co2 pipeline neg 5 7wk

8/9/2019 CO2 Pipeline Neg 5 7WK

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***CLIMATE LEADERSHIP******CLIMATE LEADERSHIP***


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Climate Leadership GoodClimate Leadership GoodA failure to adopt climate oriented policies presents the S as d!sfunctional andpolitici"ed # $rec%s S leadership in other fields as $ell

A&C '( (April 1, 2012, Global Warming Denialism Just Foolishness, Sientist !eter "a#en Sa$s,%http&''abnes)go)om'blogs'tehnolog$'2012'0*'global+arming+enialism+-ust+.oolishness+sientist+peter+ra#en+sa$s'/J!

America)s Prestie Damaed +! Its Climate Denialism, -orld Has .Gi/en p) onHoped0for 1S1 Leadership o $ears ago,% "a#en ae in his email, the orl as hoping .or )S) leaership on this3uestion, global limate hange, an no it has prett$ ell gi#en up, ith us as the onl$ hol+outnation on the siene)%An e4tensi#e isin.ormation ampaign% in the nite States about the sienti.i soliit$ an gra#it$ o. manmae global arminghas been esribe in etail b$ a number o. aaemi anal$ses an e4tensi#e pro.essional -ournalisti en3uir$)For e4ample, 5erhants o. Doubt& 6o a 6an.ul o. Sientists 7bsure the ruth on 8ssues From obao Smo9e to GlobalWarming,% b$ :aomi 7res9es an ;ri9 5) ona$, etails ho ieologial, politial an .ossil .uel inustr$ interests ha#e been ableto on.use an intimiate man$ leaers in legislature an meia)Author an -ournalist "oss Gelbspan, ho irete a !ulit>2/ "io Summit on en#ironment)%Ahim Steiner, the hea o. :;! (nite :ations ;n#ironment !rogramme/ tol A= :es that, in the a+sence ofAmerican leadership on this lo+al crisis2 Europe is no$ 3loo%in east4 5particularl! to$ard China 5 to tr! to fiure outhat a solution might loo9 li9e)Also o#etailing ith this an !eter "a#ens assessment that the $orld has prett! much i/en up4 onAmerican leadershipin limate, hristiana Figueres, the hea o. the :F (nite :ations Frameor9 on#entionon limate hange/ use e#en stronger language, spea9ing o. the trage$% o. the )S) position&

he trage$ o. the position that the )S) is ta9ing is that not onl$ oes it at here in a a$ that isnot partiularl$ ambitious, but the more tragi part about it is the )S) is utting o.. itspossibilities to be a leaer in this .iel, to be a leaer in green tehnolog$ (an thus/ to reate

-obs,% Figueres sai) he )S) is losing leaership to hina)%


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Climate Leadership DClimate Leadership DClimate leadership theor! is false # it doesn)t cause success in internationalneotiations and ha/in hih emissions actuall! i/es a countr! more le/erae inneotiationsEc%ersle! ''+ !ro.essor an 6ea o. !olitial Siene in the Shool o. Soial an !olitial Sienes, ni#ersit$ o. 5elbourne,Australia) She as pre#iousl$ a publi la$er, an a leturer at 5onash ni#ersit$ until 2001) She stuie at the ni#ersit$ o.Western Australia, ambrige ni#ersit$, an i a !hD at the ni#ersit$ o. asmania("ob$n, September 2011, D7;S C85A;C;AD;"S68! 5A;",% http&''la)anu)eu)au'7AS'e#ents'A!SA'papers'E>)p./J!

:onetheless, there are ertain ommon purposes that annot be e..eti#el$ realise ithout thesupport o. Great !oers, hih in this ase stu$ also happen to be the ma-or emitters)et the Ss suessat$oto in negotiating .le4ibilit$ instruments, an espeiall$ its suess at openhagen in shaping the ne arhiteture o. the

openhagen Aor, is best unerstoo as suess in bargaining, rather as an e4ample o. limateleaership) he Ss lear apait$ to ma9e a i..erene has plae it in a strong position to

blo9 negotiations an neutralise the limate leaership ambitions o. other e#elope states) 8ne..et, at openhagen, the Ss (an hinas/ emissions poer has o#ershaoe hat 5anners has

alle the ;s normati#e poer(5anners 1>>2/) 6oe#er, the S has not manage to reiret theultimate purpose o. the limate negotiations or unermine the priniples o. =D", hih arerea..irme in the openhagen Aor an still pro#ie the benhmar9 .or -uging limate leaership per.ormane) 7:CS87:

8n this paper 8 ha#e argue that a leaer is an ator or group o. ators that per.orms a soiall$ reogniserole in .ailitating the ahie#ement o. a share soial purpose in a partiular onstituen$) Gi#enthe sale o. hange re3uire to mo#e toars a lo+arbon global eonom$, state limate leaers are neessaril$trans.ormational leaers, an their per.ormane an reognition as international leaers , an theirabilit$ to attrat .olloers, ma$ be onsierabl$ enhane b$ limate leaership at the omesti le#el b$inluing sub+national go#ernments, mar9et ators, i#il soiet$ ators an soial netor9s) 1* his unerstaning o. leaershipshes light on the moest suess o. the ; as a limate leaer, an the Ss general .ailure as a limate leaer, throughout the

negotiations) Leadership should not +e conflated $ith success in +arainin ininternational neotiations) he Ss in.luene in the post+200? negotiations is mainl$ a.untion o. its emissions poer hih it has use to loer e4petations about hat the limate

regime ma$ ahie#e)

S leadership in climate is unnecessar! # the $orld is actin effecti/el! despitecounterproducti/e S political polic!CEPR '( Henter .or ;onomi an !oli$ "esearh o+.oune b$ eonomists Dean =a9er an 5ar9 Weisbrot) 7ur A#isor$=oar inlues :obel Caureate eonomists "obert Solo an Joseph Stiglit


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Treaties Alt CauseTreaties Alt Cause6ailure to ratif! treaties is a massi/e alt cause to S en/ironmental leadership #e/en if $e meet climate o+liations do"ens of other inored treaties %ill leadership7no8 '( # pro.essor o. la at Wa9e Forest ni#ersit$(John, Januar$ 20, 2012, "elaiming Global ;n#ironmentalCeaership,% http&'')progressi#ere.orm)org'!"=log).mi=logLF=>1@MF2+A=F;+MF2+E0@M;AF1;D>2>D=E/J!

For more than a entur$, the nite States too9 the lea in organi


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***S:L;E


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CCS 6ailure 7ills Clean TechCCS 6ailure 7ills Clean TechCCS is impossi+le 0 its catastrophic failure $ill hurt the credi+ilit! of all cleanener! techMc7illop '( + Former hie. poli$ anal$st, Di#ision A !oli$, DG NO88 ;nerg$, ;uropean ommission, (Anre, 5arh 22,2012, he ra


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ountr$ ith smart metering b$ 2020, an @0Q b$ 201I) Se#eral ;uropean ountries ha#e goals almost as high as this, but theimpat on poer pries an a#erage poer bills + or on eletri poer an istribution ompan$ earnings + ill be high)"esponing to the ala$s present threat o. oil sho9 an the .ailure o. energ$ plans in most 7;D ountries to aress the issue o.oil sa#ing an substitution, the smart metering lobb$ inlues the target o. aommoating the groth o. eletri #ehile .leets asanother ma-or reason h$ smart meters must beome a a$ o. li.e)An$bo$ ho has .olloe m$ 57 artiles on eletri ars an 3ui9l$ unerstan this so+alle alternati#e to oil is a ea u9 onarri#al&http&'')mar9etorale)o)u9'ArtileM1IMI)html

he basi role o. smart metering is to ration eletriit$, b$ prie, to hen it an be generate) 6o this relates to ar oners neeingto harge their eletri ars e#er$ ee9a$ night, to tra#el to or9 the ne4t a$, is har to see) o be sure, in#enti#e orporate minsan imagine stan+alone ar reharging entres, similar to the =etter !lae business moel, but these entres ill nee poersupplies) Going .urther up the .antas$ sale, mass sale eletri ar .leets an be laime as o..ering a .uture :ational =atter$ !a9,ith millions o. ar batteries beoming a sort+o. utilit$ sale poer storage s$stem)F8:A:8:G S A:D S5A" G"8DShe most elusi#e part o. an$ !! .rom promoters o. either is ho the$ an be .inane, ith the S part o. the uo .irst neeing

e4treme high researh an e#elopment spening to proue a tehnologiall$ #iable proess or metho o. S) ost outlines.or S ahie#ing a rate o. apture o. sa$ @Q o. present emissions o. 72 in ma-or emitterountries an be .oun, but .irstl$ assume the proess an be mae tehnologiall$ possible) :o.igures on ho muh oul it all ost ha#e an$ reibilit$, ue to this .irst hurle)For smart gris there are muh harer+ege ost .igures, e#en utilit$ an poer istribution ompan$ spening plans, in most;2? ountries an in se#eral non+;uropean 7;D ountries) 5ore omple4 hoe#er, smart gris onl$ onern loal or . inal poeristribution an o not onern ie+area poer transport + hih is also an ine#itable nee i. reneable eletriit$ is going toominate poer proution) While loal an .inal user smart gris an be relati#el$ heap, espeiall$ i. this onl$ onerns smartmetering o. .inal users, ie+area super gris able to transport huge amounts o. poer ith minimum losses onl$ e4ist in the min,beause their osts ill be astronomi)


