cnw a+ 28th nov 2012 cnw batch

7/30/2019 Cnw a+ 28th Nov 2012 Cnw Batch

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CompTIA A+ Certification

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

A+


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Identification of PC

Components


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The input is given by the user using input devices.

Input is stored in memory and then brought to the CPU for

processing.

The result is brought back to the memory for storage andgiven to the output.

The Block Diagram of a Computer


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Input devicesOutput devices

System unit

Mass Storage Device

Output Devices

Input Devices

System unit

Mass StorageDevice

The Parts of a Computer


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System unit Output device

Output deviceOutput device

Input devices

The following figure shows a typical personal computer:

A Typical Personal Computer


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An input device for a computer is anything that sendsinformation to the CPU to perform a specific function.

A computer has the ability to use many different types of

input devices to provide a unique experience to each user.

Input Devices


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Output devices deliver data that has been processed by thecomputer to the user.

There are a variety of devices that produce data in different

forms including audio, visual and hard copy.

Output Devices

C TIA A C ifi i


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A system unit is a personal computer component that housesother devices necessary for the computer to function.

Chassis

Cooling device

Microprocessor

(under cooling device)

Memory chips

Power Supply

Ports

Adapter Card

Disk drives

The System Unit

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The system unit itself has several important sub-components,such as:

Motherboard

Processor (CPU)

Memory

Storage devicesPower Supply

BIOS & CMOS

The System Unit Components

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A storage device is a system unit component, such as a harddrive, that enables users to save data for reuse at a later time,

even after the personal computer is shut down and restarted.

Storage Devices

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Motherboards

C TIA A+ C tifi ti


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In personal computers, a motherboard is the central printed

circuit board (PCB) that holds many of the crucialcomponents of the system, providing connectors for other

peripherals.

Expansion slots

AGP slot Ports

CPU

RAM slots

Drive interfaces

The Motherboard

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The main circuit board of a computer. A motherboard usually

includes the CPU, chipset, I/O ports, BIOS ROM chips, memory,

expansion slots, and the peripheral controllers.

Motherboard is also known as Mainboard orSystemBoard.

The Motherboard (Continued)

C TIA A+ C tifi ti


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Non-Integrated Motherboard (older)

Have most of the Peripheral controller card integrated on the

mother-board itself. Electronics of these logic is integrated on

motherboard and Connectors are visible on the Rear panel of

PC.

Integrated Motherboard (Latest)

Peripheral controllers were not on motherboard. Additionboards (called add-on-cards) were installed in expansion slots

as per requirement. For example Video card, FDD controller

card, HDD controller card, Serial and parallel port card, Sound

card etc.



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A chipset is a motherboard component that includes the

CPU and other chips that support basic functions of thecomputer.

The two main chips in the chipset are:

Northbridge

Southbridge

Chipset

Chipset



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The portion of a computer chipset that connects betweenthe CPU and the major interfaces on the computer including

memory, AGP port and PCI bus. It is also connected to the

south bridge.

Northbridge



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The part of the computer chipset that connects slower speed

interfaces such as parallel, serial, USB and PS/2 ports to the

north bridge and then the CPU.

The south bridge controls the slower I/O components like the

Serial ports, USB ports and the IDE.

Southbridge



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Motherboard Form Factors

The form factor of the motherboard describes its general shape, whatsorts of cases and power supplies it can use, and its physical organization.

It also specifies what type of case and power supply will be supported, the

placement of mounting holes, and the physical layout and organization of

the board.

For example, a company can make two motherboards that have basically

the same functionality but that use a different form factor, and the only real

differences will be the physical layout of the board, the position of the

components, etc.

In fact, many companies do exactly this, they have for example a baby AT

version and an ATX version.



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Common Motherboards are:PC - XT

AT

Baby AT

ATX

Micro ATX

LPX

NLX

Motherboard Form Factors (Continued)



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Personal Computer Extended Technology (PC-XT)

Introduced by IBM, 8088 microprocessor was used.

