CM 220 Unit 4 Seminar

General Education, CompositionKaplan University

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Unit 4 activities• Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful

Writing, chapters 11-12; Ceil Pillsbury article • Quiz: Interactive quiz on plagiarism, citation,

paraphrasing/quoting/summarizing• Invention Lab: Find a credible research article related to your

big idea, write an APA citation for that source, and paraphrase a key point from the article.

• Seminar: Review of APA citation and paraphrasing, discussion of Ceil Pillsbury article

• Project: Pre-interview worksheet and comparison/contrast of 2-3 sources relating to and challenging your big idea

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Finding Credible Sources• Library databases• Online journals• Googlescholar.com• Look for sources with known authors,

reputable publishers, cited sources• Always verify information• Avoid wikipedia.com and other questionable

sources

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Using those Sources• Remember that sources help YOU to defend YOUR ideas.• That means you should first begin with YOUR ideas. Consider

drafting without any sources and then adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas.

• Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources.• Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of

filling up space-use information that is directly relevant to your argument. If it is not relevant, do not use it.

• Interact with and analyze source information

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3 ways to use sources

• Quote• Summarize • Paraphrase• LIMIT the use of quotes. Increase the

originality of your paper by TRANSLATING the information from the sources into your own language.

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When should we use APA documentation?

• Any type of borrowed information (not your own original writing) must be documented both in the context of the paper as well as on the references page.

• Borrowed information includes the following:summaries, paraphrases, quotations, dollar values, numbers, dates, percentages, statistics of any kind. Note: Summary and paraphrase take the words, ideas and research of others and put them in a writer’s own words. These ideas are still borrowed information.

When not to use APA documentation --

• Anything that is common knowledge does not need to be cited.

• Example: The Declaration of Independence was written in 1776.

• This is common knowledge and does not need to be cited.

• However, only the most obvious types of common knowledge do not have to be cited.

• When in doubt, cite.

How do sources support the writer’s ideas?

Sources can1. support our own reasoning and logic with expert

opinion2. add credibility to an idea3. provide additional informationSources cannot1. be the entire essay2. string together to create entire paragraphs

These are the author’s original ideas

• Based on personal and common knowledge, the writer creates a brief paragraph about school uniforms

School uniforms may level the playing field for students whose parents cannot or will not bow to fashion trends, but uniforms may also create a new battlefield for competition. Students look alike with the same colors and styles of clothing, but brand names and high price tags can still separate designer uniforms from discount versions. Shoes and accessories increase the division between uniform brands and costs, but the benefits of uniforms may outweigh these potential problems.

• The next slide shows this paragraph supported with paraphrase and one brief quotation.

The writer’s ideas supported by sources:

School uniforms may level the playing field for students whose parents cannot or will not bow to fashion trends, but uniforms may also create a new battlefield for competition. Students look alike with the same colors and styles of clothing, but brand names and high price tags can still separate designer uniforms from discount versions. According to Johnson (2005), one in four students ranked uniform brand as the top priority for choosing clothing for school. Shoes and accessories increase the division between uniform brands and costs, but the benefits of uniforms may outweigh these potential problems. In fact, polls of thousands of secondary-school students indicate that young people would rather wear uniforms than so-called street clothes (Andersen, 2005). Parents tend to agree. In fact, a recent study shows that mothers rate school uniforms as “one of the top five stress reducers for the school day routine” (Kritchel, 2006, p. 75). All in all, uniforms seem destined for mixed reviews based on price versus convenience.

Question: What are paraphrasing and quoting and how do they compare and contrast?

• Paraphrasing is putting a source’s ideas in your own words and sentence structure. The idea still belongs to someone else, but you have expressed it in your own writing voice.

• Quoting is using the exact words, enclosed in quotation marks, of the source.

• Paraphrasing uses your own words, quoting uses the source’s words, but both provide source support and require APA citation to give credit to sources.

How does APA apply to paraphrasing and quoting?

• We use these basic parts of APA to document our use of sources as we paraphrase and quote the sources.

