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Co-agglomeration and backward-forward linkage: a spatial analysis to Brazil of prospective investment in the period 2014-2018 Bruno de Oliveira Cruz Iuri Vladimir Queiroz Paula Monteiro de Almeida Abstract In a recent report, BNDES, a major bank financing investment in Brazil, announced that investment in some selected sector for the period 2014-2018 could reach the impressive US$ 275,00. Oil and Gas, vehicle and automobile, pulp and paper, electronics, chemistry, Steel mill are among the sector which would expand activities in the next four years. In a very important paper, Ellison, Glaeser and Kerr (2010) therefore EGK, showed that input-output linkages are the most important variable to explain industries co-agglomeration. Those investments perspectives open a new possibility for regional policies, following the results of EGK, one could estimate the backward and forward linkages and possibility to co-agglomerate industries, given the potential investment in the sectors described above. The objective of this paper is to identify the backward and forward linkages of the investment matrix for the period 2014 and estimate the spatial distribution of those sectors in backward and forward linkages with the original initial investment. In other words, we apply the co-agglomerations indexes to asses which sector has the highest probability, given an investment in a sector, for instance Oil and Gas and backward/forward linkage, the co-agglomerate. The identification of those sectors can shed some lights on sectors policy makers could successfully support and can improve the performance of the regional policies. More specifically, we apply the BNDES investment matrix perspectives in the 2005 input-output matrix of the Brazilian Economy; therefore we identify the sectors in the supply chain (backward and forward). Having identified those sectors, we analyze the spatial distributions of the initial investment and their supply chain accordingly to RAIS Data, a labor minister administrative record with a very rich regional coverage in spatial terms in Brazil. We calculate bivariate Moran’s I, EGK co-agglomeration indexes and some other simpler indexes of co-agglomeration.

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Co-agglomeration and backward-forward linkage: a spatial analysis to Brazil of prospective investment in

the period 2014-2018

Bruno de Oliveira Cruz Iuri Vladimir Queiroz Paula Monteiro de Almeida

Abstract

In a recent report, BNDES, a major bank financing investment in Brazil, announced that investment in some selected sector for the period 2014-2018 could reach the impressive US$ 275,00. Oil and Gas, vehicle and automobile, pulp and paper, electronics, chemistry, Steel mill are among the sector which would expand activities in the next four years. In a very important paper, Ellison, Glaeser and Kerr (2010) therefore EGK, showed that input-output linkages are the most important variable to explain industries co-agglomeration. Those investments perspectives open a new possibility for regional policies, following the results of EGK, one could estimate the backward and forward linkages and possibility to co-agglomerate industries, given the potential investment in the sectors described above. The objective of this paper is to identify the backward and forward linkages of the investment matrix for the period 2014 and estimate the spatial distribution of those sectors in backward and forward linkages with the original initial investment. In other words, we apply the co-agglomerations indexes to asses which sector has the highest probability, given an investment in a sector, for instance Oil and Gas and backward/forward linkage, the co-agglomerate. The identification of those sectors can shed some lights on sectors policy makers could successfully support and can improve the performance of the regional policies. More specifically, we apply the BNDES investment matrix perspectives in the 2005 input-output matrix of the Brazilian Economy; therefore we identify the sectors in the supply chain (backward and forward). Having identified those sectors, we analyze the spatial distributions of the initial investment and their supply chain accordingly to RAIS Data, a labor minister administrative record with a very rich regional coverage in spatial terms in Brazil. We calculate bivariate Moran’s I, EGK co-agglomeration indexes and some other simpler indexes of co-agglomeration.

Guideline

• Motivation

• Objectives

• Datasets and Basic Assumptions

• BNDES Report for Investment Perspectives and National Effects

• Identifying Productive Chain

• Geographic Distribution and Co-location

• Conclusions

Motivation

• Rising investments rate is a major challenge to achieve sustainable long term growth rates. In order to achieve that goal and as a response to international crisis the Brazil government has expanded credit supply in economy, specially through public banks.