It has socket for the processor and chips.



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To overcome the problem created by AT Form factor, the

Baby AT form factor was introduced.

Baby AT is designed to hold the peripheral devices like

keyboard, video and mouse.

It could not accommodate the combination of processor,

heat sink and cooling fan.

AT and Baby AT



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ATX

Here expansion slots were placed on separate riser cards.

It provides software controlled shut down and power up.

More space for I/O connectors was provided at the rear end.

Micro ATX



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It has sound and video to be integrated on to the motherboard.

It is not suitable for upgrading and offers poor cooling.

LPX and Mini-LPX

NLX

Small in size.

Suited for low profile desktop cases.



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Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting a Motherboard

Motherboard is the most important component of the computer.

This is the central component to which every other component is attached.



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Choosing a Motherboard

Choosing an appropriate motherboard can be quite a challenging task. A lotof factors affect the choice of the motherboard.

Future upgradeability of the system is the most important one.

It should support a higher hard drive capacity, a higher Memory slot on themotherboard, whether it has an AGP slot.



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Consider the following before you choose a motherboard for a computer:

RAM

CPU

Ports

Expansion slots

Drive interfaces

Form factor

Clock speed

Motherboard Selection Tips



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Each Mother board is designed to support a range of microprocessor. But

it does not mean that all mother boards are capable to support allprocessors.

One main consideration in p support is the CPU socket and we can

make almost sure guess of p support by seeing the socket on

motherboard and up.

For Exact details on p support UserManual of particular motherboard

may be referred.

There are variety of CPU sockets are available on different mother board.

Micro Processor Support



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Installing a motherboard should be done with a lot of care.

Connect the motherboard to the mounting holes and tighten the screws.

Set the jumpers and switches to the appropriate positions.

Once the motherboard is secure, then start connecting the different wires

to their appropriate sockets.

Installing a Motherboard



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CompTIA A Certification


Troubleshooting a Motherboard

Troubleshooting the motherboard is the trickiest part for a technician.This requires a lot of time, patience and documentation. Since the

troubleshooting has to be done at the chip-level, troubleshooting a

motherboard can cost more time and money than buying a new one.



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Processors



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A single chip CPU is called as Microprocessor.

The CPU is made of two units namely the Arithmetic and Logic Unit and

the Control Unit.

It performs functions like executing the instructions given by the user

program, controlling the I/O operations and the functions of peripheral

devices.

Microprocessors

Block diagram of Microprocessor



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The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is used for performing Arithmetic and logic

operations.

The Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and

division.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

The Register unit is used to store data.

Register Unit

Control Unit

The control unit controls operations like generating the control signals for

reading, and writing data to memory or I/O devices.



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An instruction set is the collection of commands that is used by a

CPU to perform calculations and other computing operations.The following are the three categories of instruction sets used bymanufacturers:

CISC

RISC

EPICVLIW

Instruction Sets



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C p C


Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)

This processors are provided with large number of complex instructions.

Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)

It has less number of transistors and is cheaper.

Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)

It has combined features of both CISC and RISC.

Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW)

The VLIW type processors will be able to receive many instructions perword.

Types of Instruction Set



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p


Features of Pentium Processor

Pentium processor supports Superscalar architecture.

Supports Functional Redundancy Check.

Supports effective power management feature.

Supports multiprocessor



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p


SOCKET TYPE /NAME

CPU PINS VOLTAGE

SOCKET 1: 486 SX & DX 169 5v.

SOCKET 2: 486 SX, DX, & DX2 238 5v.SOCKET 3: 486 SX, DX, DX2, DX4, 586,

Pentium Overdrive237 3v. & 5v.

SOCKET 4: Pentium 60 & 66 273 5v.