• For now, we will focus on just the first part of APA documentation: in-text citation.

• For example, the following slide shows an example of paraphrase with APA in-text citation.

Quoting:• The rules for citing a quotation in text are only

slightly different from the rules for paraphrasing. In fact, the only additions are quotation marks and, when available, a page number.

• The following slide demonstrates APA-cited quotation. Notice that the quotation must be a part of your sentence. It cannot stand alone in a paragraph.

Quoting continued:• Original source: “Responsible parents of children who

regularly use the Internet to research understand that being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street.” – From page 25 of Gregory Smith’s 2006 article, “What Kids Find Online”

• Online safety is possible if caregivers keep in mind that “being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street” (Smith, 2006, p. 25).*Note: The exact words from the source are placed in quotation marks and the page number, which is available, is used in the citation. Not all sources include page numbers, but most Library articles in PDF format do provide page numbers.

When to paraphrase and when to quote

• In general, paraphrase much, much more than you quote.

• Use quotation for distinctive words (“ask not what your country can do for you,”), some statistics you cannot otherwise change, or dialogue.

• Use paraphrase for everything else, trying always to simplify ideas for your readers.

• Above all, do not use a series of paraphrases and quotations as your whole paragraph. This is a compilation of sources; we are writing original work, not repeating our sources’ ideas only.

Let’s practice1. From the 2006 article “Not Criminal, Just Hopeful”

(no author listed and page number not available):• “Second, the immigrants have aspirations most

Americans can relate to. A new survey found that 92% worked, 98% wanted to learn English and 96% were happy to be fingerprinted and subjected to a criminal background check as part of a process that might lead to them becoming legal citizens.”

2.From Donya C. Arias’s 2004 article “Alternative Medicines’ Popularity Prompts Concern,” page 6:

• “More than a third of U.S. citizens use some form of alternative and complementary medicine, according to a federal survey, and international public health officials are warning that such remedies need better regulation and monitoring.”

3. From Brock Read’s 2006 article “Entertainment Officials Say Colleges Do Too Little to Fight Online Piracy,” page 36:

• “During several previous hearings, industry representatives had sought to portray colleges as partners in the fight against piracy. But last month the heads of the largest music and movie trade groups sharply criticized institutions that have chosen not to adopt antipiracy tactics endorsed by the industry.”

4. From page 46 of Barbara Gomolski’s 2006 article “Confessions of a Full-time Telecommuter.”

• “For self-motivated employees, telecommuting means a productivity boost. Focused and dedicated individuals will get far more work done at home than in an office.”

5. From Andrea Baker’s 1995 article “Auto Initiative Focuses on Environment,” page 28.

• “Engineers at Volvo want to change the way cars are designed, and disposed of. A broad environmental initiative at the company is generating interactive databases and design innovations that could apply to cars and trucks of all makes.”

Paraphrasing the Work of Others

What does it mean to paraphrase?

Is it the same thing as summarizing?

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What is a paraphrase?

1. Restatement of the author’s original idea…

2. In more or less the same number of words…

3. Keeping the original idea intact…4. And citing just as you would a direct

quote.

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Paraphrasing the Work of Others

What does it mean to paraphrase?

Is it the same thing as summarizing?

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Paraphrasing the Work of Others

WHY do we paraphrase when we could simply quote directly?

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Why Paraphrase?

1. To fit the quote into the current context.2. To maintain a constant “voice” or “tone” in the

essay.3. To help YOU as the writer to understand what the

author is saying (putting something into your own words is a good way to make sure you understand it).

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When do we NOT paraphrase?

1. You should paraphrase more often than you quote directly to maintain a steady voice in the paper.

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When do we NOT paraphrase?

1. You should quote directly to present a particularly well-spoken passage.

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When do we NOT paraphrase?

1. You should quote directly if you’re using a particularly authoritative source (like MLK in a paper about racism)

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HOW do we paraphrase?Paraphrasing is more than just swapping a word here and there for a synonym. It means rewording the entire passage in your own words.