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CCS > LieCCS > Lie3Clean Coal4 is a propaanda0+ased m!th 0 e/en the fe$ authors not e8plicitl! tiedto coal ha/e +een +ri+ed +! fa%e orani"ations created +! the coal lo++!&ro$n ?@+ Assoiate !ro.essor o. ;n#ironmental ;this, Siene an Ca at !enn State ni#ersit$) his piee as originall$publishe at the !enn State limate ;this blog) 8t as reprinte ith permission (Donal, June M, 2012, he ;this 7. lean oal!ropagana,% http&''thin9progress)org'limate'2012'0I'0M'*>*1M0'the+ethis+o.+lean+oal+propagana'/J!

For o#er a eae the oal inustr$ has .une ampaigns esigne to on#ine Amerians thatoal an be burne ithout a#erse en#ironmental impats) hese ampaigns raise troublingethial issues) 8n .at, as e shall see, these ampaigns ha#e o.ten been misleaing an eepti#e inse#eral i..erent a$s)

his eeption is lassi propagana beause propagana presents .ats seleti#el$ to enouragea partiular s$nthesis, or uses loae messages to proue an emotional rather than a rationalresponse to the in.ormation presente) Although man$ entities on both sies o. an issue ho are tr$ing to persuaethe general publi to thin9 a ertain a$ ill .re3uentl$ resort to the use o. propagana, as e shall see, eepti#e propagana ispartiularl$ morall$ oious hen it engages in l$ing or l$ing b$ omission) A lie b$ omission ours hen an important .at is le.t out

in orer to .oster a misoneption) The clean coal propaanda has freBuentl! enaed inpropaanda that must +e understood as l!in +! omission2 if not outriht l!in1 Itis also l!in +! omission a+out somethin $hich is potentiall! /er! harmful2ma%in the lies e/en more morall! a+horrentGi#en that aaemies o. siene aroun the orl ha#e onlue that limate hange is a huge threat to millions o. people arounthe orl, that oal is the irtiest o. .ossil .uels urrentl$ use .or eletriit$ generation in regar to limate hange, that there are noommerial sale oal+.ire poer plants in the nite States no nor li9el$ to be in ie+sprea ommerial operation .or eaes

apable o. atuall$ remo#ing heat trapping gases, a .at not re#eale in O ommerials .une b$ the lean oal ampaign, thisampaign hih implies that oal is lean% is eepl$ misleaing about li9el$ harm.ul anangerous human ati#ities) 8n other ors, this is eeption ith huge potential a#erseonse3uenes .or li.e on earth an eologial s$stems on hih li.e epens)Some O ommerials .une through lean oal ampaigns #isuall$ or #erball$ re.erene lean oal ithout a9nolegment thatoal ombustion oul be onsiere lean onl$ i. ne unpro#en tehnologies .or reuing greenhouse gas emissions .rom oal

ombustion are iel$ eplo$e) 7ther ommerials ontain o.ten #ague re.erenes to lean oaltehnologies that oul in theor$ reue greenhouse gas emissions i. ommerial sale o. thesetehnologies is etermine through .uture researh to be en#ironmentall$ benign aneonomiall$ .easible) :one o. these ommerials, hoe#er, re#eal that there are serious open 3uestionsabout hether geologi arbon se3uestration or other unpro#en greenhouse gas emissionreution tehnologies .or use ith oal ombustion ill be pro#en to be en#ironmentall$aeptable an eonomiall$ #iable at ommerial sale) he :e or9 imes reporte this month that there isne e#iene that arbon apture an storage, the tehnolog$ most .re3uentl$ onsiere to be the best hope .or reuinggreenhouse gases .rom oal ombustion, ma$ not be eonomiall$ #iable beause o. heaper an abunant amounts o. natural gas)(Wal, 2012/

Claimin that coal is clean +ecause it could +e clean if a ne$ technicall! unpro/enand economicall! du+ious technolo! miht +e adopted is li%e someone claiminthat +elladonna is not poisonous +ecause there is a ne$ unpro/en safe pill under

de/elopment that sometime in the future miht +e economicall! afforda+le andthat ma! +e ta%en $ith +elladonna to neutrali"e +elladonna)s to8ic effects1Who has been behin this ampaign Aoring to Soure Wath, these ampaigns ere initiall$ reate b$ the enter .or ;nerg$an ;onomi De#elopment (;;D/ in 2000) ;;D also reate Amerians .or =alane ;nerg$ hoies (A=;/, a multimillion+ollar publi relations ampaign aime at emphasi


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hearings that orinar$ iti>0s an a tati hih is itsel. ethiall$ problemati beause an Astrour. groups #er$ purpose is tohie .rom the general publi the real parties in interest)

he pratie o. using Astrour. groups is e4pressl$ prohibite b$ the oe o. ethis o. the !ubli"elations Soiet$ o. Ameria(!"SA, 2012/ his oe re3uires that !" pro.essionals e4pressl$ ienti.$ real sponsors o. !"ati#ities (!"SA, 2012/) =eause .ront groups an Astrour. organi


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al9ing up the promise o.arbon apture an storage (S/ is eas$) Atuall$ ma9ing it happen is ai..erent stor$)!olitiians an the .ossil .uel inustr$ ha#e promise that S is on its a$, butthe$ ant en-o$ the bene.it o. the oubt .ore#er ) !roo. is re3uireto sho that ere tal9ing about a oneptthat has real merit as a large+sale energ$ option an not -ust a heap politial e4use)Greenpeae has release a ne report alle Dea an =urie& the emise o. arbon apture an storage) 8t shos ho attempts to

emonstrate ommerial+sale S ha#e been marre b$ .ailure) ommunit$ opposition, eonomi an tehnial

i..iulties an a la9 o. serious pri#ate in#estment ha#e meant that e#er$ attempt to buil a ommerial+sale Spoer station has .allen o#er) As a realisti option .or .uture poer generation, S onl$ e4ists as rhetori)S is a #er$ e4pensi#e politial e4use, pai .or b$ ta4pa$ers) =illions o. ollars o. publi .uns orlie areurrentl$ tie up in programs esigne to support S,hen this mone$ oul be use to enable real, lean,reneable energ$ solutionsthat ha#e alrea$ been a#ailable .or $ears) Australias on T1)IE billion S Flagships program is oneo. the most absur attempts to -usti.$ S)A Oitorian ompan$ alle 6"C has been tr$ing to buil a ne poer station that runs on gasi.ie bron oal) 6"Cs pro-et, DualGas, has been ubbe lean oal beause it oul use tehnolog$ that ma9es bron oal burn ith the emissions o. bla9 oal)Surprisingl$, 6"C also esribes Dual Gas as a S pro-et, hih oesnt stan up to srutin$) 6"C -ust ant to ommerialisetheir gasi.iation tehnolog$ an arent reall$ bothere ith S) When the$ .irst applie to the 6oar go#ernment .or .uning in200I, their proposal int inlue S)