• The National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) had highlighted within this policy having grown from roughly 53 billion dollars in 2000 to about 137 billion in 2012.

• Therefore, crowding production chain as a strategy for regional policy, from large investments of either the BNDES or regional funds. For instance, Sesso Filho et. al (2006) had estimated that up to 1/4 of chain effects would reach North and Northeast regions.

Motivation

• Given the BNDES report on prospective investments, from 2014 to 2018, an evaluation of the chain effects from those investments should arise with expected impacts like Oliveira et. al (2011) analysis on Oil and Gas investments and resulting effects.

• However, it must take into account the regional context of those investments and their resulting effects, in order to enhance regional production chain and its development. We analyze for co-location patterns looking for regional distribution of the expected impacts, given the present regional distribution of sectors, both under investments and production chain participants. Similar to Maciente (2013) and Resende (2012) co-location analysis works.

Objectives

• Analyze patterns of co-location of industries with investment perspective and its effects on supply chain

Datasets and Basic Assumptions

Investments Profile 2014-2018

Fonte: BNDES;

As stated yesterday, from Campolina work, it’s a threat to

recently deconcentration on economic activities, specially on

industrial activities, that our main investments rely on very

concentrated sectors as Petróleo and Gás and Automotive;

SETOR CÓDPART.

INVESTIMENTO (%)

201 60%

309 40%

330 80%

331 20%

202 80%

203 20%

321 40%

322 30%

323 30%

PAPEL E CELULOSE 307 100%

303 80%

304 20%

ATIVIDADES ECONÔMICAS (SCN)

DESCRIÇÃO

PETRÓLEO E GÁS NATURAL

REFINO DE PETRÓLEO E COQUE

AUTOMÓVEIS, CAMIONETAS E UTILITÁRIOS

TÊXTEIS

ARTIGOS DE VESTUÁRIO E ACESSÓRIOS

PETRÓLEO E GÁS

AUTOMOTIVA

EXTRATIVA MINERAL

METALÚRGICA

TÊXTIL, VESTUÁRIO E ACESSÓRIOS

MINÉRIO DE FERRO

OUTROS DA INDÚSTRIA EXTRATIVA

FABRICAÇÃO DE AÇO E DERIVADOS

METALURGIA DE METAIS NÃO-FERROSOS

PRODUTOS DE METAL - EXCLUSIVE MÁQUINAS

CELULOSE E PRODUTOS DE PAPEL

CAMINHÕES E ÔNIBUS

Simulation of Sectorial Investments

Elaboração: Própria;

• Since BNDES doesn’t provide a detailed report on distribution of these investments, we simulated the above distribution of investments accordingly to the 55 economic activities of IBGE - National Account System (2005).

• The dataset used was Labor Market Data (MTE/RAIS): • Year Base: 2011;

• Type: Identified (microdata);

• Transformation: From CNAE 1.0 to 55 economic activities of IBGE - National Account System (2005);

• The geodatabase was made from IBGE Census Shapefiles: • Year Base: 2010;

• Type: Microrregion (558);

• Transformation: fault geometries and borders corrected for contiguity issues;

• Leontief Coeff. Matrix, IBGE – National Account System (2005).

