Co-organiséparl’ANRSeaFaring«MaritimeknowledgeforChinaSeas»(portéparl’Ecolefrançaised’Extrême-Orientetl’Institutd’HistoireetdePhilologiedel’AcademiaSinica)etleCRCAO

Workshop

TheStorageJar:EvidenceforaLong-DistanceMaritimeTradeNewdatafromthekilnsitesinChinaandSouth-EastAsia

Le4juillet2014

De9hà15h30SalleLévi-Strauss

CollègedeFrance

52,rueduCardinalLemoine,75005Paris

Programme:9h-12hZHAOBing(CRCAO)–IntroductionQINDashu(SchoolofArchaeologyandMuseology–PekinUniversity)

«Theproductionofthestoragejars:NewevidencesfromthekilnsitesinChina»

LouiseAllisonCORT(FreerandSacklerGalleries–SmithsonianInstitution)«JarproductionoftheMaenamNoi(Singburi)kilnsinThailand»

ArmandDESBAT(Maisondel’Orient–Lyon)«Lesjarreskhmères»

BéatriceWISNIEWSKI(EFEO-CASE)«VietnamesejarsfortheMaritimeTrade:theproductionsitesoftheNorthernregion»

14h-15h30SharonWONG(TheChineseUniversityofHongKong)

«Rethinkingaboutthestoragejarsfoundfromthe16th–18thcenturiesArchaeologicalsitesofGuangdong,HongKongandMacau»

EvaSTROBER(KeramiekmuseumPrincessehof)«StoragejarsattheprincessehofMuseum,Netherlands–theFormationofaHistoricalCollection»

ABSTRACTSJarproductionoftheMaenamNoi(Singburi)kilnsinThailandLouiseAllisonCortCuratorforCeramicsFreerGalleryofArtandArthurM.SacklerGallery,SmithsonianInstitution

TheMaenamNoikilnsaresituatedalongsidetheriverbythatname,inSingburiprovince,BangRachandistrict,ChoengKlatsubdistrict.Atvarioustimesthekilnshavebeenreferredtoas“Singburi”aftertheprovince,“BangRachan”afterthedistrict,or“WatPhraPrang”afteraTheravadaBuddhistmonasteryinthevillage.MostpublicationsinThaiandJapaneseuseMaenamNoi,aftertheriver,atributaryoftheChaoPhraya.TheriversystemconnectedthekilnstothecapitalcityandinternationaltradingportofAyutthaya,seventykilometerstothesouth.Fromthefifteenththroughseventeenthcenturies,theMaenamNoikilnsprovidedthehugequantitiesofstoragejarsinvariousstandardshapesandsizesusedtoshipallmannerofcommercialgoodsfromtheportintotheworld.

Evidencefortheproduction,use(andre-use)ofMaenamNoijarsisparticularlyrich.SeveralkilnshavebeenexcavatedandareamongthelargestkilnstructuresknowninSoutheastAsia.JarsarefoundonshipwrecksspanningtheCapeofGoodHopetothecoastofCentralVietnam,andanoteworthywreckrecentlyrecoveredfromCambodianwatersholdsavirtualinventoryofwaresfromthekiln.InJapan,findsofthejarsinthedeepandwelldatedarchaeologicalsiteoftheportcityofSakaihaveprovidedevidenceforachronologyofjarshapes.Finally,themanyrolesassumedbythejarswithinculturesthatreceivedthemrangefromstoragecontainersforsulfur(aningredientofgunpowder)inSakaitosecondaryburialvesselsinuplandCambodia.

TheKhmerjarsArmandDesbatResearchDirectorEmeritusLaboratory of Ceramology ArAr (UMR 5138 – CNRS Maison de l’Orient et de laMéditerranée–UniversityLyonII)SincethebeginningofKhmerstonewares,attheendofthe9thcenturyA.D.,severalkilnsites(atleastten)producedbigjars.TheoldestjarsmadeinkilnsaroundtheCityofAngkor(Tani,KhnarPo,andSarSeikilnsites)weresimilartothechineseTangjars.Mostofthejarsfromthisfirstgroup

