cmsc 104, lecture 031 operating systems i an introduction to operating system concepts
DESCRIPTION
CMSC 104, Lecture 033 How Do I Communicate With the Computer Using the OS? You communicate using the particular OS’s user interface. Graphical User Interface (GUI) - Windows Command-driven interface - DOS, UNIX, Linux We will be using the Linux operating system, which is very similar to UNIX.TRANSCRIPT
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 1
Operating Systems I
An Introductionto
Operating SystemConcepts
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 2
What is an Operating System (OS)?
• A computer program
• Performs many operations, such as:
• Allows you to communicate with the computer (tell it what to do)
• Controls access (login) to the computer
• Keeps track of all processes currently running
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 3
How Do I Communicate With the Computer Using the OS?
• You communicate using the particular OS’s user interface.
• Graphical User Interface (GUI) - Windows• Command-driven interface - DOS, UNIX, Linux
• We will be using the Linux operating system, which is very similar to UNIX.
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 4
How Do I Communicate With the Computer Using the OS? (con’t)
• When you log in to the Linux system here, a user prompt will be displayed: linux#[1]% _
where # is the number of the Linux server that you have connected to. You may use any of the Linux servers.
• The number in the brackets will change as you work It is the “number” of the command that you are about to type.
• If this prompt is not on the screen at any time, you are not communicating with the OS.
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 5
OS Introduction
• Computer applications today require a single machine to perform many operations and the applications may compete for the resources of the machine.
• This demands a high degree of coordination
• This coordination is handled by system software known as the operating system
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 6
Evolution of Operating System
• OS for batch jobso Program execution required significant
preparation of equipmento Program execution (job)o OS was a system to simplify program setup
and simplify transition between jobso Physical separation of users and
equipment led to computer operators
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 7
OS Evolution (cont’d)
o Users left jobs with the operator and came back the next day (batch jobs)
o Users had no interaction with computer during program execution. Maybe okay for some applications, but not for all.
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 8
OS Evolution
• OS for Interactive Processingo Allowed programs to carry on dialogue with
user via remote terminals (workstations)o Real-time processingo Users demand timely responseo Machines too expensive to serve only one
usero Common for several users to want
interactive services at the same time
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 9
OS Evolution (cont’d)
• OS for time-sharingo To accommodate multiple real-time users,
the OS rotates its various jobs in and out of execution via time-sharing
o Each job gets a predetermined “time slice”o At end of time slice current job is set aside
and a new one startso By rapidly shuffling jobs, illusion of several
jobs executing simultaneously is created
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 10
OS Evolution (cont’d)
o Without time slicing, a computer spends most of its time waiting for peripheral devices or users
o A collection of tasks can be completed in less time with time-sharing than when completed sequentially
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 11
Different Operating Systems on the Same Machine ?
• It is possible to have more than one operating system available to be used on a machine.
• Only one operating system is run at a time, though.
• Examples: o VAX -- VMS or Ultrixo PCs -- DOS, Windows, or Linux
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 12
Types of software
• Applications softwareo Performs tasks specific to the machine’s
utilization.• System Software
o Performs tasks common to computer systems in general
o Operating systems vary based on the hardware they’re used on
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 13
Types of software (cont’d)
• Utility softwareo Provides fundamental activities, yet not
included with OSo “Extends” the OSo Distinction between applications and
utilities is often vagueo Distinction between OS and utilities is also
vague
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 14
The OS Shell
• Defines interface between OS and userso Windows GUIo UNIX command lineo UNIX users can choose among a variety of
shells� csh is the “C shell”� tcsh is an enhanced “C shell”
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 15
OS Shell interface
O / S
shell
Users
UsersUsers
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 16
The OS Kernel
• The internal part of the OS is often called the kernel
• Kernel Componentso File Managero Device Driverso Memory Managero Schedulero Dispatcher
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 17
OS File Manager
• Maintains information about the files that are available on the system
• Where files are located in mass storage, their size and type and their protections, what part of mass storage is available
• Files usually allowed to be grouped in directories or folders. Allows hierarchical organization.
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 18
OS Device Drivers
• Software to communicate with peripheral devices or controllers
• Each driver is unique• Translates general requests into
specific steps for that device
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 19
OS Memory Manager
• Responsible for coordinating the use of the machine’s main memory
• Decides what area of memory is to be allocated for a program and its data
• Allocates and deallocates memory for different programs and always knows what areas are free
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 20
OS Scheduler
• Maintains a record of processes that are present, adds new processes, removes completed processeso memory area(s) assignedo priorityo state of readiness to execute (ready/wait)
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 21
OS Dispatcher
• Ensures that processes that are ready to run are actually executed
• Time is divided into small (50 ms) segments called a time slice
• When the time slice is over, the dispatcher allows scheduler to update process state for each process, then selects the next process to run
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 22
OS Summary
• Shell -- interface to user• File Manager -- manages mass memory• Device Drivers -- communicate with
peripherals• Memory Manager -- manages main
memory• Scheduler & Dispatcher -- manage
processes
CMSC 104, Lecture 03 23
Utilities
• Operating systems usually come with some associated utility programs
• UNIX usually has the text editors xemacs/emacs and vi
(and sometimes pico)• UNIX has its own sort utility• UNIX has its own mail utility