Datasets and Other Assumptions

Provisioned Sectors 2005 2011

Petróleo e Gás 45.570 97.280

201 - Petróleo e gás natural 25.768 55.472

309 - Refino de petróleo e coque 19.802 41.808

Automotiva 411.394 606.102

330 - Automóveis, camionetas e utilitários 69.578 95.616

331 - Caminhões e ônibus 20.657 26.774

332 - Peças e acessórios para veículos automotores 253.732 371.542

333 - Outros equipamentos de transporte 67.427 112.170

Extrativa Mineral 121.792 175.917

202 - Minério de ferro 26.669 45.039

203 - Outros da indústria extrativa 95.123 130.878

Metalúrgica 597.995 813.280

321 - Fabricação de aço e derivados 105.039 127.510

322 - Metalurgia de metais não-ferrosos 114.091 132.227

323 - Produtos de metal - exclusive máquinas e equipamentos 378.865 553.543

Papel e Celulose 138.296 175.122

307 - Celulose e produtos de papel 138.296 175.122

Têxtil, Vestuário e Acessórios 831.853 1.021.169

304 - Artigos do vestuário e acessórios 522.717 681.556

303 - Têxteis 309.136 339.613

Labor Evolution

Fonte: MTE/RAIS; IBGE; Elaboração Própria

National Analysis of Chain Effects

National Expected Effects – Metodology The Leontief Input-Output

• According to Guilhoto (2009) an Leontief Input-Output matrix represents every financial flow from one economic activity to another, to final consumption, to export-import, for paying taxes or to government consumption.

• xi=zi1 + zi2 +...zin + yi • Stands for the total

product made by I sector;

• zij=aijxj • Stands for

intermediary consumption from sector j at sector i;

National Expected Effects – Metodology Capital-Output Ratio and Total Consumption • While having only the prospective investments, it was used the capital-

output ratio to estimate the final consumption;

• It has been measure a 1,6 capital-output ratio across the board for brazil, Morandi (2009);

• Given the variety of economic activities being analyzed, has been made an option to correct the capital-output ratio for each of these, comparing the profit by added value of each sector against Brazil ratio.

• Although not the central purpose of this article, it is possible to estimate the aggregate impacts in terms of production and value added.

• As there is only planned investments and not a better description of the projects and consequently the productive capacity and generation of added value of these projects, you can make a first approximation to the final demand or production envisaged, using the capital-output ratio to estimate the total to be produced in these sectors as a result of these investments.

Petróleo e

Gás

Papel e

Celulose

Extrativa

MineralAutomotiva Têxtil Siderúrgica

RELAÇÃO CAPITAL-PRODUTO 2,88 1,81 3,35 2,89 1,71 3,12

INVESTIMENTOS PREVISTOS

(BNDES 2014/2018)458 19 48 74 14 10

DEMANDA FINAL 159,02 10,48 14,32 25,61 8,19 3,2

IMPACTO PRODUÇÃO 322,18 22,96 28,44 62,87 16,14 6,56

IMPACTO VALOR AGREGADO 117,99 8,22 12,18 16,38 6,78 2,45

Elaboração: Própria;

National Expected Effects – Results

• Yet, we might check what kind of effects any investment would take across the entirely production chain, given a steady technical coefficients on Leontief input-output matrix;

• The Rasmussen-Hirschman indicator is a well suited methodology to achieve that goal, representing either a wide backward consumer or a universal supplier. Both situations will result a Rasmussen-Hirschman indicator greater than 1.

National Expected Effects – Chain Effects

• Production Effects

Setores

Para Trás

(poder da

dispersão)

Para Frente

(sensibilidade

da dispersão)

Papel e celulose 1,1260 1,0889

Petróleo e Gás 1,0443 1,7184

Automotivo 1,2615 0,5474

Siderurgia 1,0520 1,1876

Extrativa Mineral 1,0205 0,7443

Têxtil 1,0123 0,9486

• Agregated Value Effects

Setores

Para Trás

(poder da

dispersão)

Para Frente

(sensibilidade

da dispersão)

Papel e celulose 0,9837 0,7662

Petróleo e Gás 0,9808 1,0340

Automotivo 0,8023 0,0904

Siderurgia 0,9587 0,9093

Extrativa Mineral 1,0664 0,7649

Têxtil 1,0376 0,9118

Sectorial and Geographical Distribution

Employment structure, economic activity and backward and forward chain effects

Sectorial and Geographical Distribution Spatial Concentration – Hirschman-Herfindahl

Hirschman-Herfindhal Results Spatial Concentration across microrregions

0,0000

0,1000

0,2000

0,3000

0,4000

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Geographic Concentration

• As show in table for results, despite bigger concentration found by Hirschman-Herfindahl, Oil and Gas and Automotive industries didn’t show the same significantly spatial autocorrelation.

