Proceedings of the

Cluster and Double Star Symposium

5th Anniversary of Cluster in Space

19 – 23 September 2005

Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Scientific Committee

W. Baumjohann IWF, AustriaC. Escoubet, Chairman ESTEC, The NetherlandsM.L. Goldstein GSFC, USAM. Hapgood RAL, UKH. Laakso ESTEC, The NetherlandsZ.X. Liu CSSAR, ChinaP. Louarn CESR, FranceE. Lucek IC, UKA. Masson ESTEC, The NetherlandsH. Opgenoorth ESTEC, The NetherlandsC.J. Owen UCL/MSSL, UKG. Paschmann ISSI, SwitzerlandJ. Pickett University of Iowa, USAZ. Pu Peking U., ChinaA. Roux CETP, FranceS. Schwartz IC, UK

Publication Cluster and Double Star Symposium – 5th Anniversaryof Cluster in SpaceNoordwijk, Netherlands (ESA SP-598, January 2006)

Compiled by: K Fletcher

Published and distributed by: ESA Publications DivisionESTECPostbus 2992200 AG NoordwijkThe NetherlandsTel: +31 71 565 3400Fax: +31 71 565 5433

Printed in: The Netherlands

Price: 50

ISBN No: 92-9092-909-X

ISSN No: 0379-6566

Copyright: © 2006 European Space Agency

Introduction

This Cluster and Double Star Symposium marks the fifth anniversary of the Cluster launch.Around this time five years ago, the wire booms of the Electric Field and Waves (EFW)instrument were just starting to be deployed on Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. This was actually thebeginning of the commissioning, which lasted three months more. One event of last weekreminded us about the commissioning phase, as we tried to switch on the Cluster IonSpectrometry (CIS) experiment on Cluster 2. This instrument had failed during thecommissioning and was left off for five years. Unfortunately, the problem of high currentconsumption was still present and we had to switch it off again. Now it is clear that thisinstrument will not provide data.

However, this failure does not detract from the tremendous amount of high quality datacollected by the CIS instrument on the other three spacecraft, as well as by all the otherinstruments. Over the past five years, the total volume of data acquired by the instruments andthen distributed by ESOC to the scientists amounts to 1.3 Tbytes. This may not seem a largefigure in terms of computer capacity nowadays, but when we started the mission preparation in1988 it was a huge amount. We had to add a second ground station to acquire all this data. Interms of CD-ROMs, the impressive number of more than 250,000 CDs have been distributed tousers by ESOC since launch. Indeed, the UK song industry, the British Phonographic Institute,would award Cluster a double gold album for such a number.

Over the last five years, the Cluster mission has continued to provide wonderful data to allscientists. However, one crucial aspect of the Cluster mission has been the changing of thedistances separating the spacecraft. The constellation manoeuvres took place twice a year duringthe first two years, and later on once a year. The manoeuvre periods are always a busy time forthe PI teams, but especially for the Joint Science Operations Centre (JSOC), located in Chilton,United Kingdom, and the ESOC teams which see their workload increasing dramatically. Interm of thrusters firing during the past six constellation manoeuvres, we fired the thrusters anequivalent of 85 km/s during 219 days, totalling a period of seven months of manoeuvering.This is a significant portion of the mission so far.

It is nice to remember the past, but it is more important to plan the future. The future of Clusterwas secured in February 2005 when the ESA Science Programme Committee agreed to extendthe mission for another four years, starting in January 2006. This means that the end of missionis now planned for December 2009. We will however have a mid-term review at the end of2007 to check that the spacecraft and payload can continue to operate for the rest of theextension. During the coming four years we will carry out new science, starting with a multi-scale phase in which Cluster 1, Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 will form a large triangle at 10,000 km,and Cluster 4 will be close to Cluster 3, separated by about 1000 km. In the future, as the orbitevolves, with the apogee shifting toward the South hemisphere, the Cluster formation will crosstwo very important new regions: the subsolar point region and the near-Earth neutral sheet (ataround 8 Earth radii). Scientists are therefore looking forward to the next few years of Clusterdata.