A.ter being prompte b$ the go#ernment to inlue S in their plans, 6"C re+submitte theirappliation an mae a plausible argument .or apturing 72) he$ subse3uentl$ on a T100million grant)

hree $ears later, 6"C applie to the ;!A .or or9s appro#al) =ut all their S plans amounteto as a laim that the plant oul be apture rea$ an spae oul be set asie on the site o. thepoer station to aommoate S, shoul it e#er materialise)A pre+.easibilit$ stu$ into pre+ombustion arbon apture as one last $ear, but it asnt the result o. 6"Cs e..ort) he TM)@million stu$, re.erre to in 6"Cs or9s appro#al appliation, as in .at pai .or b$ the ta4pa$er)!erhaps the learest iniation that 6"C arent bothere about S is the .at the$ ha#e iniate a esire to get out o. the pro-eta.ter one maintenane $le (hih oul be about .our $ears a.ter it is built/)Despite this istint la9 o. enthusiasm .or arbon apture an storage on 6"Cs part, Dual Gas is no a part o. arbon:et, aOitorian Go#ernment e..ort that has been inlue in the Feeral S Flagships program)arbon:et intens to reate pipeline in.rastruture that an transport up to a million tonnes o. 72 per $ear) 8ts .irst hallenge is toatuall$ be rele#ant) hat means ha#ing ne soures o. 72 to ta9e an transport) he three million tonnes o. arbon pollution6"Cs pro-et oul generate ma9es it a per.et math .or arbon:et)8n .at, Dual Gas has been ubbe the most promising emissions soure .or the arbon:et pro-et, e#en though another oumenta9noleges the arbon apture omponent o. the pro-et is not a high priorit$ at this stage)At the time, it probabl$ mae sense to rein.ore the purpose an #alue o. to speulati#e pro-ets b$ attahing one to the other) =uta.ter Dual Gas mae a statement on 1I April that or9 on the poer station pro-et as to be .ro


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AmeriaKs greenhouse gas emissions b$ 20 perentb$ 2020) =ut the bill e..eti#el$ gi#es the oalinustr$ a pass on utting emissions until su..iient ommerial+sale lean+oal tehnolog$has been eplo$e)-h! tr! to reduce our dependence on coal toda!2 the reasoninseems to +e2 $hen fa+ulous2 uilt0free clean coal is 9ust around the cornerhereKs -ust one problem ith this senario Coal $ill ne/er +e clean) 8t is possible to ma9e oalemissions leaner) 8n .at, eK#e ome a long a$ sine the K?0s in .ining a$s to reue sul.ur++io4ie an nitrogen+o4ie

emissions, an more progress an be mae) =ut the nut o. the lean+oal sales pith is that e an also bottleup the 72 proue hen oal is burne, most li9el$ b$ bur$ing it eep in the earth) hat ma$ be possiblein theor$, but itKs e#ilishl$ i..iult in pratie)arbon io4ie is not some minor b$prout o. oal ombustion ) "emember $our high shool hemistr$&When oal burns, o4$gen .rom the air ombines ith the arbon in the oal in an e4othermi (heat+releasing/ reation) =eause o.

the aition o. o4$gen, the resulting 72 eighs more than the arbon alone++hih means that eahpoun o. oal proues about 2)@ pouns o. 72) eeping that 72 out o. the atmos+phere re3uires a proess9non as arbon apture an se3uestration (S/) 8t or9s b$ .oring the e4haust .rom a poer plant through a li3ui sol#ent thatabsorbs the arbon io4ie) Cater, the sol#ent is heate to liberate the gas, muh the a$ a bottle o. soa releases its issol#e 72hen opene) he 72 is then ompresse to about 100 times normal atmospheri pressure an sent aa$ .or storage)

So .ar, so goo) =ut S has to ma-or hurles)First,it onsumes energ$++a lot o. it) While estimates #ar$, aoal+.ire poer plant oul ha#e to burn roughl$ 2@ perent more oal to hanle arbon se3uestration hile prouing the same

amount o. eletriit$) hat oul mean a #ast e4pansion in mining, transportation osts anb$prouts suh as .l$ ash)

=ut thatKs the eas$ part) he harer hallenge oul be transporting an bur$ing all o. this high+pressure 72) Amerian ;letri !oer reentl$ began a S pro-et at its 5ountaineer !lant in West Oirginia) he operationaptures a .e hunre tons o. 72 a a$) hatKs a start++but a t$pial @00+megaatt poer plant prouesabout 10,000 tons ail$)olleti#el$,AmeriaKs oal+.ire poer plants generate 1)@ billion tons per

$ear) apturing that oul mean .illing M0 million barrels ith li3ui 72 e#er$ single a$++about one an a hal. times the #olume o. rue oil the ountr$ onsumes1 It too% rouhl! acentur! to +uild the infrastructure $e use to distri+ute petroleum products1 Could

$e +uild an e/en +ier CCS infrastructure of pumps2 pipelines and $ells Buic%l!enouh to hit the am+itious tarets the climate +ill en/isions Serious plans to engineer++muhless .inane++suh a #ast pro-et arenKt e#en on the table)

6ereKs a .inal problem&We onKt 9no i. the gas ill sta$ burie) We oul easil$ spen hunres o.billions in-eting 72 into the earth onl$ to ha#e it start lea9ing out again in a .e eaes) :one

o. this means that S is impossible to ahie#e) =ut it is a angerous gamble to assume that it ill beometehniall$ an eonomiall$ .easible an$ time soon)At the moment, the SenateKs limate bill is on the ba9 burner) An man$ Amerians remain ubious about both the auses an theappropriate solutions .or global arming) ("eent re#elations that se#eral limate sientists apparentl$ trie to s3uelh legitimateebate ertainl$ onKt inspire on.iene)/ =ut onern o#er greenhouse gas emissions ill ontinue, an the pressure to regu+latethem is groing) WoulnKt it be a shame i. e reate a poli$ that burens Amerian onsumers ith higher energ$ pries an $et

oes #irtuall$ nothing to reue our 72 emissions =$ embraing the lean+oal m$th, that lose+lose senarioma$ be e4atl$ hat e stan to ahie#e)Sal$, although it might ma9e little eonomi or sienti.i sense, the politial logi behin leanoal is o#erhelming) oal is mine in some politiall$ potent states++8llinois, 5ontana, West Oirginia, W$oming++an theoal inustr$ spens millions on lobb$ing ) he en result o. the ebate is all too li9el$ to resemble ongressKs orn+base ethanol manates& legislation that emplo$s appealing bu


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CCS is a pipe dream and a lie # it $ill ne/er +e completed and ne/er +e used2 it ismerel! a charade for coal companies to maintain pu+lic support and eto/ernment fundin to continue to destro! the en/ironment

;incent '( + urrentl$ or9s at Greenpeae Australia, stuie limatolog$ at 5onash ni#ersit$ an then spening se#eral$ears or9ing .or #arious en#ironment an ai organisations be.ore getting a -ob oing researh .or Greenpeae in 200I (April2012, Dea an burie& he emise o. arbon apture an storage,%http&'')greenpeae)org'australia'!ageFiles'*1>*1E'SU"eportUF8:ACUlores)p./J!

A .e $ears ago $ou oul be e4use .or thin9ing that a ne era as beginning .or oaltehnolog$) As aareness gre o. the impat o. arbon pollution on the orls limate, oal+.ire poer .ae an aapt or ie%moment) What .olloe as a .lurr$ o. ati#it$& announements o. pilot pro-ets, impressi#e ebsites an sli9mar9eting ga#e the impression that the oal inustr$ as har at or9 e#eloping arbon apturean Storage (S/ tehnolog$) Somebol laims ere mae about the potential o. S) 7ne preitionstate that b$ 20M0, S oul be one o. the most important arbon abatement tehnologies 1 %)he 8nternational ;nerg$ Agen$ pro-ete the onstrution o. M,*00 S pro-ets aross the globe (i)e) >0 per $ear on a#erage/ b$20@0 in orer to hal#e global arbon pollution)

6oe#er, the realit! is that CCS has +een an a+9ect failure) ;#er$ attempt to onstrut alarge+sale pro-et has .allen o#er, re#ealing numerous tehnial, eonomi, soial an regulator$ ris9s that shoulsoun alarm bells .or potential in#estors)As the ris9s mount, the time.rame .or hen ommerial+saleS poer stations arri#e slips .urther o#er the hori


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ChinaChinaChina $on)t model CCS # an! de/elopment the! do $ill +e e8clusi/el! for thepurpose of e8ports not domestic use

-ilson '( + lea :orth Amerian S anal$st .or =loomberg :e ;nerg$ Finane) She has publishe e4tensi#el$ on theri#ers o. S mar9ets, global publi .uning e4penitures .or S pro-ets an S an anaian poli$) her$l is also leaing=loomberg :e ;nerg$ Finanes inustr$+.irst o#erage o. 72+base enhane oil reo#er$ as a ri#er o. S(her$l, 1? Jan2012, S in hina& apturing 72 or apturing the tehnolog$ mar9et,%http&'')globalsinstitute)om'ommunit$'blogs'authors'ilsonI*'2012'01'1?'s+hina+apturing+o2+or+apturing+tehnolog$+mar9et/J!