Setores I de Moran* Hirschman-

Herfindahl**

Oil and Gas 0,0226 0,2569

Textile 0,1670 0,0375

Celulose and Paper 0,3007* 0,0241

Mineral Extraction 0,1355 0,1504

Automotive -0,0043 0,5219

Metal 0,1692 0,0377

Chain Effects Identification

• To identify the expected chain effects of a given investment, final consumption of under investment activities was normalized to 100 monetary units;

• The given value would be the Leontief Inverse multiplying those investments;

Production Chain - Chain Effects Results Oil and Gas

PETRÓLEO E GÁS

EFEITOS PARA TRÁS EFEITOS PARA FRENTE

COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO

201 Petróleo e gás natural 10,37487 309 Refino de petróleo e coque 17,687

701 Transporte, armazenagem e correio 6,160919 311 Produtos químicos 2,9173

1103 Serviços prestados às empresas 4,699334 701 Transporte, armazenagem e correio 2,7702

401 Eletricidade e gás, água, esgoto e limpeza urbana 3,676866 319 Cimento 1,9203

801 Serviços de informação 3,269566 312 Fabricação de resina e elastômeros 1,7808

601 Comércio 2,391533 203 Outros da indústria extrativa 1,6001

323 Produtos de metal - exclusive máquinas e equipamentos 2,057322 202 Minério de ferro 1,4946

901 Intermediação financeira e seguros 1,801258 320 Outros produtos de minerais não-metálicos 1,3613

501 Construção 1,024618 316 Tintas, vernizes, esmaltes e lacas 1,2891

309 Refino de petróleo e coque 1,00291 318 Artigos de borracha e plástico 1,2902

1001 Serviços imobiliários e aluguel 0,918616 327 Máquinas, aparelhos e materiais elétricos 1,1392

324 Máquinas e equipamentos, inclusive manutenção e reparos 0,691592 101 Agricultura, silvicultura, exploração florestal 1,0722

322 Metalurgia de metais não-ferrosos 1,1016

Geographic Distribution Oil and Gas – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Oil and Gas – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Oil and Gas – Forward Chain Effects

Geographic Distribution Oil and Gas – Backward Chain Effects

AUTOMOTIVA

EFEITOS PARA TRÁS EFEITOS PARA FRENTE

COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO

601 Comércio 9,674168 330 Automóveis, camionetas e utilitários 4,5488

332 Peças e acessórios para veículos automotores 6,764251 331 Caminhões e ônibus 2,4805

701 Transporte, armazenagem e correio 4,465169 324 Máquinas e equipamentos, inclusive manutenção e reparos 0,039

1103 Serviços prestados às empresas 4,158965 333 Outros equipamentos de transporte 0,0347

321 Fabricação de aço e derivados 3,912763 332 Peças e acessórios para veículos automotores 0,0225

901 Intermediação financeira e seguros 3,903784 1101 Serviços de manutenção e reparação 0,0119

401 Eletricidade e gás, água, esgoto e limpeza urbana 3,736369 701 Transporte, armazenagem e correio 0,00857

318 Artigos de borracha e plástico 2,819879 325 Eletrodomésticos 0,00418

323 Produtos de metal - exclusive máquinas e equipamentos 2,716067 203 Outros da indústria extrativa 0,00305

801 Serviços de informação 2,667926 202 Minério de ferro 0,00261

327 Máquinas, aparelhos e materiais elétricos 1,368691 319 Cimento 0,00257

201 Petróleo e gás natural 0,861416 201 Petróleo e gás natural 0,00254

321 Fabricação de aço e derivados 0,00228

Production Chain - Chain Effects Results Automotive Industries

Geographic Distribution Automotive – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Automotive – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Automotive – Forward Chain Effects