Generations of Processor



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p


PC CPU Year Transistors

5th Generation Pentium, Cyrix 6X86,

AMD K5, IDT WinChipC6

1993-9519961996

1997

3,100,000----

3,500,0006th Generation Pentium Pro, AMD K6,

Pentium II, AMD K6-2

199519971997

1998

5,500,0008,800,0007,500,000

9,300,000

7th Generation AMD Original Athlon,AMD AthlonThunderbird Pentium 4

19992000

2001

22,000,00037,000,000

42,000,000

Generations of Processor (Continued)



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p


The table shows the size of cache memory supported by different processors.

CPU Cache size in the CPU

Celeron 32 KB L1 + 128 KB L2

Pentium IIICumine

32 KB L1 + 256 KB L2

AMD K6-3 64 KB L1 + 256 KB L2

AMD K7 Athlon 128 KB L1

AMD Duron 128 KB L1 + 64 KB L2




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p


Some of the specifications, the significance and example of processor.

Characteristics of CPU

Significance Example

Internal clock

frequency

Speed of data

processing inside theCPU.

800 MHz

External clockfrequency

Speed of data transferto and from the CPU viathe system bus (or Front

Side Bus).

133 MHz

Internal datawidth

The number of bits theCPU can processsimultaneously.

32 bits




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p


The figure below shows the different generations of computers and the

processors:




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p


It has on chip multimedia architecture.

Supports enhanced Pipeline feature.

Pentium MMX

Super pipelining Architecture

Integrated L1 Cache

Optimized performance for 32 bit code

Intel Pentium PRO



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p


It integrated MMX feature in it.

Runs at different speeds of 233 MHz, 266 MHz, 300 MHz, 333 MHz.

Supports 512 KB of L2 cache

Supports 32 KB of L1 cache

Supports 32 bit and 64 bit pipelined floating point unit

Pentium II Processor



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It is a combination of the Pentium Pro and the Pentium II technology.

It supported 512 KB or 1 MB of Level II cache memory

The Level 2 cache ran at the same frequency as the core frequency of

the processor.

Support multi processor configuration.

Pentium Xeon Processor



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Intel 266 MHz processor

Celeron processor operating at 366 MHz with 128 KB L2 cache.

Coppermine Celeron processor operating at 950 MHz with 128 KB

L2 cache.

Celeron Processor



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Supports different applications like 3-D, imaging, streaming video,

speech recognition and audio applications.

support clock speed up to 800 MHz.

suited to Multimedia applications called MMX.

The instruction set of Pentium supports Single Instruction Multiple

Data (SIMD).

Pentium III Processor



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Supports Netburst architecture.

Characteristics of Netburst architecture

Hyper pipelined Technology

Rapid Execution Engine

Execution Trace cache

400 MHz System bus

256 KB L2 cache

Pentium IV Processor



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AMD64 family consist of

AMD Opteron processor

AMD Athlon 64 processor

AMD Turion 64 mobile technology

AMD Opteron

Enables simultaneous 32- and 64-bit computing.

AMD64 Dual-Core Technology directly connects two

processor cores to a single die.

AMD Processors



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AMD Athlon

AMD Turion

Enhanced Virus Protection when supported by the OS.

Run 32-bit applications at full speed

Enable 64-bit software applications

It is used for simultaneous 32 and 64-bit Windows compatible

processors.

AMD PowerNow technology, longer the battery life.

Deliver AMD64 performance in thinner and lighter notebook.



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VRM

A CPU is a collection of transistors. These transistors work at a

specific voltage level.

If excessive voltage is supplied to the transistor it will burn off

Hence the motherboard manufacturers had to take special care of the

CPU voltages.

Hyper Threading

A processor architecture where simultaneous multi-threading is done

is called hyper-threading

It is a method of making a single chip operates like two separatedevices.

Processor Technologies



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Throttling

CPU throttling is a feature which protects the CPU from

overheating and thus increases the life-cycle of a CPU.

It is a dynamic way of controlling the processor speed as a

function of the temperature.