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Paraphrase:Original source’s exact words:• “Responsible parents of children who regularly use the

Internet to research understand that being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street.” – From page 25 of Gregory Smith’s 2006 article, “What Kids Find Online”

Paraphrase (the essay writer’s words and syntax):• Parents probably would not abandon their young children

to the world outside the home, but Web searches without adult monitoring can be like playing alone in a park or beside a busy intersection (Smith, 2006).

*Note: The words and sentence structure of the source have changed, but the idea is the same and has APA in-text citation to give credit to the source.

Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing

1. Make sure you understand the entire passage before beginning the paraphrase.

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Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing

2. Set the passage aside and write the paraphrase without looking at the original.

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Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing

3. Now compare the two. Did you use any unique words or phrases from the original?

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Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing (continued)

4. If you used words/phrases from the original, replace them or put them in quotations.

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Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing (continued)

5. Read both the original and your paraphrase. Did you present the original idea correctly and completely?

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Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing (continued)

6. Cite the paraphrase correctly using APA.

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Let’s PracticeThe course lists two practice sentences in the seminar link:

"It has been estimated that a child of six knows as many as 13,000 words and the average high school graduate about 60,000.“

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Let’s Practice

"Creating an atmosphere of safety and trust is critical to the development of a good working group online."

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Citing those sources• Giving credit to sources helps to build credibility. Show your

readers you are honest.• Give reader necessary information to find sources and do

further research• Giving credit helps avoid issues with plagiarism.• No matter how you use the source, whether quoted,

paraphrased or summarized, it must be cited. • List sources alphabetically in the References page. • Cite within the paper where you use these sources-show

WHICH sources have been used, WHERE, and to WHAT EXTENT by using IN TEXT CITATIONS.

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WHAT IS APA?• American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that

is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology.

• Most Kaplan courses require it.• Guides the layout of the document• Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the essay• Uses a reference page with full citations for each source cited

in-text • Exception: interviews or other personal communications that

cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text

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APA—6th edition

• New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5th edition

• The Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes

• Main changes:1. DOI2. Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1)3. Title page

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Document Formatting and Title Page• Title page: include title of project, author, institution,

course, instructor, and due date• Double-space and center information on title page• Include header and page number in upper right-hand

corner• Document should be in 12 pt. font (usually Times

New Roman), double-spaced, header/page number on each page, first line of each paragraph indented one tab space. Use left justification. Put title on first line of page 2.

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Example Title PageRunning head: LEGALIZING MARIJUANA 4

Legalizing MarijuanaKate Smith

Kaplan University

CM 220-01Professor Thompson

April 14, 2010

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FIELD TRIP-formatting and title page

FOR A VIDEO SHOWING HOW TO FORMAT YOUR PAPER AND TITLE PAGE, please review:

http://www.screencast.com/users/Joni.Boone/folders/Jing/media/50487d39-0472-4db4-a96c-ee7cb86ba03c

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IN TEXT CITATIONSRequires two or three pieces of information:Author’s last nameYearPage or paragraph number (required for direct quotes only)

(Thompson, 2007)(Thompson, 2007, p. 345) OR (Thompson, 2007, ¶ 4)A survey by the Census Bureau indicates that half of American households

have a computer (Thompson, 2007).According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population have

computers” (p. 345).

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IN TEXT CITATIONS with no author

Many sources do not have a cited author. Websites, for example, often use a CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, USDA).

If no individual author is listed, cite by the CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, 2008) or if no corporate author is listed, by the title of the article or page you are using (New Technologies in the Workplace, 2009).

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References page formatting• Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in

upper- and lowercase letters.• Include a page header and page number in the upper

right-hand corner.• Alphabetize by author’s last name.• Double-space throughout.• Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left,

indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces).• Match with in-text citations.• Italicize titles of books and periodicals.

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Sample References PageRoll the credits 5

References

About APA style. (2006). Retrieved January 2, 2007, from APA Web site: http://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html.