7ne o. the main goals o. the go#ernment+supporte pilot programme is .or hinese ompaniestoe#elop e4periene ith i#ersi.ie 72 apture tehnologies anbuil international partnerships) At least nine.oreign ompanies are or9ing ith 1* omesti ompanies on researh an pilot pro-ets) hinese .irms gain e4portableoperational an tehnial e4periene .or mar9ets here S ill e#elop ell be.ore it oes in hina, in :orth Ameria an ;urope)Foreign partners not onl$ buil heaper pilot pro-ets but seure use.ul relationships in the e#ent that a omesti S mar9ete#elops)hese pilots are aime not -ust at e#eloping e4pertise, but loering the ost o. apture) We ha#e all hear goals o. aboutST@0't72 .or post+ombustion apture in hina in a eae H hile =loomberg :e ;nerg$ Finane estimates .or . irst+mo#er

pro-ets, the le#elise ost o. 72 abatement is more in the range o. STE0+120't72 .or oal post+ombustion apture) 8.hinese ompanies oul get apture osts to T@0't72, the potential oul e4ist .or a tehe4port mar9et)=ut unli9e the solar an in mar9ets, a omesti S mar9et in hina is unli9el$ an$ timesoon) Groing energ$ eman in hina is unparallele an$here else in the orl an at least.or no, an$ S e#elopment ill be shape b$ the ountr$s broaer energ$ goals& the aim toe#elop more e..iient uses o. oal an to inrease energ$ seurit$)

E/en if China de/elops CCS the! $on)t use it # the! don)t care a+out emissions andthe efficienc! reductions are too hih to +e $orth itPa%iam '0 senior politial anal$st at ;S8 ;nerg$ Stuies 8nstitute in SingaporeX (Geo..re$ , ;S8 =ulletin, Ool) M, 8ssue 2,:o#ember 2010)he "eal Dri#ers o. arbon apture an Storage in hina,% http&'')esi)nus)eu)sg'nes'2012'02'0>'the+

real+ri#ers+o.+arbon+apture+an+storage+in+hina/J!

arbon apture an storage (S/ is no iel$ #iee as imperati#e .or global limate stabilisation) oal is the orls .astestgroing .ossil .uel, an oal ombustion is no the largest single soure o. anthropogeni 72 emissions)

hinas oal setor is the orls largest an the rapi inustrialisation o. hina is ine4orabl$tie to the same proess that .uelle the Wests e#elopment + burning oal ) 8nternational ;nerg$Agen$ (8;A/ pro-etions suggest that hina ill ha#e 1,MM2 gigaatts (GW/ o. oal poer generation apait$ b$ 20M0, ompare to@EM GW in the S an ; ombine)his tren presents a .ore.ul ase .or the e#elopment an ie issemination o. tehnologies that an eouple oal onsumption.rom 72 emissions) he leaing aniate tehnolog$ to o this is arbon apture an storage (S/) 8nee, 8;A limatemitigation senarios all .or S in hina to suppl$ 20+2@Q o. its total emissions reutions, an o#er I0Q o. those reutions illnee to be applie to oal+.ire poer plants)

he star9 realit$ is that hinas inenti#es .or being at the .ore.ront o. S tehnolog$ learningo not translate into inenti#es to massi#el$ eplo$ S in poer plant appliations as limatemitigation goals oul ha#e it)

A .e S pro-ets are no being e#elope .or the hinese mar9et) he .irst ma-or S pro-ets in hina+ Shenhuas oal+to+li3uis (C/ pro-et in 7ros, 8nner 5ongolia, an the GreenGen integrate gasi.iation ombine $le(8G/ plant in ian-in + ha#e progresse rapil$ beause the$ e4plore tehnolog$ ith impliations .or hinas long+term energ$

seurit$) 6oe#er, in the ase o. ruial post+ombustion tehnologies hih o not ha#e potential bene.its .or .uel seurit$,hina has been sloer to unerta9e ma-or pro-ets an is eager to sprea ris9s arossinternational partnerships)he strategi logi o. Shenhuas C pro-et is all about using oal to hege against oil import epenene) 8ntegrating S into Cproesses oul .urther boost seurit$ o. oil suppl$ b$ pro#iing high purit$ 72 streams ith little aitional apture ost, as these

streams oul be pumpe into elining oil reser#oirs .or enhane oil reo#er$ (;7"/) 6oe#er, S .or C has limiterele#ane to global 72 mitigation goals)C is not a ma-or soure o. emissions in hina ompare to urrent an


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.uture oal+.ire poer) 8n aition, the S+C proess essentiall$ results in a transport .uel that is roughl$ net e3ui#alent inarbon emissions to oil) 8n an$ ase, pro-et oners are onl$ li9el$ to pursue these apital+intensi#e C+S pro-ets here ;7"opportunities e4ist to pro#ie stable re#enue streams o#er long+time hori


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IndiaIndia&arriers pre/ent CCS de/elopment in India # the! are more concerned a+outincreasin access than decreasin emissionsGi+son '( 0 apait$ De#elopment 5anager at the Global S 8nstitute (Alie, S too muh .or 8nia .or no,%http&'')globalsinstitute)om'ommunit$'blogs'authors'aliegibson'2012'02'1I's+too+muh+inia+no/J!

he Global S 8nstitute is please to be or9ing ith he ;nerg$ an "esoures 8nstitute (;"8/ in 8nia to e#elop an 8nian SSoping Stu$ an apait$ Assessment) he .irst onsultation or9shop as a part o. this stu$ as hel on 2@ Januar$ in :eDelhi) 8t as #er$ use.ul .or m$sel. (apait$ De#elopment 5anager/ an =arr$ Jones (General 5anager H !oli$ an 5embership/

to hear .irsthan some o. the #ies an onerns .rom 8nian sta9eholers) nsurprisingl$, the$ share some o.the ma-or onerns that other ountries H partiularl$ e#eloping ountries H ha#e regaring S, inluing&Sa.et$ issuesH partiularl$ aroun 72 transport an in-etion, an the potential .or lea9age)he energ$ penalt$ H ith more than 2E0 million people ithout aess to eletriit$, the energ$penalt$ e..eti#el$ means a nee to inrease oal proution .or no inrease in eletriit$ outputan ma9es S less entiing than reneable options, partiular solar)here is hoe#er an interest in 72 re+use)=arr$s opening presentation .ouse on the global status o. S, highlighting the .at that there are ?* large+sale, integratepro-ets aroun the orl in either the planning or operational stages) 7. these, eight are alrea$ operational an se#en are inonstrution (inluing to poer station pro-ets/) he le#el o. engagement an 3uestions suggeste a .air egree o. e4isting9nolege, but also a esire .or more in.ormation on a range o. issues)

India $on)t implement CCS # tons of thins ha/e to happen to incenti/i"epolic!ma%ers $ho don)t care a+out emissions as much as accessDoi F 0senior limate hange a#isor at hristian Ai ith the assistane o. "ura apila o. the ni#ersit$ o. ;inburgh an6annah halmers an 5atthe Ceah o. the ni#ersit$ o. Surre$(Alison, 7tober 200>, apturing 8nias arbon,%http&'')hristianai)org)u9'images'arbon+trans.er+report+ot0>)p./J!

onte4t .or 8nia

;onomi groth in 8nia has le to a rise in energ$ eman, hih in turn has le to aninrease in o#erall 72 emissions, as the #ast ma-orit$ o. its energ$ has been supplie b$ .ossil .uels) 5ore than ?0per ent o. 8nias arbon emissions ome .rom the burning o. .ossil .uels, a signiYantproportion o. them .rom oal+Yre poer plants )o reue epenene on oal an inrease i#ersit$, 8nian poli$ma9ers are inreasingl$ intereste inpromoting energ$ e.Yien$ an reneables) Although these an be e4pete to reue annualemissions o. greenhouse gases, the! are moti/ated much more +! the need to increasethe securit! of suppl! and meet the countr!)s escalatin fuel needs15ore than I00 million 8nians li#e ithout eletriit$an more than ?00 million still use traitional biomass astheir primar$ oo9ing .uel) Despite a go#ernment target o. eletri.$ing all #illages b$ the en o. the eae, more than hal. o.rural househols in 8nia still la9 eletriit$)his is holing ba9 e#elopment in these areas) 7ne a$ o. Yllingthis energ$ gap oul be to e#elop o..+gri reneable energ$ shemes that are manage loall$ an pro#ie eletriit$ an .uel .orsuh things as lighting, oo9ing, teleommuniations, heating, pumping ater an operating mahiner$) hese are an importantalternati#e to gri+base s$stems) An$ plan to trans.er tehnolog$ .rom rih to poor ountries shoul onsier ho best to meet the

nees o. 8nias energ$+poor) 6or the /ast ma9orit!2 $ho ha/e no access to the electricit! rid2CCS $ill not sol/e their pro+lem1For 8nia H an other e#eloping ountries H to aoptlo+arbon energ$ tehnologies the$ ill nee inenti#es, inluing&Za lear international limate hange regimeZ inustrialise ountries ta9ing the lea on emonstrating an implementing lo+arbon tehnologiesZ tehnolog$ training an e#elopment .or 8nia, so that it an ma9e an implement its on eisions about lo+arbon tehnologies

Z assure Ynanial support .rom rih ountries, both up+.ront an into the .uture)ehnolog$ ooperation shoul open hoies to allo 8nia to ma9e its on eisions, noteman an$ speiY ation o. 8nia )


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EuropeEuropeEurope $on)t model or use CCS # pu+lic +ac%lash2 conser/ati/e o/ernment shiftsand past failures destro! credi+ilit!