Processor Technologies (Continued)



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CPU is the main component next to the motherboard. It yields the

system, the ability to process information.

It runs at a speed in GHz. i.e. 1 by 1000000000th of a second.

A single hitch can make it non-functional. It seldom fails.

Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting a processor



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Choosing a CPU

The CPU that is chosen must be appropriate for the CPU slot on the

Motherboard.

Motherboards can have a ZIF socket or SECC slot. Choose the right CPU

(either slot or socket)

The motherboard has a chipset which controls the functioning of the system.

The CPUs work on a specific voltage supplied to them. It gets this voltage

from the motherboard.



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Installing a CPU

While installing the CPU, never touch the pins of the CPU.

As general CPU is much easier than a Socket CPU. A slot type CPU is

simply inserted into the CPU slot

when it comes to the Socket CPU, you have to align the notch on the

CPU with the notch on the ZIF socket.

Latest CPU technology uses a 4-pin Auxiliary connector to supply power

to the connector.



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Troubleshooting a CPU

Troubleshooting a processor is a task which is usually is done by the

manufacturer.

The identification of the problem can be only done by one method.

The overheating might be due to various reasons like a bent pin, over-

voltage.

As troubleshooting can be done only at the chip-level, replacing theCPU is the only solution.



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Memory



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In computing, memory refers to the state information of a

computing system, as it is kept active in some physical structure.

Memory is the personal computer component that comprises the

electronic storage areas in the computer. It can be considered

either volatile or non-volatile.

Memory



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Memory modules come in several form factors, such as:

SIMM

DIMM

RIMM

Memory Form Factors and Slot Types



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There are several types of RAM, such as:

SRAM

DRAM

DRDRAM

SDRAM

DDR SDRAMDDR2 SDRAM

DDR3 SDRAM

Memory Types



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Available in 128 MB, 256 MB and 512 MB each Module

DDR1 RAM Module



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Available in 400 / 533 / 667 MHz Versions

DDR2 RAM Module



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Difference between DDR1 and DDR2 RAM



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Difference between DDR1 and DDR2 RAM



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Memory Module



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Consider the following before purchasing RAM for a computer:

Size

Speed

System board configuration

Memory Selection Tips



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Virtual memory is the ability of the computer system to use a

portion of the hard disk as if it were physical RAM.

Physical memory

Pagefile.sys

Virtual memory

addresses

4

GB

Virtual Memory

Manager

Virtual Memory



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Expansion Bus Slots

&System Bus



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The expansion slots are used to enhance the features of the PC.

ISA bus is a 16 bit slot present in 80286, 80386, 80486 and

Pentium systems.

The ISA card is configured through jumpers or switches.

Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus Slots



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Expansion Bus Slots

The Expansion slots are used to hold add on cards or interface cards.

Personal Computer (PC) Bus Slots

The PC bus is an 8 bit bus used to connect expansion boards.



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Standard Expansion Buses Slots

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)Bus

PCI-X Bus

Extended ISA (EISA) Bus

Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus

Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) Bus



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It supports plug and play and it is self-configuring.

Operates at a speed of 33 MHz or 66 MHz

It is a 64 bit bus

Communicates with processor using a bridge circuit.

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus



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Operates at 133 MHz bus speed

Offers 64 bit Band width

Supports 1 GB/Sec data transfer rate

Supports efficient bus operation

Provides backward Compatibility

PCI-X Bus



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Extended Industry Standard Architecture Bus

Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus

Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) Bus

EISA bus has a feature called bus mastering which enables the

components to communicate with each other without theinterference of the CPU.

MCA bus supported additional features like 32 bit data transfer,automatic configuration of expansion cards.

It is designed to hold the video cards of days prior to AccelerateGraphics Port (AGP)



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VESA

Slot

72 Pin

SIMM

Socket

VESA Bus

MCA Bus

EISA Bus



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System Bus

Data Bus

Data bus is bidirectional and the data is transferred to and fromthe CPU.