This Cluster success would not have been possible without the strong reliability of the Clusterplatforms and we would like to thank Astrium, Friedrichshafen in Germany for the fantastic jobof building the four spacecraft. During the operations, the ESOC Team, the JSOC Team and thePI teams are doing a tremendous job of operating the four spacecraft and their 41 instrumentscontinuously. Many thanks should also be addressed to the eight National Data Centres thatcontinuously distribute the data to scientists, and finally to all scientists who are working andpublishing a very large number of papers with Cluster data.

More than 160 scientists from China, Europe, Japan, Russia and the USA came to the EuropeanSpace Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands, for this

symposium. Sixty-five talks were given in the course of five plenary sessions, and around 100posters during two poster sessions. A PDF version of most of the talks can be found at:

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=37919

These proceedings contain 80 papers presented at the symposium, and cover the variousmagnetospheric regions visited by Cluster, such as the solar wind and bow shock,magnetopause, polar cusp, magnetotail, auroral zone, and plasmapause. The new ISSI book on“Cluster at the Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries” [Paschmann et al., 2005] was presented forthe first time at the beginning of the symposium. In addition, during the past two years, theCluster mission has been enhanced by the Double Star (DSP) mission, a magnetosphericmission composed of two satellites, built in collaboration between the China National SpaceAdministration (CNSA) and ESA. These proceedings contain many papers that use both datasets to give us a small and large scale view of the key physical processes at work in themagnetosphere and its environment.

Finally we would like to thank Viviana Vavosoto and the Conference Bureau for their greatsupport in organising the conference and the excursion to see Dutch life, as well as KarenFletcher and the Publication Division, who put together these proceedings, and all authors whocontributed to this book.

Philippe Escoubet Harri Laakso Matt Taylor Arnaud Masson

Contents

Sun-Earth connection

Soho, Cluster, Double Star - the Sun and the EarthR.M. Bonnet

Solar wind, foreshock, bow-shock and magnetosheath

SLAMS at parallel shocks and hot flow anomaliesE. A. Lucek

On the ion reflection properties of the quasi-perpendicular Earth’s bow shockH. Kucharek, E. Moebius, M. Scholer, R. Behlke, C. Mouikis, P. Puhl-Quinn, L.M. Kistler,T. Horbury, J. Eastwood, S.D. Bale, and C. Mazelle

Field-aligned and gyrating ion beams in the Earth’s foreshockC. Mazelle, K. Meziane, M. Wilber

Upstream field-aligned beams: results from ClusterMeziane, K., Wilber, W., Hamza, A. M., Mazelle, C., Parks, G. K., and Rème, H.

High time resolution ambient electron density measurements by Cluster at the Earth’s bowshock: February-May 2001

A. Masson, H. Laakso, P. Décréau, M. André, P. Escoubet, X. Suraud, R. Saxena, S. Bale,M.G.G.T Taylor and H. Opgenoorth

Shedding new light on solitary waves observed in spaceJ. S. Pickett, L.-J. Chen, D. A. Gurnett, J. M. Swanner, O. Santolík, P. M. E. Décréau, C. Béghin,D. Sundkvist, B. Lefebvre, M. L. Goldstein, B. Lavraud, E. Lucek, R. Kessel, G. S. Lakhina,S. V. Singh, R. V. Reddy, B. T. Tsurutani, H. Rème and A. Fazakerley

Wave source locations in the bowshock and adjacent regionsO.D. Constantinescu, K.-H. Glassmeier, R. Treumann, U. Motschmann, and K.-H. Fornaçon

Wave mode identification by the Cluster satellites in the foreshock regionAnders Tjulin, Elizabeth Lucek, and Mats André

Low frequency waves in the bow shock environmentYasuhito Narita and Karl-Heinz Glassmeier

Polar cusp and magnetopause

The Curlometer and other gradient measurements with ClusterM. W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, Q-Q. Shi, Z. Pu, C. Vallat, P. Robert, S. Haaland, C. Shen, J. A. Davies,K.-H. Glassmeier, P. Cargill, F. Darrouzet, A. Roux