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***P:LLTI:< TR


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'


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a serious problem/, so+alle in#asi#e speies (i)e) e4oti speies introue into ne regions/, the o#er+e4ploitationo. resoures, an .inall$ pollution ) 7b#iousl$, none o. these .ators is o. natural origin) here is still some isussion,here limate is onerne, o. hether the urrent #ariabilit$ o. limate is reall$ ue to human beings, or hether it is a natural

#ariabilit$)Where the erosion o. bioi#ersit$ is onerne, hoe#er, there is no ebate sinee#er$one agrees that it is o. human origin) he main problem is that a large+sale loss o.

bioi#ersit$ is essentiall$ irre#ersible e#en more so than limate hange , hih is re#ersible

o#er #er$ long time spans) First, eah speies is the prout o. a uni3ue histor$ that is not reprouibleJurassi !ar9 isnot $et a realit$) :e4t, loo9ing be$on the .ate o. a partiular speies, in the ase o. a mass e4tintionepisoe, the palaeontologial ata sho that some ten million $ears ere neessar$ to return to

le#els o. i#ersit$ e3ui#alent to those pre+ating the atastrophesB an this ne bioi#ersit$ is neessaril$3uite i..erent .rom the earlier one) his means that in our timesales an$ re#ersal o. the situation is

impossible one a ma-or part o. bioi#ersit$ is lost)=ut h$ shoul this be a matter o. onern his is the mostimportant 3uestion, an there are se#eral 9ins o. approahes an i..erent ansers to it& (1/ the ethial approah thathols that the other speies ha#e a right to e4ist, are o. intrinsi #alue an shoul be respeteas suh)(2/ he ultural or aestheti approah that sees bioi#ersit$ as a natural heritagee3ui#alent to the artisti heritage o. humanit$) A great eal o. mone$ is spent on preser#ing artisti heritage)

Wh$, then, shoul e not e3uall$ preser#e our natural heritage (M/ he more utilitariannot tosa$ eonomi#iepoint that stresses that bioi#ersit$ pro#ies us ith a hole range o.

prouts ith a iret utilit$ #alue (e)g) pharmaeutial prouts, .oo an te4tiles )/ A host o.e4amples sho us that e epen on a large number o. speiesman$ more inee than is usuall$ thought) =ioi#ersit$ isalso an important soure o. inno#ation, notabl$ in the pharmaeutial .iel) he iso#er$ o.ne pharmaeutial substanes, partiularl$ in the tropial


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Lin%sLin%sCCS causes a reduction in S:( emissions as $ellPracht '( H Aministrator at the Water an limate enter at Wageningen ni#ersit$(Fre$, Februar$ 2012, arbonapture an storage oul a..et air pollution,% http&'')sense)nl'artiles'?1@?/J!

he e..et o. S on the emissions o. air pollutants #aries greatl$ aoring to the pollutant) Forinstane, egraation o. a sol#ent use in some apture tehnologies results in ammonia release anthere.ore inrease emissions) here are also positi#e o+bene.its) Sulphur io4ie has to be eliminate.rom .lue gas, partl$ to a#oi orrosion o. the S s$stem, resulting in reue sulphur io4ie emissions ) hereport, .rom the ;uropean ;n#ironment Agen$ (;;A/, summarises the most reent researh on this sub-et) he largestinreases are e4pete .or nitrogen o4ies an ammonia, an the largest erease .or sulphurio4ie)6oe#er, emissions o. these pollutants, partiularl$ nitrogen o4ies, ill #ar$ epening on the S tehnolog$ use)!ost+ombustion tehnologies ma$ be the least energ$ e..iient, ue to the heat an pressure re3uire to proess the 72)he report also points to the importane o. onsiering iniret emissions .rom .uel proution an transport .urther along the Shain, asB in some ases these soures ma$ be more signi.iant ontribute more to total emissions than iret .ailit$ emissions)6oe#er, the authors stress that most estimates so .ar are largel$ base on assumptions or small sale stuies rather than atualmeasurements ta9en at large+sale S sites) he report estimates emissions .or the i..erent G6Gs an pollutants uner .our

i..erent S senarios in 20@0) he .irst senario assumes no S at all in ;urope) o senarios assume S is applie to all;uropean oal+.ire poer plants Hone assuming the oal is soure .rom ;urope hile the other eliberatel$ ontrasting senarioassumes the oal omes .rom Australia) For the .inal senario here S is applie to oal, gas an biomass+.ire plants using .uel.rom ;urope, emissions ere loer than the no S senario .or all pollutants, e4ept ammonia)

he hanges in emissions o. air pollutants ma$ be 3uite signi.iant) A large reution as seen .or sulphur io4ieemissions in the S senarios, ompare to no S, an !5`10 emissions ere preite to .all b$ hal.) When.uel as soure .rom Australia, emissions o. some pollutants inrease ue to the long+istane shipping in#ol#e, inluingnitrogen o4ies) 7#erall, hoe#er, the ;;A report onsiers the o#erall o+bene.its o. the introution o. S to be positi#e in termso. the reue emissions o. air pollutants) he ;uropean ommission has ommitte to a roamap .or e#elopment o. a lo arboneonom$ to 20@0 an a target o. E0+>@Q reutions in G6G emissions (ompare to 1>>0 le#els/ b$ that time) While theommissions 20@0 roamap assumes a signi.iant implementation o. S, the authors o. the ;;A report sa$ that an$ .ous on Sshoul not ela$ progress toars the ultimate ob-eti#e o. mo#ing ;urope toars a loer+energ$ an more resoure+e..iient.uture eonom$)

CCS decreases S:( emissions and increases emissions of Ammonia2 PM and *Q o. hih omes .rom agriulture)Ammonia ontributes to aii.iationan eutrophiation o. the en#ironment an also an .orm harm.ul .ine partiulate matter henrelease in the atmosphere)


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CCS causes a dramatic decrease in S:( EmissionsEuropean Commission (200E, 5itigating limate hange& the role .or arbon apture an storage,%http&''e)europa)eu'en#ironment'integration'researh'nesalert'p.'Msi)p./J!

he resulting inrease in nitrogen o4ie emissions, hoe#er, is small, estimate at @ per ent .or natural gas

poere plants an 2* per ent .or oal+.ire plants, hile at least E0 per ent o. the 72 generate ill be apture) Sulphurio4ie is proue mainl$ b$ oal ombustion) he authors estimate oal+.ire poer stationse3uippe ith apture tehnologies are li9el$ to reue sulphur io4ie emissions b$ at least >Iper ent) his ill be ri#en b$ a nee to a#oi e4pensi#e losses o. the sol#ents use to apture72)5ore important than the impat on ini#iual plants is the e..et on pro-ete emissions .romthe energ$ setor as a hole hen S is (a/ enable or (b/ mae manator$) "eent or9 2 shos that uner bothsenarios, emissions reue signi.iantl$ relati#e to a business as usual senario, beause o.iniret e..ets suh as .uel+sithing)

CCS $ould cause a reduction in S:( and an increase in


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Turns CaseTurns CaseCCS causes an increase in


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S:( GoodS:( GoodReducin atmospheric aerosol emissions could rapidl! accelerate $armin:)Connor '+ =iolog$ ma-or at 5arian ni#ersit$(olleen, April 2E, 2010, !ollution is Goo,%http&''marianuni#ersit$sieneblog)orpress)om'2010'0*'2E'pollution+is+goo'/J!