System bus refers to the bus which connects the CPU with the

system memory.



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Address Bus

Control Bus

The address bus is necessary to provide the address of the

location where the data can be stored or retrieved.

The control bus is used to coordinate the data between the CPUand the peripherals devices or memory.



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The system bus is the main communication path between the

CPU and memory.

Hard Drive

Controller

Video

ControllerMemory

System Bus

CPU

The System Bus



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Storage Devices



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A storage device is a system unit component, such as a hard

drive, that enables users to save data for reuse at a later time,even after the personal computer is shut down and restarted.

Storage Devices



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The various types of storage devices used in personal computers

are:Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

Optical Drives

Storage Devices (Continued)



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The floppy disk is a removable disk that stores the data in a magnetic

media.

A four pin Berg connector is used to provide power supply to the floppy

disk drive.

Floppy Disk



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It is a magnetic storage device.

It is used to store large amount of data in a PC.

The Power connector used for hard disk drive is a 4 pin called the Molex

connector.

The hard disk is connected to a 40 Pin Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)

Controller.

Hard Disk



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The various types of hard disk drives are:

Parallel ATA (also known as IDE, EIDE, and ATA)

SCSI

Serial ATA

Parallel ATA hard drive

Hard Disk Drive Types



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An optical disk is a personal computer storage device that stores

data optically, rather than magnetically.

An internal CD-ROM drive

An external DVD driveA CD-R disc

Optical Disks



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Optical drives include CD and DVD drives.

CD

Hold 650 MB to 1 GB

Minimum 150 KB/sec data transfer rate, multipliers up to 64X

CDFS or UDF file system

DVD

Hold 4.7 GB on one side, up to 9.4 GB if both surfaces are used

600 KB/sec to 1.3 MB/sec data transfer rate

UDF file system

Optical Drive Types



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Power Supply



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A power supply is an internal computer component that

converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC powerneeded by system components.

Internal view

External view

Wires from the power supply

to the system board and drives

Fan

Voltage switch

Socket for power cord

Power switch

Power Supply



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Like system boards and other components, there are

several form factors available for power supplies, such as:

Power Supply Form

FactorDescription

AT

Used in AT form factor cases and with AT or Baby AT system boards.

Dimensions are 213 x 150 x 150 mm. Found in older desktops andtowers.

ATXUsed in ATX and NLX cases and with ATX and NLX system boards.

Dimensions are 150 x 140 x 86 mm. Found in desktops and towers.

Proprietary

Some computer manufacturers use system board form factors that do

not conform to standards such as ATX, NLX, and BTX. It's likely that

these proprietary system boards will require nonstandard power supplyform factors as well, although it is possible that an ATX power supply

might be able to be used.

Power Supply Form Factors



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Ports & Connectors of PC



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A personal computer connection is a means by which a

personal computer component is attached to other componentsto provide computing capabilities.

USB Connector

Cable

Personal Computer Connection



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A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal

computer that enables devices to be connected to the computer.

Enable devices to be connected to a personal computer.

6-pin round connector 25-pin D-shaped connector

15-pin D-shaped connector

Ports


i h l


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9 pin D type Serial port is uses for connecting any serial device.

25 Pin D type female port is used for connecting Printers.

15 Pin D type Female Connector is used for connecting devices like

Joystick.

Peripheral Connectors


VGA P


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15 Pin D Female connector

VGA Port

This connector is used to attach a computer display Monitor to

a computer's video card. The connector has 15 holes in threerows. Commonly called a 15 pin D type female connector (in

three rows)


S i l P t


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A serial port is used to connect external modem or an older

computer mouse to the computer. It comes in two versions a 9-

pin version (on the left) or a 25-pin model. The 9-pin is found on

most newer computers. Data travels over a serial port at 115

kilobits per second.

Serial port is sometimes also known as communication port or

COM port.