areunglazed.Theyshowsomeevolutionintheshapeoftherimbeforetheendoftheproductionduringthe11thorthe12thcentury.Later, a second group with three kiln sites, about fifty kilometers at the east ofAngkor,producedbigbrownglazedjars,beeteweenthe12thandthe14thcentury.Twoothersprovincialkilnsitesproducedalsobigjars:ChoeungEknearPhnomPenhwhichmadeunglazed jars andBanKruat, inBuriramProvince (Thailand). This twoproductions began probably during the 11th century and lasted until the 14thcentury.TheMaterialsfromAncientKilnsandRelatedIssuesofStorageJarsDashuQinandShanYuSchoolofArchaeologyandMuseology,PekingUnviversityStoragejars,indespiteofsizevariance,sharesomecommoncharactersintermsoftheircoarsebodyandglazeandraredecorationandthushadreceivedlittleattentionfromresearchers.However,theinterestrisesupinrecentyearsfortworeasons.First,thesejarswereusedtostorepreciousgoods,suchasspicesandtea.Whenthedrinkofteabecamemoreofaritual,teawareswereconsequentlyassignedplentyofspecialmeanings.Asaresult,scholarsinJapanhavebeenstudyingthesekindofjarsforarelativelylongtime.Secondly,alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofunderwaterarchaeologyandagreatdealofdiscoveryandexcavationofshipwrecks,thelargenumberofunearthedpotswithvarioussizesarousesmuchmoreattention,especiallytheoriginofproductionplaceandthefunctionsofthesejars.

Thispapermainlyintroducesofsomekilnsites,wherethejarsunearthed,forwhichformalarchaeologicalinvestigationandexcavationhavebeenconducted,attheseashoreareasofsouthernChina.ThekilnsitesareGuanchongkilnsiteatXinhui,DagangshankilnatGaoming,andQishikilnatShiwanofGuangdongprovinceandCizaokilnsitesofFujianprovince.Thepaperalsodiscussespreliminarilythefunctionsofthejaraswell.

Inaddition,jarsproducedinnorthernChinahavenotyetbeenpaidenoughattentionto.Basedonarchaeologicalfindings,ourresearchshowsthatthelarge-sizejarsappearedinthelatterpartofthe11thcenturyandwaslaterthanthatinsouthernChina.InYuanandMingdynasties,themajorproductionplacesofthejarswereCizhoukilninHebeiprovinceandJuntaikilnsiteatYuzhouinHenanprovince.Andthebasicfunctionofthepotswastostorewater.WiththeaidofthestudyonthefunctionsofpotsfoundinnorthernChina,theresearchofsouthernChinapotswillbepushedforward.

StorageJarsatthePrincessehofMuseum,theNetherlands–theFormationandTypologyofaHistoricalCollectionEvaStroeberCuratorAsianceramics,PrincessehofMuseum,Leeuwarden,theNetherlandsThecollectionofstoragejarsatthePrincessehofMuseum,Leeuwarden,theNetherlands,isoneofthemostimportantandvariedworldwide.Itisahistoricalcollection;mostofthejarswerefoundinIndonesiaaroundahundredyearsago,whenIndonesiawasaDutchcolony.Acquiringjarsforthecollectioncontinuedfarintothe20thcentury.Butwhyandhowwasthiscollectionformed,inLeeuwardenofallplaces,asmallandstillsleepytownintheNorthernpartoftheNetherlands?Mypresentationistwofold:First,Iwillprovideinformationontheoriginsofthecollection,basedmostlyonhistoricalmaterialfromthemuseumsarchive.NanneOttemawasthefounderofthemuseum,AnneTijbbesvanderMeulenthecollectorintheDutchIndies.Inthe1960’sand1970’s,TomandBarbaraHarrisonworkedonBorneolearningtoappreciatejars,andBarbaralaterbecamethedirectorofthePrincessehofandauthorofthepioneeringworkonpusaka.Inafewcases,thearchivematerialwillrelatetopossibleoriginalusesofthejars,functionallyorinritual.Atthesametime,IwillpresentakindoftentativetypologyofthePrincessehofjars.Tonameafew:Animportantgroupisformedbythearoundtwentyjarsofthe“Dusun”typedatedintotheTangdynasty,mostofthemfoundonCentralJava,oneinCairo.Twoofthembearinscriptions.OthergroupsincludeChinesejarswithinciseddecoration,withsprig-mouldeddecorationofdragons,impresseddragons,combinedtechniquesofdecorations(moulded,incised,stamped),monochromes.ThejarsprobablymadeinSoutheastAsiaincludeagroupofKhmerjars,Burmesejarswithappliedandstampeddecoration,andagroupofdarkglazedThaijars.AcoupleofjarsmighthavebeenmadeinJapan,amongthemalargejarsupposedlymadeattheKaratsukiln.Theprovenanceofaratherlargenumberofjarsinthecollectionhassofarnotbeenproperlyidentifiedandmuchdatingisstillquitevague.Iamverymuchlookingforwardtodiscussingthesejarsduringtheworkshop,andinviteallcolleaguesinterestedtovisitthePrincessehofMuseum.