5arian ni#ersit$ elebrate ;arth Wee9 last ee9 (April 1>th+22n/) We e#en hoste an outoor mo#ie an taught e#er$one theimportane o. re$ling hat same ee9 the ;!A put out a report sa$ing that air pollution has ramatiall$ reue o#er the past

tent$ $ears) o me, that seems li9e a reall$ goo thing, but aoring to a reent :!" stor$, lean air oul atuall$ beintensi.$ing global arming)Sho9e 5e too)=ut, aoring to siene riter ;li intish, this oul be the ase)Wh$ is this so

Well, there are to 9ins o. air pollutants& aerosols an greenhouse gases) Greenhouse gasesarm the planet, hih e are ell aare o.,butreentl$ sientists ha#e iso#ere that aerosols atuall$ ha#e atemperature maintaining e..et .or the earth)Apparentl$ i. all man+mae air pollution asstoppe, global arming oul be spe up b$ as muh as a egree Fahrenheit ) While greenhouse gasesabsorb heat, aing to global arming, aerosols atuall$ re.let sunlight aa$ .rom the earth ausing the

earth to ool on rather than heat up)=$ leaning the air, ere ta9ing aa$ this stu.. aa$, perhaps aing to theinrease in the global temperature) hese pollutants still ause health problems, li9e asthma an respirator$ isease, so letting them

sta$ in the atmosphere isnt neessaril$ the anser) he sar$ thing is that e ont 9no ho muh theseooling e..ets ha#e sloe on global arming) 8. its a lot, then ta9ing the aerosols aa$oul ause a huge problem) hisoul mean that e#e been ausing a larger arming e..etthan e originall$ thought) 8. not, then it ma$ not be as muh o. a onern)


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(


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8nrease atmospheri 72 onentrations reues stomatal onutane (Ainsorth _ "ogers 200?/, hih subse3uentl$

ereases 7M .lu4 into plants (Fisus et al) 200@/) Suh reutions in 7M upta9e oul also lea to inreaseatmospheri 7M onentrations in the bounar$ la$erB in .at a oubling o. 72 onentration as estimate toinrease 7M onentration o#er parts o. ;urope, Asia an the Amerias b$ *+E ppb uring the rop groing season (Sanerson et al)200?/) 6oe#er, the relationship beteen stomatal onutane an 72 onentration ma$ pro#e to be more omple4 than o.tenassume an ele#ate 72 ma$ not ompletel$ alle#iate the a#erse e..et o. 7M (ling et al), 2010/) here is e#iene .rom long+term .iel e4periments that 7M an signi.iantl$ alter $ling an reue the inrease in .orest soil se3uestration ause b$ele#ate 72X (Co$a et al), 200MB arnos9$ et al), 200@/) 6oe#er, the sant e4perimental ata on the long+term e..ets o. 7M onsoil .lu4es in a range o. eos$stems is a ma-or limitation to unerstaning the impats o. 7M on global .lu4es (Anersen, 200MBAshmore, 200@/) Atmospheri 72 onentrations an 7M onentrations also ha#e the potential to alter : $ling in .orest

eos$stems through in.luenes on plant groth an litter proution) Generall$, 72 stimulates photos$nthesis,lea. an root litter proution, hile 7M amages photos$ntheti tissues an aelerates lea.senesene)he interations beteen 7M, 72 an : are omple4, an epenent on plant an soil mirobial proesses, hih.eeba9 on : a#ailabilit$ (6olmes et al) 200I/)

6$rologial $leAs atmospheri 72 onentration inreases in the .uture, global limate ill hange) 8n partiular,temperature ill inrease an preipitation ill hange, an both are important eterminants o. stomatal onutane, :!! an

upta9e o. 7M) As suh, reue stomatal onutane that ours in response to ele#ate 72onentrations ma$ enhane ater use e..iien$ o. plants, hih oul help to partl$ alle#iatethe e..ets o. reue rain.all(Cea9e$ et al) 200>/) 8nrease ater stress in a armer limate ma$ also be e4pete toerease sensiti#it$ to 7M through reue upta9e (Fuhrer, 200>/B hoe#er 7M inue+amage to stomatal

.untioning(5aier+5aer9er, 1>>>B 5ills et al), 200>B Wil9inson an Da#ies, 200>, 2010/ might on.oun this e..et)nerstaning ho ombinations o. inrease temperature, rought an 7M might interat to in.luene plant transpiration anhene ater balane is ompliate b$ our limite 9nolege o. the proesses in#ol#e (Arneth et al) 2010/) 7ne o. the .e e4ampleso. obser#ational ata in#estigating responses to stress ombinations is that ollete .or a mi4e eiuous .orest in easternennessee, SA (5Caughlin et al), 200?a/) hese ata suggest an inrease in ater use uner armer limates ith high 7MX ithsubse3uent limitations o. groth o. mature .orest trees an impliations .or the h$rolog$ o. .orest atershes (5Caughlin et al)

200?/) here is also limite e#iene to suggest that 7M an a..et 6* emissions .rom peatlans,possibl$ through 7M ausing plants to alter substrate a#ailabilit$ to soil mirobes or hanges intransport o. 6* through #asular plants ith aerenh$matous tissue(oet at el) 2011/) heimpliations o. suh 7M e..ets on 6* emissions oul pro#ie important .eeba9s sine 6*emissions themsel#es ontribute signi.iantl$ to preite inreases in global ba9groun 7Monentrations(West _ Fiore, 200@/) rgen$ o. aressing the issue'imminene o. the ris9 ause b$ the issue to thee..eti#e implementation o. the on#ention as ell as the magnitue o. atual an potential impat on bioi#ersit$B ;stimates o..uture 7M #ar$ iel$ epening on emissions an legislation senarios) !ro-etions .rom the 6A! 2010 assessment use mean 7M

onentration estimates .rom I global moels to assess the impliations o. emission hanges beteen 2000 an 20@0 .olloing the"epresentati#e onentration !atha$s ("!/ emission senarios onstrute .or 8!+A"@ (Figure 1/) he results suggest hangesin sur.ae 7M b$ 20M0 o#er :orth Ameria an ;urope ranging .rom hanges o. about 1 ppb in the =A "! E)@ senario toreutions o. about @ ppb in the leaner "! 2)I senario) South Asia sees the greatest inreases, ranging up to more than @ ppb .or"! E)@, hile ;ast Asia shos inreases o. about 2 ppb .or "! E)@ an reutions o. about * ppb .or "! 2)I)

8n summar$, the .uture outloo9 .or 7M onentrations is strongl$ epenant on global an regionalemission patha$s an as suh the urgen$ to ta9e ation to mitigate .or 7M impats on

bioi#ersit$ epens on hih o. these patha$s o. .olloe) Figure 1) 5ean sur.ae 7M hanges o#erpollute regions o. the :orthern 6emisphere .olloing the .our "! senarios .rom 200 to 20@0, .or .urther etails see 6A!,2010) ;#iene o. the absene or limite a#ailabilit$ o. tools to limit or mitigate the negati#e impats o. the ienti.ie issue on theonser#ation an sustainable use o. bioi#ersit$B 5itigation o. 7M preursor emissions (preominantl$ nitrogen o4ies, arbonmono4ie an #olatile organi ompouns inluing methane/ re3uires hanges in inustrial, omesti an transport relateemissions, o.ten as part o. international emission reution programmes sine 7M is a transbounar$ pollutant) 8mportantl$, theonl$ orl region that is ma9ing an$ onerte e..ort to ontrol 7M onentrations to limit #egetation amage is ;urope throughor9 uner the :;; on#ention on Cong "ange ransbounar$ Air !ollution (http&''unee)org'en#'lrtap'/ an #arious ;legislati#e ireti#es) 6oe#er, still threshols an targets set b$ these boies are e4eee in man$ loations aross ;urope ith the

li9elihoo that amage to #egetation resulting .rom 7M e4posures ill be ourring aross the region) he la9 o. similarinternational e..orts to ontrol 7M preursor emissions in other parts o. the orl means that man$ eos$stems are ompletel$unprotete .rom this strongl$ ph$to+to4i pollutant) Atual geographi o#erage an potential sprea, inluing rate o. sprea, o.the ienti.ie issue relating to the onser#ation an sustainable use o. bioi#ersit$B ;4perimental an moelling approahes areurrentl$ being use to unerstan plant responses to ele#ate 7M an to preit their impats on global net primar$ prouti#it$(:!!/B hoe#er signi.iant gaps in 9nolege remain about the interations o. rising tropospheri 7M an other en#ironmental.ators inluing rought, soil nutrient status an #ariables assoiate ith limate hange (e)g), ele#ate 72 an risingtemperature/) While tropospheri 7M is a ri#er o. global arming, other limate hanges o#er the ne4t entur$ ha#e the potential toin.luene .uture 7M b$ moi.$ing the rates o. 7M proution an estrution in the atmosphere an at the ;arths sur.ae) Fore4ample, inreasing atmospheri 7M ill negati#el$ impat plant proution, reuing the abilit$ o. eos$stems to se3uester arbon,an thus iniretl$ .eeba9 on atmospheri 72 onentrations, enhaning limate hange (Sith et al), 200?/) Figure 2 Simulate


