavation

D

L

r i p

i n e

F ig u re 1 .2 . D u s t C av e P lan M ap illu s tra tin g ex cav a tio n s tag es .

Page 40: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Late Paleoindian Class DistributionNISP and MNI

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

N

Bird Mammal Fish Amphibian Reptile

NISP MNI

Page 41: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Early Side-Notched Class Distribution NISP and MNI

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

N

Bird Mammal Fish Amphibian Reptile

NISP MNI

Page 42: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Late Paleoindian Assemblage

Richness Diversity Equitability

60 H’=5.02 V’=1.22

High High Even

Page 43: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Early Side-Notched Assemblage

Richness Diversity Equitability

49 3.84 .98

Moderate-High Moderate Even

Page 44: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Habitat Utilization

Late Paleoindian

51%49% AquaticTerrestrial

Early Side-Notched

72%

28%

Page 45: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Modification

Burning-Dark Brown or Black Calcined-Whitish or Gray Cutmarks-Skinning, Disarticulating Ingested-Worn and Pitted Rodent Gnaw Marks-Long Parallel Striations Carnivore Gnaw Marks-Punctures and U-shaped

Grooves

Page 46: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Modified Bone

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Burn

ed

Calc

ined

Cut

Ingest

ed

Rodent

Gnaw

Carn

ivore

Gnaw

None

Perc

ent

Late Paleoindian Early Side

Page 47: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Cut MarksBeaver Humerus from Late Paleoindian Zone

Page 48: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Branta canadensis* (Canada Goose)

Humerus “cache” Cutmarks on many

specimens N62W66 @ 405 cmbd NISP=20 Located adjacent to

Radiocarbon sample: 10,020 +/- 40 rcybp

N

0 10 20cm

LS

LS

LS

*Data from Parmalee 2001 (p.c.)

Page 49: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Subsistence Transitions between Late Paleoindian and Early Side-Notched Components

Late Paleoindian High numbers of Avifauna, particularly Ducks and

Geese. Very High Richness, Diversity and Equitability

Measurements. More even distribution of aquatic and terrestrial

habitat exploitation than previously suggested (i.e. Walker 1998).

Greater quantities of butchered bone, particularly Medium Mammal (i.e. Beaver) and Waterfowl.

Page 50: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Subsistence Transitions between Late Paleoindian and Early Side-Notched Components

Early Side-Notched High quantities of Avifauna, but also numerous fish

and mammals represented. Richness moderate-high, diversity and equitability

high, but less than Late Paleoindian. Habitat Utilization extremely different from previous

analysis: higher numbers of aquatic fauna than terrestrial, perhaps due to greater numbers of fish in this assemblage.

Page 51: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Conclusions: Late Paleoindian The new richness, diversity and equitability

measurements suggest that a highly diversified economy was utilized.

While the new Late Paleoindian data suggest avifauna were important, there seems to be less of a reliance on aquatic habitats then previously suspected.

However, some specialization my have occurred as indicated by the “cache” of goose humeri.

Page 52: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Conclusions: Early Side-Notched

Avifauna (of both aquatic and terrestrial species) continue to be important.

Richness, diversity and equitability data indicate moderate-high patterns of generalization, suggesting a trend towards greater specialization in resource selection.

New data suggest Aquatic habitats had greater significance than previously suspected.

Page 53: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN TRADITIONS (10,000-8,000 B.C.) Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement

Were Large Mammals Primary food source during the Paleoindian Period? Large mammals common on Paleoindian

Archaeological sites. Mastodon kills-Kimmswick Bison kills-Bonfire Was this because they were the most

common prey or most obvious on the landscape??