Serial Port

25-pin serial port

on a serial device

25-pin end of serial cable connects

to modem and 9-pin end

connects to computers serial port


P ll l P t


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A parallel port is used to connect external devices such as

scanners and printers. The 25-pin port is sometimes it is called aprinter port. It's also known as Centronics port.

Usually there is one parallel port at rear panel, but if you need

you can have more than one parallel ports in your PC

Please note that printers and scanners are also available with

interfaces other than Parallel Port.

25 Pin D Female connector

Parallel Port


PS/2 P t


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A PS/2 port, was developed by IBM. It is used to connect a

computer mouse or keyboard. Most computers come with twoPS/2 ports.

Sometimes it is not necessary to use a PS/2 port, as some

keyboards and Mouse can be used with a USB or other ports

also.

6 Pin Mini DIN connectors

PS/2 Port


PS/2 P t d C t


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On rear panel of PCOn Device

PS/2 Port and Connectors


A dio Connecto s


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These connectors are used to connect Microphone, Speaker,

Headphone on Line devices to the system. Commonly there are3 Stereo phone Jacks at the rear panel of PC marked as LINE

IN, MIC IN, LINE OUT.

Sound card may be a add on card but in newer computers the

electronics is integrated on motherboard.

Audio Connectors


Network Port


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For faster Internet connections and for networking, an Ethernet or

network port (RJ 45 connector) is used. This looks like anoversized North American telephone jack (RJ 11 connector).

RJ 45 Connector

Network Port


Power Connector


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This three-pronged plug looks like a recessed power plug. It

connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a powerbar or wall socket.

Power Connector



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IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections


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A FireWire connection is a personal computer connection that

provides a high-speed interface for peripheral devices that aredesigned to use the IEEE 1394 standard.

FireWire device

FireWire port

FireWire 6-pin

connector

IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections


Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections


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A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection that

connects internal and external components to the system unitand provides for high-speed data transfer.

SCSI connector

SCSI cable

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections


Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections


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A PATA connection is a personal computer connection that

provides a parallel data channel from a disk controller to thedisk drives.

PATA connector

Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections


Serial ATA (SATA) Connections


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A SATA connection is a personal computer connection that

provides a serial data channel between the drive controller andthe disk drives.

SATA data cable

SATA power cables

Serial ATA (SATA) Connections


System Board Power Supply Connectors


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The power supply connection to the system board is a keyed

or unkeyed connection.

Notch for keyed connector

P8

P9

A single keyed connector

A pair of connectors

System Board Power Supply Connectors


Connector Types


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The following are some of the connector types used by display

devices:

VGADVI

HDMi

S-VideoComponent/RGB Composite video

Connector Types


Storage Device Power Connectors


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Every internal storage devices uses one of several types of

power connectors to get electrical power from thecomputers power supply.

Berg connector

Molex connector

SATA Power Connector

Berg connector

Molex connector

Serial ATA

Storage Device Power Connectors



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BIOS and CMOS


BIOS Types


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System BIOS types include:

American Megatrends

Award BIOS

Phoenix BIOS

IBM SurePath BIOS

Microid ResearchBootControl Pro

MicroFirmware

SystemSoft

Unicore

BIOS Types


Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Memory Setting


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You can configure the following settings from the keyboard

by using the CMOS Setup program:System date and time

Password

Boot sequence

Memory

Display

Parallel ports

Serial/COM ports

Power management

p y ( ) y g


The System BIOS


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A Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is a set of instructions that

is stored in Read Only Memory and that is used to start themost basic services of a computer system.

ROM BIOS chip

The System BIOS


CMOS RAM


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Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor RAM (CMOS

RAM) is special memory that has its own battery to help it keeptrack of its data even when the power is turned off.