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perentage hange in net primar$ prouti#it$ (:!!/ beteen 1>01 an 2002 ue to 7M e..ets onsiering hanges in atmospheri72 onentration .or loer(upper panel/ an high (loer panel/ 7M plant sensiti#it$)his moel has also been use to estimate .uture impats o. 7M on global prouti#it$, an the results suggest that 7M ma$ o..setpotential gains in global G!! .rom rising atmospheri 72 onentrations b$ 1E H M*Q (Sith et al) 200?/) hese results ereo#erlain ith the Worl Willi.e Founation G200 eo+regions to assess .uture threats o. 7M to bioi#ersit$ ("o$al Soiet$, 200E/)

e$ bioi#ersit$ areas in south an east Asia, entral A.ria an Catin Ameria ere ienti.ie asbeing at ris9 .rom ele#ate 7M onentrations(Figure M/) Figure M) Global assessment o. the pro-ete perenterease in gross primar$ prouti#it$ ue to 7M uner the 8! A2 senario in 2100 ithin the Worl Willi.e Founation Global200 priorit$ onser#ation areas) From "o$al Soiet$ (200E/) While the outputs .rom these moelling e4erises o..er the onl$ globalestimates .or 7M e..ets on :!! an assoiate impats on eos$stem properties an ser#ies, there are limitations to theseestimates) Still, the moels support e4perimental .inings that 7M has ha a signi.iant negati#e impat on terrestrial :!! sine the8nustrial "e#olution, hih has important impliations .or terrestrial arbon storage an global raiati#e .oring (Sith et al)200?/)5agnitue o. atual an potential impat o. the ienti.ie issue on human ell+beingB A..ets on 9e$ eos$stems ser#ies ill

iniretl$ a..et human ell+being) here is some e#iene that the ultural amenit$ #alue o. onser#ationsites ma$ be a..ete as 7M an impat speies o. high onser#ation #alue ("7A!, 2011/) For e4ample,muh o. the reent e4perimental or9 in the has .ousse on seminatural plant ommunities) he i#ersit$ o. suh ommunities,an the limite ata a#ailable, ma9e a etaile assessment o. the national impliations o. these .inings problemati) While thee#iene base is too limite to pro#ie lear onlusions on here o>2/) he more rele#ant obser#ation thus ma$ be a shi.t in plant speies omposition as this ma$ha#e impliations .or both onser#ation an .oer 3ualit$) Cong+term shi.ts in speies omposition in semi+natural grasslans itha high onser#ation #alue ma$ be meiate through i..erential e..ets o. 7M on plant ater status resulting .rom a negati#e e..et o.7M on lea. ater i..usion, as iniate b$ results obtaine uner lose+to+natural .iel onitions (Jcggi _ Fuhrer, 200?/) 5oresubtle hanges in i#ersit$ at the geneti le#el ma$ be ause b$ miro+e#olutionar$ proesses (dlli9er et al), 200E/, thus re.letinga possible slo aaptation o. some speies to 7M stress)8n :orth Ameria, e4perimental stuies on semi+natural grasslans ha#e .ouse on unerstaning 7M impats on nutriti#e 3ualit$o. .orage rops utili


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al), 2002/) n.ortunatel$, ata .or spei.i pest, isease an plant speies ompetition interations are o.ten ontro#ersial (Fuhrer,200>/ ompliating e..orts to pro-et parasite+host interations uner .uture en#ironmental hange)


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A( Acid RainA( Acid RainAcid Rain is ood # it mitiates the larest source of methane +! allo$in sulphur0eatin +acteria to outcompete archae+acteriaGutro H Deput$ :es hie. in the o..ie o. !ubli A..airs at :ASAs Goar Spae Flight enter, Greenbelt, 5) 6es also ameteorologist an manages an rites storm upates .or :ASAs 6urriane'ropial $lone ebpage) 6e or9s ith :ASAs:es hie. to ensure the 3ualit$ o. nes stories on :ASA researh in ;arth siene, Astroph$sis, 6elioph$sis an tehnolog$ oneat :ASA Goar) "ob en-o$s tal9ing about eather an espeiall$ hurrianes) 6e spea9s at shools, museums, an soialorgani>M to 1>>* he broaast .oreasts .or =altimores :ational Weather Ser#ie o..ie o#er:7AA Weather "aio) ("ob, 200E, Sientists 6unt .or Ai "ain an 5ethane in Wetlans,%http&'')nasa)go#'enters'goar'earthansun'aiUrain)html/J!

Depening on ho $ou loo9 at it, something goo an ala$s ome out o. something ba) hatKs atuall$ thease in a ne stu$ on greenhouse gases b$ :ASA sientists an others) he researhers iso#ere that ai rain

inhibits a samplan bateria .rom prouing methane, a greenhouse gas)5ethane, a gas that ontributes to arming our planet, is proue b$ natural proesses anhuman ati#ities) 8nrease amounts o. methane an other greenhouse gases in our atmosphereare arming the ;arth be$on its a#erage temperature)arbon, heat an moisture are 9non to in.luene methane proution b$ members o. the Arhaea, single+elle reatures) ner

normal onitions, these mirobes onsume organi arbon in the soil .or energ$ an releasemethane as a b$prout) Wetlans pro#ie an ieal en#ironment .or these mirobes) When airain rops sul.ate onto etlans, another t$pe o. bateria, ones that reue sul.ate are able tooutompete the Arhea, limiting the total proution o. methane)

Wetlans ma$ proue as muh as M20 million tons o. methane annuall$but onl$ about hal. o. that, or1I0 million tons, is ultimatel$ release to the atmosphere) he other 1I0 million tons ne#er ma9es it to the atmosphere beause it is

estro$e #ia o4iation as it mo#es .rom et soils belo the ater table through r$ soil to the sur.ae) Despite substantialo4iation, natural $etlands remain the sinle larest source of methane emission

aounting .or about one thir o. the global annual total methane)8mage to right& 8nlan etlans are most ommon on .looplains along ri#ers an streams) Sientists ha#e iso#ere that airain atuall$ inhibits a bateria .oun in samplans .rom prouing methane, a greenhousegas) 8nlan etlans inlue marshes an et meaos ominate b$ herbaeous plants, samps ominate b$ shrubs, anooe samps ominate b$ trees) reit& )S) ;!A "egion 1'Ceo enne$8tKs a ompliate proess beause multiple .ators at mirosopi to global sales interat in these proesses, sai ;laine5atthes, a sientist at :ASAKs Goar 8nstitute .or Spae Stuies (G8SS/, :e or9) 5atthes is o+author o. the stu$ on ai

rain an methane in etlans) he ma4imum emission o. methane .rom etlans ours henonitions are arm an et, hile the biggest reution in methane emissions is ahie#e

hen the loation o. etlans, sul.ates ontaine in ai rain, high temperatures an substantialpreipitation all ome together, to reue optimal methane emissions .rom etlans) hese .ators #ar$ o#er time anspae)Aoring to 5atthes, b$ 1>I0 these ounterating proesses probabl$ reue methane emission .rom etlans to pre+inustrialle#els) 6oe#er, methane emission is preite to rise in response to 21st entur$ limate hange .aster than sul.ate suppression

inreases, meaning that etlan emissions o. methane ill begin to rise abo#e those ourring be.ore inustrial sul.ate pollutionbegan)8n orer to etermine ho the ai rain interats ith methane in etlans, lea author o. the stu$, Dr) Oinent Gaui o. 7penni#ersit$, nite ingom an his olleagues too9 to the .iel) 8n the )S), =ritain an Seen the$ attempte to etermine i. lole#els o. sul.ate, li9e those in ai rain, a..ete methane emissions in etlans) he$ applie se#eral 3uantities o. sul.ate, similar tothe amounts .oun in ai rain, to the etlans the$ ere stu$ing) he results, a3uire o#er se#eral $ears, shoe that these looses o. sul.ate suppresse methane emissions beteen M0+*0 perent)5atthes an limate e4perts e4pet methane emissions to inrease o#er the 21st entur$ in response to limate hange) he$ alsopreit that sul.ate le#els in rain.all ill inrease, espeiall$ in Asia) he authors ha#e attempte to preit ho this eologialbalaning at ill turn out .or the 21st entur$)