Discontinuity Analysis with ClusterS. Haaland, B. U. Ö. Sonnerup, G. Paschmann, E. Georgescu, M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh,B. Klecker, H. Rème, and A. Vaivads

Structure of the magnetopause boundary layers discovered by Cluster multipoint observationsHiroshi Hasegawa

Solar wind pressure and the position of the magnetopause: a Cluster perspectiveJohan De Keyser, M. Roth, M. W. Dunlop, H. Rème, C. J. Owen, and G. Paschmann

Comparative Cluster/Double Star observations of the high and low latitude daysidemagnetopause

M. W. Dunlop, M. G. G. T. Taylor, J. A. Davies, Z. Pu, A. N. Fazakerley, C. J. Owen,Y. V. Bogdanova, F. Pitout, H. Laakso, Q.-G. Zong, C. Shen, K. Nykyri, B. Lavraud, S. E. Milan,Z.-X. Liu, C. P. Escoubet, H. Rème, C. M. Carr, T. D. Phan, M. Lockwood and B. Sonnerup

Simultaneous Double Star and Cluster FTES observations on the dawnside flank of themagnetosphere

A. Marchaudon, C. J. Owen, J.-M. Bosqued, R. C. Fear, A. N. Fazakerley, M. W. Dunlop,A. D. Lahiff, C. Carr, A. Balogh, P.-A. Lindqvist and H. Rème

Space and ground-based investigations of dayside reconnection: Cluster, Double Star andSuperDARN observations

J. A. Wild, S. E. Milan, J. A. Davies, S. W. H. Cowley, M. W. Dunlop, C. J. Owen, J. M. Bosqued,M. Lester, A. Balogh, C. M. Carr, A. N. Fazakerley, and H. Rème

Cluster and TC1 five point observations of an FTE on Jan. 4, 2005: a preliminary studyZ.Y. Pu, J. Wang, M.W. Dunlop, X.G. Zhang, Y. Wei, X.Z. Zhou, S.Y. Fu, C. J. Xiao, Q.G. Zong,Z.X. Liu, C. Carr, C. Perry, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, A. Fazakerley, P.Daly, F. Pitout, J. Davies,C. Shen, H. Laakso, P. Escoubet, C.J. Owen, Y. Bogdanova and M.G.G.T. Taylor

Study of a flux transfer event with Cluster spacecraftP. Robert, O. Lecontel, A. Roux, P. Canu, D. Fontaine, G. Chanteur, J.M. Bosqued, C. Owen,A.N. Fazakerley, and M.W. Dunlop

Inner mechanisms of flux transfer events observed by ClusterH. Khan, H. Laakso, M. Dunlop, M.G.G.T. Taylor, C.P. Escoubet, H. Opgenoorth, A. Masson

Cluster observation of magnetic structure and electron flows at a northward interplanetarymagnetic field x-line

D. E. Wendel, P. H. Reiff, T. H. Han, M. L. Goldstein, E. Lucek, A. Fazakerley

A search for electron scale structures close to the magnetopauseP. Canu, P. Décréau, S. Escoffier, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, D. Fontaine, M. Dunlop,J. G. Trotignon, J. L. Rauch and T. Carozzi

Ion kinetic features around a lobe reconnection siteM.B. Bavassano Cattaneo, M.F. Marcucci, A. Retinò, G. Pallocchia, H. Rème, I. Dandouras,E. Moebius, B. Klecker, C. W. Carlson, A. Korth, R. Lundin, and A. Balogh

Comparison of ULF waves at magnetopause crossings at different latitudes, as seen by theCluster and Double Star STAFF experiments

N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, D. Attié, G. Belmont, L. Rezeau, P. Robert, H.St.C. Alleyne, K. Yearby,A. Balogh, C. Carr

Instability of the energetic electron beams in the polar cusp-observations by Cluster andInterball

J. Blecki, Cornilleau-Wehrlin, M. Parrot, S. Savin, E. Amata, R. Bucik, R. Wronowski

The magnetospheric cusp: structure and dynamicsQ.-G. Zong, H. Zhang, T. A. Fritz, S. Y. Fu, Z.Y. Pu, M. L. Goldstein, W. Keith, M. W. Dunlop,A. Korth, P. W. Daly, H. Rème, A. Balogh and A. N. Fazakerley