CMOS RAM chip

CMOS RAM


The Power-On Self Test (POST)


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POST is a built-in diagnostic program that is run every time a

personal computer starts up.The following hardware components are checked during

POST:

Power supply

CPU

BIOS

CMOS RAM

Memory

I/O bus or I/O controller

( )


CMOS Settings


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CMOS BIOS ROM

Stores the basic system configuration. The four major componentsof BIOS are:

POST

Bootstrap Loader

CMOS Setup

BIOS ROM

g


CMOS Settings (Continued)


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CMOS Battery

Battery is used to power up the Real time Clock Chip.This chip maintains the system date and time.

System Configuration

The BIOS should find an operating system on a hard disk or floppy

disk drive to start the computer.

Starting the Setup Program

The settings made in the BIOS setup program are stored in the

nonvolatile RAM of the CMOS chip.

g ( )


Step-by-Step CMOS/BIOS Configuration


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p y p / g

From the CMOS setup menu, select the menu point to examine

or change setting and choose Standard CMOS setup to begin.


Step-by-Step CMOS/BIOS Configuration (Continued)


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From the standard CMOS configuration screen you can set Date,

Time, Hard drives connected to the IDE interface, Floppy disk drivetypes for drives.

p y p g ( )


Advanced CMOS Configuration


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Here, you can perform the Number Lock setting, keyboard repeats

speed, type of video, settings for cache memory, and other special

features.

g


Recommended Advanced CMOS Settings


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Depending on the BIOS version, you have to press the ESC key, to

return to the main menu.


Power Management Configuration


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After a user defined period of inactivity of devices like the monitor,

the hard drive, or the CPU will go into different low power modes.Standby mode

Suspend mode


Built-In Ports/Peripherals Setup


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It can enable or disable ports which built in new systems.


Security/Passwords


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Two types of passwords are:

One must be entered to allow any use of the system.Another one must be entered to allow access to the BIOS/

CMOS setup.


Clearing the BIOS Password


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It can be cleared by using a CMOS jumper that is present in the

motherboard.



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USB


What is USB?


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Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a specification to establish communication

between devices and a host controller (usually a personal computer),which has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces such as

serial and parallel ports.

Just about every peripheral now comes in a USB version.

Keyboard

Mouse

Printers

Scanners

Joysticks

Digital cameras / Webcams

Modems

Speakers

Storage devices such as Flash

Network Interface Cards


Hot Swapping


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Hot swapping is a type of hardware replacement procedure

where a component can be replaced while the main power isstill on.

Main power

remains on

Device is recognized

automatically


Advantages of USB


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It is faster than the Standard serial port and Parallel Port.

(approx. 12 Mbps to 480Mbps).

USB has REAL Plug-n-play feature available, you can Hot-Swap

the devices once you have installed the device driver for a

particular device.

Some times if you have a device that have an interface other

than USB , the USB Adapters are available to connect those

devices to USB interface too.


USB to Serial Port Adapter


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USB to Parallel Port Adapter


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USB to PS/2 Adapter


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/ p


USB to Ethernet Adapter


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USB HUB


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USB Pen Drive


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USB Memory Card Reader


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RAID Arrays


RAID Arrays


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After completing this module, you will be able to:

Describe what RAID is and the needs it addressesDescribe the concepts upon which RAID is built

Compare and contrast common RAID levels

Recommend the use of the common RAID levels based on

performance and availability considerations


RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Disks


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RAIDController

RAID Array

Host


RAID Components


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RAIDController

Logical

Array

Logical

Array

PhysicalArray

RAID Array

Host


RAID Levels


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0 Striped array with no fault tolerance

1 Disk mirroring3 Parallel access array with dedicated parity disk

4 Striped array with independent disks and a dedicated parity disk

5 Striped array with independent disks and distributed parity

6 Striped array with independent disks and dual distributed parityCombinations of levels (I.e., 1 + 0, 0 + 1, etc.)


Data Organization: Strips and Stripes


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Stripe 1

Stripe 2

Stripe 3

Strips


RAID 0 Striped Array with no Fault Tolerance


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RAIDController

Block 4 Block 4Block 3 Block 3Block 2 Block 2Block 1 Block 1Block 0 Block 0

Host


RAID 1 Disk Mirroring


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RAIDController

Block 1 Block 1Block 1Block 0 Block 0Block 0

Host


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RAID 1+0 Mirroring and Striping