Geographic Distribution Automotive – Backward Chain Effects

Production Chain - Chain Effects Results Mineral Extraction

EXTRATIVA MINERAL

EFEITOS PARA TRÁS EFEITOS PARA FRENTE

COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO

701 Transporte, armazenagem e correio 16,68712 202 Minério de ferro 28,7592

601 Comércio 4,082307 203 Outros da indústria extrativa 17,4763

901 Intermediação financeira e seguros 3,82542 321 Fabricação de aço e derivados 2,9288

401 Eletricidade e gás, água, esgoto e limpeza urbana 3,814361 320 Outros produtos de minerais não-metálicos 1,1777

801 Serviços de informação 3,016739 322 Metalurgia de metais não-ferrosos 0,8855

1103 Serviços prestados às empresas 2,632746 311 Produtos químicos 0,719

202 Minério de ferro 2,564295 324 Máquinas e equipamentos, inclusive manutenção e reparos 0,7087

201 Petróleo e gás natural 1,911637 323 Produtos de metal - exclusive máquinas e equipamentos 0,699

203 Outros da indústria extrativa 1,703584 332 Peças e acessórios para veículos automotores 0,6455

323 Produtos de metal - exclusive máquinas e equipamentos 1,356585 325 Eletrodomésticos 0,636

330 Automóveis, camionetas e utilitários 0,4346

333 Outros equipamentos de transporte 0,3672

Geographic Distribution Mineral Extraction – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Mineral Extraction – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Mineral Extraction – Forward Chain Effects

Geographic Distribution Mineral Extraction – Backward Chain Effects

PAPEL E CELULOSE

EFEITOS PARA TRÁS EFEITOS PARA FRENTE

COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO

101 Agricultura, silvicultura, exploração florestal 6,76114 307 Celulose e produtos de papel 34,7039

401 Eletricidade e gás, água, esgoto e limpeza urbana 6,065248 308 Jornais, revistas, discos 4,4813

307 Celulose e produtos de papel 5,881868 302 Produtos do fumo 2,006

601 Comércio 4,903884 325 Eletrodomésticos 1,2339

701 Transporte, armazenagem e correio 3,918671 319 Cimento 1,2002

901 Intermediação financeira e seguros 3,618476 334 Móveis e produtos das indústrias diversas 1,1357

1103 Serviços prestados às empresas 2,319657 315 Perfumaria, higiene e limpeza 1,0829

323 Produtos de metal - exclusive máquinas e equipamentos 1,361151 305 Artefatos de couro e calçados 0,9681

801 Serviços de informação 1,325122 317 Produtos e preparados químicos diversos 0,9588

311 Produtos químicos 1,316707 318 Artigos de borracha e plástico 0,7361

201 Petróleo e gás natural 1,195156 313 Produtos farmacêuticos 0,6882

1001 Serviços imobiliários e aluguel 0,929314 306 Produtos de madeira - exclusive móveis 0,6405

Production Chain - Chain Effects Results Cellulose and Paper

Geographic Distribution Cellulose and Paper – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Cellulose and Paper – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Cellulose and Paper – Forward Chain Effects

