CMC/CC AParadigms for Interaction

Master IK, CIW, MMIL.M. Bosveld-de SmetHoorcollege 3; ma. 18 sept. 2006; 16.00-18.00

Paradigms for designing usable interactive systems

Primary objective of interactive system: Allow user to achieve particular goals in some application

domain Two open questions for designers:

How can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability?

How can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured?

Succesful interactive systems Enhance usability Serve as paradigms

15 paradigms

Principal historical advances in interaction designs since mainframe technology

1.Time-sharing systems

1960s: explosion of growth in computing power

Licklider (ARPA) Truly interactive exchange between

programmer and computer Real human-computer interaction

Time-sharing system

2. Video Display Units (1) Mid 1950s: SAGE project (US Air Force)

Video Display Units (2)

1962: Ivan Sutherland, Sketchpad Computer can do more

than merely data processing

Contribution of one creative mind

3. Programming Toolkits

1960s: Douglas Engelbart ‘augmenting man’s

intellect’ NLS: oNLineSystem Pioneering computer

system: mouse, graphical display, writing machine

4. Personal Computing

1970s: emergence of computing power aimed at the masses

Using the computer becomes available to any one Seymour Papert: LOGO Mid 1970s: Alan Kay (PARC): Smalltalk

LOGO programming language

forward 50 right 90 forward 50 right 90

forward 50 right 90 forward 50 right 90

Typical Smalltalk display

5. Window Systemsand WIMP interface

6. Metaphor

Spreadsheet metaphor Ex. travel planning

assistent

7. Direct Manipulation (1)

1982: Shneiderman Graphics-based interactive systems Attractive features:

Visibility of objects of interest Incremental action at the interface with rapid feedback on

all actions Reversibility of all actions (exploration is not punished) Syntactic correctness of all actions (every user action is

legal) Replacement of complex command languages with

actions to manipulate directly visible objects

Direct Manipulation (2)

1984: Macintosh PC by Apple Computer, Inc. Ed Hutchins, Jim Hollan, Donald Norman:

model-world metaphor No intermediary between user and world of

interest Direct engagement The interface is the system

Widgets are interaction objects WYSIWYG paradigm is related to DM

paradigm

8. Language paradigm

Advantageous for generic and repeatable procedures

2 interpretations: Interface need not perform much translation Interface is an agent

Action and language paradigms: programming by example

9. Hypertext

1945: Vannevar Bush: ‘As We May Think’ MEMEX Random associative links between pieces of

knowledge Mid 1960s: Ted Nelson: Xanadu

Worldwide publishing and IR system Non-linear and associative linking schemes

10. Multimodality

11. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (1)

1960s: first computer networks Reconnection to workstations

in immediate working environment Throughout the world

CSCW systems allow interaction between humans via the computer Ex. Electronic mail

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (2)

12. World Wide Web

Built on top of internet Predominantly graphical interface to

information 1989: Tim Berners-Lee Free access to information and virtual social

environment

13. Agent-based interfaces

Aspects of both actions and language paradigm Email agents Web crawlers

Agents act on user’s behalf Agent acts within world user could also act

upon

14. Ubiquitous Computing

Late 1980s: Mark Weiser Moving human-computer interaction away from

the desktop Think of computing technology in different sizes

Pocket-sized electronic bible Stanford Interactive mural

Electronic bible

Interactive Mural

15. Sensor-based and Context-aware interaction

Interaction gets implicit nature There is no conscious interaction anymore