Vietnamesejarsforthemaritimetrade:theproductionsitesoftheNorthernRegionBéatriceWisniewskiPost-DoctoralresearcherÉcolefrançaised’Extrême-OrientAmongitemscarriedontheChinesemerchantshipsbetweenthe16thandthe18thcenturies,someVietnameseceramicwareshavebeenfoundespeciallylargestoragejars.Waresusuallytradedorobjectsusedintheorganizationofthedailylifeonshipboard,thesepiecesaretransportedthroughtheintermediaryoftheChinesemerchantsandinformonparticularaspectsofthemaritimetradeeconomy.Vietnameseceramicproductionsfollowtheirownevolutionthatseemstobe,fromthebeginningofthefirstmillenniumatleast,stronglylinkedwiththeChineseworldandthegreatexchangenetworkofSouth-EastAsia.ThestudyoftheVietnameseceramictraditionrevealstechnicalandtechnologicaltransferfromChina,throughSouthChina,toVietnam.TheVietnamesecraftsmenappeartogetusedtothelargemarketopenedbythedynamismandthequalityoftheChineseceramicproductionnetworks.RecurrentpoliticalandeconomicalinteractionsbetweenChinaandVietnam,theproximityofthemarketsandthecontinualcontactsbetweenpopulationsofSouthChinaprovincesandNorthVietnamregionareasmuchobviousaslinksbetweenChinaandVietnam.Fromtheendofthe15thcentury,Vietnameseceramicswares,especiallylargestoragejars,appearonSouth-EastAsiansites,andallalongthemaritimeinternationaltraderoads,togetherwithChineseceramics.ThepartplaysbythesewaresaswellasthesetofelementsconstitutingthecommercialsequenceleadingthemfromtheproductionsitesoftheRedRiverdeltatodistributionsites,wherenoevidenceofVietnamesemerchantsandseafarerspassinghavebeendetected,stillremaintodetermine.IntheVietnameseframework,thediscoveryofnewdata,thesystematicstudyofarchaeologicalmaterialandthenewperceptivebringingtothepastknowledgeconsideringelementscomingfromnonVietnameseresearches,areasmuchmediumtoclearthepartplaysbyVietnameseceramicwaresintegratedintheChineseinternationaltradenetwork.ThestudyofVietnameseexportceramicwaresandtheirstronglinkwiththeChineseseatradeeconomybringnewperspectivetothecomprehensionofoperationalmodesoftheChinesetradeseafaringfromthe16thto18thcenturies.

«RethinkingabouttheStorageJarsFoundfromthe9th-18thCenturiesArchaeologicalSitesofGuangdong,HongKongandMacau»SharonWongWai-yeeTheChineseUniversityofHongKong,HongKongThepaperwillgiveabriefoverviewonthegeneralpatternofstoragejarsfoundfromthe9th-18thCenturiesarchaeologicalsitesofGuangdong,HongKongandMacau.Weaimto:1)studythecharacteristicsofstoragejarsfromthe9th-18thCenturies,suchastype,shape,sizeandfunction(s).Itcandivideintofourstagesaccordingtothecharacteristicsofstoragejarsandthechangesoftradingpatterninthelocal,regionalandinternationallevels:firststage(9thtoearly10thcenturies);secondstage(mid-10thto13thcenturies);threestage(14thto16thcenturies);fourthstage(16-18thcenturies)2)comparethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthefindingsofGuangdong,HongKongandMacauduringthe9th-18thCenturies.3)discussthecontinuityandruptureofstoragejarsproductiontraditionsinGuangdongdistrictbasedonthearchaeologicaldataandhistoricaldocumentation.