Geographic Distribution Cellulose and Paper– Backward Chain Effects

SIDERÚRGICO

EFEITOS PARA TRÁS EFEITOS PARA FRENTE

COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO

401 Eletricidade e gás, água, esgoto e limpeza urbana 6,853129 321 Fabricação de aço e derivados 13,6271

601 Comércio 4,45994 322 Metalurgia de metais não-ferrosos 10,888

701 Transporte, armazenagem e correio 4,434544 320 Outros produtos de minerais não-metálicos 8,343

901 Intermediação financeira e seguros 3,5272 323 Produtos de metal - exclusive máquinas e equipamentos 7,6254

321 Fabricação de aço e derivados 3,040325 324 Máquinas e equipamentos, inclusive manutenção e reparos 3,3978

323 Produtos de metal - exclusive máquinas e equipamentos 2,421088 325 Eletrodomésticos 3,1076

1103 Serviços prestados às empresas 2,051003 332 Peças e acessórios para veículos automotores 3,0499

801 Serviços de informação 2,037131 330 Automóveis, camionetas e utilitários 2,2229

202 Minério de ferro 2,003667 333 Outros equipamentos de transporte 1,9196

203 Outros da indústria extrativa 1,351002 331 Caminhões e ônibus 1,6698

201 Petróleo e gás natural 1,267078 327 Máquinas, aparelhos e materiais elétricos 1,6297

322 Metalurgia de metais não-ferrosos 1,253205 501 Construção 1,2444

311 Produtos químicos 1,064498 334 Móveis e produtos das indústrias diversas 1,05

1001 Serviços imobiliários e aluguel 0,763378

Production Chain - Chain Effects Results METAL INDUSTRIES

Geographic Distribution Metalurgy – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Metalurgy – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Metalurgy – Forward Chain Effects

Geographic Distribution Metalurgy – Backward Chain Effects

TÊXTIL

EFEITOS PARA TRÁS EFEITOS PARA FRENTE

COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO COD ATIVIDADE IMPACTO

303 Têxteis 10,3823 303 Têxteis 38,4896

601 Comércio 6,783436 304 Artigos do vestuário e acessórios 21,2972

101 Agricultura, silvicultura, exploração florestal 4,669762 302 Produtos do fumo 1,8522

401 Eletricidade e gás, água, esgoto e limpeza urbana 4,535946 203 Outros da indústria extrativa 1,136

701 Transporte, armazenagem e correio 2,630525 305 Artefatos de couro e calçados 1,1266

901 Intermediação financeira e seguros 2,454313 334 Móveis e produtos das indústrias diversas 0,964

1103 Serviços prestados às empresas 2,323089 1106 Outros serviços 0,6123

312 Fabricação de resina e elastômeros 1,039128 307 Celulose e produtos de papel 0,5189

311 Produtos químicos 1,005465 1105 Saúde mercantil 0,4912

801 Serviços de informação 0,89004 318 Artigos de borracha e plástico 0,4867

201 Petróleo e gás natural 0,881629 320 Outros produtos de minerais não-metálicos 0,4637

1001 Serviços imobiliários e aluguel 0,736169

102 Pecuária e pesca 0,448393

318 Artigos de borracha e plástico 0,419105

Production Chain - Chain Effects Results TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

Geographic Distribution Textile – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Textile – Economic Activity

Geographic Distribution Textile – Backward Chain Effects

Co-location and Spatial Correlation Evidences

The role of interaction between invested sectors and their chain effects both forwards and backwards

Co-Location – Methodology Elisson, Glaeser and Kerr Index

Co-Location – Results Elisson, Glaeser and Kerr Index

Setores

PARA FRENTE PARA TRÁS

EGK Moran-bivariado EGK Moran-bivariado

PETRÓLEO E GÁS 0,00 0,005 0,03 0,001

EXTRATIVA MINERAL 0,08

0,1550** 0,00

0,055**

PAPEL E CELULOSE 0,01 0,2637** 0,00 0,1739**

AUTOMOTIVO -0,03 -0,0097 0,00 0,0571**

TÊXTIL 0,06 0,1330** 0,02 0,1006**

SIDERURGICO 0,03 0,1320** 0,01 0,1120**

Fonte: Elabroção própria – a partir de dados RAIS/MTE e IBGE/SCN

Final Considerations

• Every sector investigated has significantly backwards effects, given any increase in production. Oil and Gas and Metalurgy has greater forward effects than its backwards.

• For some of the investments there are a strong spatial concentration.

• The study can outline some sectors that would intensify the production chain.

• The EGK test for co-location indicated patterns across Oil and Gas (backwards), textile (forwards). Interestingly it have been uneffective for automotive industries (despite their high spatial concentration).