Formation of the cusp and dayside boundary layers as a function of IMF orientation: Clusterresults

B. Lavraud, M. F. Thomsen, B. Lefebvre, E. Budnik, P. J. Cargill, A. Fedorov, M. G. G. T. Taylor,S. J. Schwartz, H. Rème, A. N. Fazakerley, A. Balogh

Mechanism for the formation of the high-altitude stagnant cusp: Cluster and SuperDARNobservations

Y.V. Bogdanova, A. Marchaudon, C.J. Owen, M.W. Dunlop, H.U. Frey, J.A.Wild, A.N. Fazakerley,B. Klecker, J.A. Davies, and S.E. Milan

Magnetopause cusp indentation: an attempt for a new model considerationM. Kartalev, S. Savin, E. Amata, P. Dobreva, G. Zastenker, and N. Shevyrev

Distinguishing between anti-parallel and component reconnection at the dayside magnetopauseK.J. Trattner, J. Mulcock, S.M. Petrinec and S.A. Fuselier

Staircase ion signature observed by Cluster in the mid-altitude polar cuspC. P. Escoubet, J. M. Bosqued, J. Berchem, M. G. G. T. Taylor, F. Pitout, H. Laakso, A. Masson,M. Dunlop, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, A. Fazakerley

Cluster observations of the electron edge of the low-latitude boundary layer at mid-altitudesY.V. Bogdanova, C.J. Owen, A.N. Fazakerley, B. Klecker, H. Rème

Plasma transfer event seen by ClusterWalter J. Heikkila, Patrick Canu, Iannis Dandouras, Wayne Keith, and Yuri Khotyaintsev

Observation of Pc3/5 magnetic pulsations around the cusp at mid altitudeLiu Yonghua, Liu Ruiyuan, B. J. Fraser, S. T. Ables, Xu Zhonghua, Zhang Beichen, Shi Jiankui,Liu Zhenxing, Huang Dehong, Hu Zejun, Chen Zhuotian, Wang Xiao, Malcolm Dunlop, A. Balogh

Statistical study of relationships between dayside high-altitude/-latitude O+ outflows, solarwinds, and geomagnetic activity

Sachiko Arvelius, M. Yamauchi, H. Nilsson, R. Lundin, H. Rème, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo,G. Paschmann, A. Korth, L. M. Kistler, and G. K. Parks

Magnetotail and nightside auroral region

Substorm theories and Cluster multi-point measurementsA. Roux, O. Lecontel, D. Fontaine, P. Robert, P. Louarn, and A.N. Fazakerley

Magnetotail substorm features from multi-point observationsA.T.Y. Lui, Y. Zheng, A. Balogh, P. W. Daly, M. W. Dunlop, T. A. Fritz, G. Gustafsson, S. Livi,S. B. Mende, C. J. Owen, R. F. Pfaff, H. Rème, Y. Zhang, and Q. Zong

Flux transport and tail dynamics during a prolonged substorm intervalS. E. Milan, J. A. Wild, B. Hubert, C. M. Carr, E. A. Lucek, J. M. Bosqued, J. F. Watermann, andJ. A. Slavin

Tail reconnection and plasma sheet fast flowsRumi Nakamura, Wolfgang Baumjohann, Andrei Runov, and Yoshihiro Asano

Observations of flux ropes and X-lines in the near Earth magnetotailJ. P. Eastwood, D. G. Sibeck, J. A. Slavin, B. Lavraud, E. A. Lucek, A. Balogh, I. Dandouras

Substorm topology in the ionosphere and magnetosphere during a flux rope event in themagnetotail

O. Amm, R. Nakamura, H.U. Frey, Y. Ogawa, M. Kubyshkina, A. Balogh, and H. Rème

Cluster observations of flux rope structures in the near-tailP. D. Henderson, C. J. Owen, I. V. Alexeev, J. Slavin, A. N. Fazakerlay, E. Lucek, H. Rème