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Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2010. All rights reserved

RAIDController

Block 3 Block 3Block 3Block 2 Block 2Block 2Block 1 Block 1Block 1Block 0 Block 0Block 0

Host


RAID 0+1 vs. RAID 1+0


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Benefits are identical under normal operations

Rebuild operations are very different

RAID 1+0 uses a mirrored pair only 1 disk is rebuilt if a disk fails

RAID 0+1 if a single drive fails, the entire stripe is faulted

RAID is 0+1 is a poorer solution and is less common


RAID Redundancy: Parity


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Parity Disk

0

8

4

1

9

5

2

10

6

3

11

7

0 1 2 3

8 9 10 11

4 5 6 7

RAIDController

Host


Parity Calculation


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Parity

Data

Data

Data

Data

4

2

3

5

14

5 + 3 + 4 + 2 = 14

The middle drive fails:

5 + 3 + ? + 2 = 14

? = 14532

? = 4

RAID Array


RAID 3 Parallel Transfer with Dedicated Parity Disk


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RAIDController

Block 1

Block 2

Block 3

P 0 1 2 3

Block 0Block 3Block 2Block 1Block 0

ParityGenerated

Host


RAID 4 Striping with Dedicated Parity Disk


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RAIDController

P 0 1 2 3

Block 0Block 0

Block 0

Block 4

Block 1

Block 5

Block 2

Block 6

Block 3

Block 7

P 0 1 2 3

P 4 5 6 7

ParityGenerated

Block 0

P 0 1 2 3

Host


RAID 5 Independent Disks with Distributed Parity


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Block 0

P 0 1 2 3

Block 7

RAIDController

P 0 1 2 3

Block 0Block 4Block 0

Block 1

Block 5

Block 2

Block 6

Block 3

ParityGenerated

Block 0

P 0 1 2 3

Block 4

P 4 5 6 7P 4 5 6 7

Block 4

P 4 5 6 7

Block 4Parity

Generated

Host


RAID 6 Dual Parity RAID


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Two disk failures in a RAID set leads to data unavailability and dataloss in single-parity schemes, such as RAID-3, 4, and 5.

Increasing number of drives in an array and increasing drivecapacity leads to a higher probability of two disks failing in a RAIDset.


RAID 6 Dual Parity RAID (Continued)


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RAID-6 protects against two disk failures by maintaining twoparities

Horizontal parity which is the same as RAID-5 parity

Diagonal parity is calculated by taking diagonal sets of data

blocks from the RAID set members

Even-Odd, and Reed-Solomon are two commonly used algorithmsfor calculating parity in RAID-6


RAID Implementations


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Hardware (usually a specialized disk controller card)

Controls all drives attached to itPerforms all RAID-related functions, including volume management

Array(s) appear to the host operating system as a regular disk drive

Dedicated cache to improve performance

Generally provides some type of administrative software


RAID Implementations (Continued)


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Software

Generally runs as part of the operating systemVolume management performed by the server

Provides more flexibility for hardware, which can reduce the cost

Performance is dependent on CPU load

Has limited functionality


Hot Spares


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RAIDController


Hot Swap


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RAIDController

RAIDController

RAIDController


Summary


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Key points covered in this module:

What RAID is and the needs it addressesThe concepts upon which RAID is built

Some commonly implemented RAID levels


Wh t i RAID ?

Check Your Knowledge


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What is a RAID array?

What benefits do RAID arrays provide?What methods can be used to provide higher data availability in aRAID array?

What is the primary difference between RAID 3 and RAID 5?

What is a hot spare?

cnw a+ 28th nov 2012 cnw batch

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