Landau, J., Druen, P., & Arcuri, J. (2002). Methods for helping students avoid plagiarism. Teaching of Psychology, 29(2), 112-115.

Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Academic Search Premier.

Segal, C. (2006). Copy this. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(4), 54-54. Retrieved December 22, 2006, from Professional

Development Collection.

What you need to know about plagiarism. (2006). Retrieved December 22, 2006, from Kaplan University:

http://kucampus.kaplan.edu/DocumentStore/kupdocs/pdf/DocsForms/ku_plagiarism.pdf.

Villano, M. (2006). Taking the work out of homework. T H E Journal, 33(15), 24-30. Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Professional

Development Collection.

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APA 6th Edition and DOI• Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of retrieval date

and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online

• DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3).

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Common Source TypesBooksJournal articlesMagazine articlesNewspaper articlesWeb sitesInterviewsSpeeches

Remember, each source has a specific formatting style!

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Book with one author

Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of being.

Princeton: Van Nostrand.

Author. (Publication year). Title. City of publication:

publishing company.

IN TEXT CITATION: (Maslow, 1974).

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Journal ArticleMiller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of Social

Issues, 21(10), 1-28.

Author. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal name,

volume #(issue #), page number(s).

IN TEXT CITATION: (Miller, 1969).

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Magazine Article

McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and intelligence.

Psychology Today, 46, 61-63.

Author’s name. (year/month of publication). Article title.

Magazine Name, volume #, page number(s).

IN TEXT CITATION: (McCurdy, 1983).

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Newspaper Article

James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured and health

care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14.

Author’s name. (Publication date). Article title. Newspaper

name, page # and section.

IN TEXT CITATION: (James, 1993).

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Internet Source-author knownLynch, T., Smith, J., & White, M. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-

ations review. Retrieved October 8, 2009, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html.

IN TEXT CITATION: (Lynch, Smith, & White, 1996).

Please note that APA has changed its rule with RETRIEVAL DATE. In general, if a source is apt to change, a Retrieval date is required.

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Internet Source-author and date unknown

The Stratocaster appreciation page. (n.d.). Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://members.tripod.com/~AFH/

IN TEXT CITATION: (The Stratocaster appreciation page, n.d.).

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What is plagiarism?

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AVOIDING PLAGIARISM• What is PLAGIARISM and HOW do you avoid it? • WHY is this PLAGIARISM:Children being the future investors of capitalism force advertisement to work hard in

order to remain one step ahead of it’s competitor and the consumer. Recognizing that brand loyalty and consumer habits are formed when children are young, advertisers spend 100s of billions of dollars a year worldwide encouraging, persuading, and manipulating people into a consumer lifestyle that has devastating consequences for the environment through its extravagance and wastefulness. (beder.uow.edu.au).

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PLAGIARISM WORKSHOP, 1ORIGINAL:“One of the most damaging consequences of media’s images of women and

men is that these images encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps.

What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to regard healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. Yet this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men.”

Wood, Julia T. Our Body, Our Image: How the Media Hurts Our Sense of Self. New York: Longman, 1998.

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Plagiarism Workshop, 2Is this plagiarism of that source?STUDENT VERSION ONE: A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these

images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s totally understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had bigger muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men.

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Plagiarism Workshop, 3

Is this plagiarism of that source?STUDENT VERSION TWO

A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s totally understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had bigger muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men (Wood)

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Plagiarism Workshop, 4Is this plagiarism?STUDENT VERSION THREE:

A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. As Julia T. Wood points out, “It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps“ (300). What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is “precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men” (Wood 300).

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Plagiarism Workshop, 5Is this plagiarism?STUDENT VERSION FOUR: A casual glance at any fashion magazine makes the point—we need to weigh

less, have clearer skin, larger breasts if we are women, and more hair if we are men. As Julia T. Wood points out, media images “encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems” (1998, p. 300). This media-generated perception--that our perfectly normal bodies must be altered to be acceptable--is changing how we perceive our own bodies and negatively impacting our society (Wood, 1998).

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