Cluster results on the magnetotail current sheet structure and dynamicsV. Sergeev, A. Runov, W. Baumjohann, R. Nakamura, T.L. Zhang, S. Apatenkov, A. Balogh,H. Rème, J.-A. Sauvaud

Oscillations of flux tube slippage in the quiet plasma sheetA.A. Petrukovich, W. Baumjohann, R. Nakamura, A. Runov, and A. Balogh

Cluster measurements of ULF waves in the Earth’s magnetotailM. Volwerk, Z. Vörös, T. Takada, W. Baumjohann, R. Nakamura and A. Runov

Large scale plasma sheet structure – a statistical approachE. Osmundsen, A. Pedersen, E. Lucek, H. Rème

A statistical survey of tail plasma sheet energetic electronsA. Aasnes, R.W. H. Friedel, B. Lavraud, G. Reeves, P. Daly, H. Rème, and A. Balogh

Field aligned current observed by ClusterJ. K. Shi, T. L. Zhang, Z. W. Cheng, Z. X. Liu, R. Nakamura, C. Carr, A. Balogh

Cluster observations and global simulation of the cold dense plasma sheet during northwardIMF

J. Raeder, W. Li, J. Dorelli, M. Øieroset, and T. Phan

Multi-satellite observations of the near Earth plasma sheet and flank magnetopause: Responseto the 5th December 2004 CME

M.G.G.T. Taylor, B. Lavraud, M.F. Thomsen, A.N. Fazakerley, M.W. Dunlop, J.A. Davies,C.P. Escoubet, H. Laakso, H. Khan, A. Masson, H.J. Opgenoorth, R.H. Friedel, H. Rème,C.M. Carr, T.L. Zhang and E.A. Lucek

Polar cap particle acceleration: electron dynamics associated with ion outflowsD. Fontaine, A. Teste, R. Maggiolo, J.A. Sauvaud, A. Fazakerley

Cross-polar magnetospheric plasma drift as observed by Cluster EDI: statistical resultsM. Förster, S. Haaland, G. Paschmann, J. B. Baker, H. Vaith, J.M. Quinn, and R. B. Torbert

Inner magnetosphere: radiation belts and plasmasphere

Five years of investigation of whistler-mode chorus using the measurements of the Clusterspacefleet

O. Santolík, D. A. Gurnett, J. S. Pickett, M. Parrot, and N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin

Electrostatic and electromagnetic emissions near the plasmasphere. A case event: 27 May 2003F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, S. Grimald, J.L. Rauch, P.M.E. Décréau, G. Bozan, G. Le Rouzic,X. Suraud, X. Vallières, J. G. Trotignon, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, S. Boardsen

Storm time ring current - atmosphere interactions: observations and modellingV. K. Jordanova, C. G. Mouikis, L. M. Kistler, H. Matsui, P. Puhl-Quinn and Y. Khotyaintsev

3D Analysis of the ring current, for the 20 April 2002 event, using ENAs image inversions(IMAGE/HENA) and the curlometer technique (Cluster/FGM data)

Claire Vallat, Iannis Dandouras, Pontus C:Son Brandt, Ed Roelof, Don Mitchell,Malcolm Dunlop, Elizabeth Lucek, André Balogh, Henri Rème

Cluster multipoint observations of ionic structures in the plasmasphere by CIS and comparisonwith IMAGE-EUV observations and with model simulations

I. Dandouras, V. Pierrard, J. Goldstein, C. Vallat, G. K. Parks, H. Rème, M. McCarthy,L. M. Kistler, B. Klecker, A. Korth, M.-B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, P. Escoubet, and A. Masson

Plasmaspheric plumes: Cluster, IMAGE and simulationsF. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P. M. E. Décréau, D. L. Gallagher, V. Pierrard, J. F. Lemaire,B. R. Sandel, I. Dandouras, H. Matsui, M. Dunlop, J. Cabrera, A. Masson, P. Canu,J. G. Trotignon, J. L. Rauch, and M. André