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When e use all the .iel ata ith the :ASA omputer moels an applie it to a global sale, it shos that the e..et o.ai rain .rom 1>I0 to 20M0 atuall$ reues methane emissions to belo pre+inustrial le#els,sai Gaui) he e..et more than ompensates .or the inrease in methane emission that oul

be e4pete as etlans beome armer) 8n this a$, ai rain ats li9e a temporar$ li on thelargest methane soure)Gaui is autious about the image presente b$ ai rain) We oulnKt ant to gi#e the impression that ai rain is a goo thing + ithas long been 9non that ai rain amages natural eos$stems suh as .orests, grasslans, ri#ers an la9es) =ut our .inings

suggest that small amounts o. pollution ma$ also ha#e a positi#e e..et in suppressing thisimportant greenhouse gas) 5oreo#er, the$ point to ho omple4 the ;arth s$stem is, he note)5ost attention has been gi#en to the negati#e aspets o. pollution but i. sientists ant tounerstan all o. ;arthKs omple4ities an ma9e better preitions o. .uture limate e nee tounerstan interations among a suite o. proesses that are not ala$s ell unerstoo) hatKs not to sa$ that ai rain is a goothing) "ather this stu$ illuminates reall$ ell ho e ha#e to or9 to unerstan relationships among mirosopi+to+globalproesses, at the same time that e attempt to represent them in relati#el$ simple a$s, 5atthes sai)

While sul.ate eposition results almost e4lusi#el$ .rom human ati#ities, it ma$ ser#e to ela$impats .rom the inrease o. at least one greenhouse gas, methane, in the short term) he stu$ reentl$appeare in the !roeeings o. the :ational Aaem$ o. Sienes):ASAKs Siene Diretorate or9s to impro#e the li#es o. all humans through the e4ploration an stu$ o. ;arthKs s$stem, the solars$stem an the ni#erse)

Acid rain can +e +eneficial # it helps reduce methane from $etlands $hich stopsrun0a$a! $armin&&C K # iting Oinent Gaui, .rom the 7pen ni#ersit$Ks Department o. ;arth Sienes(uesa$, M August, 200*, Ai rainKoul ha#e bene.itsK,% http&''nes)bb)o)u9'2'hi'u9Unes'sotlan'M@2>?2I)stm/J!

Ai rain pollution oul be helping to slo on global arming, a stu$ arrie out in Sotlan has.oun)he rain, proue b$ inustrial emissions o. sulphur io4ie, has been shon to estro$ .orests an 9ill .ish)6oe#er, researhers .rom the 7pen ni#ersit$, ho arrie out a stu$ on etlans in 5ora$, thin9 it ma$ also ha#e positi#ee..ets)

he$ belie#e it reues the amount o. the greenhouse gas, methane, proue b$ naturaletlans)5ethane generation

5ethane is proue in large 3uantities b$ bateria brea9ing on organi ompouns in peat)Ci9e arbon io4ie, the gas ontributes to global arming b$ .orming a blan9et that pre#ents heat .rom the ;arth esaping into

spae)As the limate gets armer an etter, more methane is generate b$ the mirobes)6oe#er, researh b$ Dr Oinent Gaui, .rom the 7pen ni#ersit$Ks Department o. ;arth Sienes, shoe that other bateria

hih thri#e on sulphur ompete ith the methane+ma9ers)heir numbers are so booste b$ ai rain that the$ an signi.iantl$ reue methane generation.rom etlans)Dr Gaui, hose .inings are publishe in the -ournal !roeeings o. the :ational Aaem$ o. Sienes in the S, sai& Airain has suh a big impat that it shuts on M0 to *0Q o. the methane in etlans that area..ete b$ this pollution)We oulnKt ant to gi#e the impression that ai rain is a goo thing)

=ut our .inings suggest that small amounts o. pollution ma$ also ha#e a positi#e e..et insuppressing this important greenhouse gas)5oreo#er, the$ point to ho omple4 the ;arth s$stem is)


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**Aff****Aff**


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Tech Sol/es


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!rout ompation resulting .rom e4essi#e silo #ibrationhe opposite s$stem to #ibrators an bin ati#ators is an air in-etion s$stem or .luii


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Gutro Acid Rain Good IndictGutro Acid Rain Good Indict=our author thin%s that he can tal% to the dead-ashinton Post ' (Satura$, 7tober M0, 2010, :ASA or9er brings a sienti.i e$e to his hobb$& al9ing to theea,% http&'')ashingtonpost)om'p+$n'ontent'artile'2010'10'2E'A"2010102E0*02EUp.)html/J!

"ob Gutro as ri#ing to the a9e o. a o+or9erKs step.ather hen a ghost began to spea9)8 9ept hearing the name in$ Cou, Gutro realle) 8 ha no iea hat that meant) =ut he 9ne this& 7ne again, somebo$hoK ie ha something to sa$)

=$ a$, Gutro is a meteorologist ho or9s as eput$ nes hie. at :ASAKs Goar SpaeFlight enterin Greenbelt, ommuniating the nationKs sienti.i or9 to the publi)=$ night(an hene#er else the entities get in touh/, he tal9s to the ea)8 ha#e an abilit$ to ommuniate ith an unerstan ghosts an spirits, Gutro sai)During his o..+hours, aa$ .rom :ASAKs a#ane tehnolog$, Gutro ati#el$ see9s enounters o. another 9in b$tra#eling to haunte houses an other histori sites here spirits might be .oun)Sometimes, he sai, entities see9 him out) So it as, on the a$ to the a9e this summer, that the isemboie #oiein the ar as9e Gutro to eli#er messages to his grie#ing .rien an :ASA olleague, $nthia 7Karroll)Gutro oblige, pulling her asie at the eremon$ an sa$ing heK been hearing the name in$ Cou) 8 belie#e $our a has ome to

me, he tol 7Karroll)She rie)5$ a use to all me in$ Cou, 7Karroll sai later) =ut the thing that reall$ touhe me an mae me r$ as hen "ob sai,Kour a sai than9 $ou .or ta9ing are o. $our mom)K Just the a$ he sai it soune li9e the a$ Da oul ha#e sai it)Gutro is 3ui9 to a9nolege that some :ASA sientists + an plent$ o. non+sientists too + approah his or9 ith onsierables9eptiism) Some people o thin9 that meiums are ra


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A.ter his tal9, at the re3uest o. the shopKs oners, Gutro ent loo9ing .or ghosts) hereK been reports o. urious inients in theboo9shop& a soa an mo#ing aross a ountertop, an emplo$ee loo9ing .or a boo9 that suenl$ .ell .rom a shel., a miroa#eturning on hen nobo$ as aroun)Gutro in#ite .riens .rom a group alle 8nspire Ghost ra9ing to -oin him .or the in#estigation) o omen + 5argaret ;hrlihan Cina Furro + arri#e earing +shirts hea#$ on the 6alloeen .onts) !ast the horror setion the$ ent, to the oor near thesi+.i an .antas$ boo9s, then on into the basement beneath E0@ Cight St)

Gutro as ran to a ar9 orner near the .urnae) 8 ha#e a reall$ serious heaaheB thereKs e.initel$ anentit$ in here, he sai) Ghosts, he e4plaine, ma9e his hea hurt on the rear le.t sie, beausethe$ use energ$ to re#eal themsel#es an itKs li9e an energ$ o#erloa in m$ brain)he laies o. 8nspire Ghost ra9ing too9 photos, tr$ing to apture orbs + ghosts in the .orm o. balls o. light, Gutro e4plaine)8. $ou are on here, an $ou gi#e us $our name ;hrlih alle, holing a igital reoring e#ie in the air) Furro arrie aneletromagneti .iel etetor ith an ambient temperature sensor to tr$ to grab some ata on the ghost)Gutro starte thin9ing about a man, plaing him in the 1EM0s) 8Km seeing a bla9 suit an a hite shirt an a string tie, he sai) 6ethought the entit$ as an auitor, aountant or atuar$)A.ter a hile, the group ent upstairs, then o#er to the basement ne4t oor + also part o. the boo9shop) GutroKs hea hurt again)Somebo$ as there, he sai + the same entit$ as be.ore)he ne batteries in his amera began to ie) 5a$be the entit$ is tr$ing to use m$ batteries, he sai) Gutro as ran to the entero. the basement) 6e too9 photos in the ar9 + .lash, .lash, .lash)8 -ust hear a man, he sai)7hou inKt hear that:o)Gutro spo9e into the ar9ene ab$ss, to a pile o. arboar bo4es) Are $ou here 5a9e a sign) Gentl$ touh one o. us)Suenl$, there as a hee

co2 pipeline neg 5 7wk

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