Cluster Active Archive and tools

The ESA Cluster Active ArchiveC. Perry, T. Eriksson, P. Escoubet, S. Esson, H. Laakso, S. McCaffrey, T. Sanderson, H. Bowen,A. Allen and C. Harvey

The Instrument ASPOC and the Cluster Active ArchiveH. Jeszenszky, K. Torkar, G. Laky

Archival of the Cluster ion spectrometry (CIS) data in the Cluster active archive (CAA)I. Dandouras, A. Barthe, E. Penou, H. Rème, S. McCaffrey, C. Vallat, L.M. Kistler, and the CISTeam

Archiving of the Cluster EDI DataE. Georgescu, G. Paschmann, H. Vaith, J. Quinn, P. Puhl-Quinn, M. Chutter and R. Torbert

Use of EDI time-of-flight data for FGM calibration check on CLUSTERE. Georgescu, H. Vaith, K-H. Fornacon, U. Auster, A. Balogh, C. Carr, M. Chutter, M. Dunlop,M. Foerster, K-H. Glassmeier, J. Gloag, G. Paschmann, J. Quinn and R. Torbert

The status of Cluster FGM data submissions to the CAAJ.M. Gloag, C. Carr, B. Forte, E. A. Lucek

Plasma electron and current experiment (PEACE) data contributions to the Cluster ActiveArchive (CAA)

H. Khan, A.N. Fazakerley, R.J. Wilson, A.D. Lahiff, M.G.G.T. Taylor

Cluster Active Archive - the RAPID contributionP. W. Daly and S. Mühlbachler

Digital wave processor data in the Cluster Active ArchiveI. Bates, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, S.Walker, A. Buckley, and T. Carozzi

EFW data in the Cluster Active ArchiveP.-A. Lindqvist, Y. Khotyaintsev, M. André, and A. I. Eriksson

STAFF products for the Cluster Active ArchiveL. Mirioni, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, P. Robert, M. Maksimovic, Y. de Conchy, and C. C. Harvey

The electron density around the Earth, a high level product of the Cluster/WHISPER relaxationsounder

Trotignon J. G., Décréau P. M. E., Rauch J. L., Suraud X., Grimald S., El-Lemdani Mazouz F.,Vallières X., Canu P., Darrouzet F., Masson A.

Automatic determination of the plasma frequency using image processing on WHISPER dataRauch J.L., X. Suraud, P.M.E. Décréau, J. G Trotignon, R. Ledée, G. Lemercier, F. El-LemdaniMazouz, S. Grimald, G. Bozan, X Vallières, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet

Cluster WBD Data and the Cluster Active ArchiveJolene S. Pickett, Joanne M. Seeberger, Jessica M. Swanner, and Donald A. Gurnett

Cluster science planning – lessons-learned for future plasma missionsMike Hapgood

Improving science operations for future missionsP.A. Chaizy, M.A. Hapgood, T.G. Dimbylow, M.G. Hutchinson, P.M. Allan

Use of on-board autonomy for future space plasma studiesM. Hapgood, R. Lundin

Cluster outreach in a portable immersive theaterP. H. Reiff, C. C. Law, R. L. Kessel, M. L. Goldstein, S. Fishman and C. Sumners

Future magnetospheric missions

Cross-Scale: a multi-spacecraft mission to study cross-scale coupling in space plasmasT. Horbury, P. Louarn, M. Fujimoto, W. Baumjohann, L. G. Blomberg, S. Barabash, P. Canu,K.H. Glassmeier, H. Koskinen, R. Nakamura, C. Owen, T. Pulkkinen, A. Roux, J.-A. Sauvaud,S. J. Schwartz, K. Svenes, A. Vaivads

Future Russian magnetospheric & heliospheric missionsL.M. Zelenyi, A.A. Petrukovich, G.N. Zastenker, M.M. Mogilevsky, A.A. Skalsky, andV.D. Kuznetsov

Late papers

Recent Cluster wideband studies of auroral kilometric radiationR. Mutel, D. Menietti, I. Christopher, D. Gurnett, J. Cook, and H. Frey

THEMIS in relation to Cluster and Double StarVassilis Angelopoulos