COAL #3Connor Edmonds, Mike Feula,

Mike Kappaz

PeatFirst step of coal formation

Not considered a “type” since use is so limited

60% Organic materialFerns, vegetation from bogs, etc

High water contentDue to environmentLimited heat content

Less energy contained

Max Burial Depth 1000ft, 75

LigniteMakes up half of coal reserves

Formed as peat undergoes pressure and temperature increases

Higher heat content than Peat, but not highMoisture content as high as 66%

Average energy content 10-20 MJ/kg

Carbon Content 25-35%

Max Burial depth-1000-5000 ft, 75-10 ° F0ͦ000000000000 0

BituminousFormed as more temperature and pressure applied to Lignite

Higher carbon percentage 60-80% Higher heat content 24-35 MJ/kg

Requires high safety regulations for mining Releases largest amount of firedamp Dangerous gas mixture-explosive

Smithing Coal- Coal forge

Cannel Coal- Sculpture/jewelry

Coking Coal-heated without oxygen Used in the manufacture of steel

Max Burial Depth-5,000-19,000 ft, 100-350 ° F

AnthraciteMetamorphic rock-highest grade- 1% of reserves

Formed by bituminous subjected to great pressure

Highest carbon content- 92.1-98%

Heat Content- 26-33 MJ/kg

Does not ignite easily- less soot

Costs 2-3x as much as normal coal

Max Burial Depth 20,000-25,000 ft, 350+° F

Coal Mining Globally

• Although China is largest producer and consumer of Coal, USA holds the largest recoverable coal reserves

Coal Mining in the USA

• The states with the largest recoverable coal reserves are Wyoming, West Virginia, Illinois, Montana

• The largest single mine in the United States is the North Antolope Rachelle of Wyoming

Underground vs. Surface Mining

• In 2010…• Western states are producing

561.6 short tons of coal (up 1.1% from 2009)

• Interior states produced 156.7 short tons (up 7.4%)

• Appalachian states produced 334.3 short tons (down 2.1%)

Types of Coal Transportation

Coal Transportation CostsRailroad - $20.30 per ton

Waterway - $5.61 per ton

Truck - $5.99 per ton

However when you look at overall delivered cost of Coal. Railroad - $47.37 per ton Waterway - $58.57 per ton Truck - $50.80 per ton

This is because the many added costs and fees of trucks and boats. As well as needing secondary and tertiary transport methods when using them.

Coal SlurryCoal Transport by slurry with in a pipeline makes

up a very small portion of the transport market, however it is an intriguing idea. In pipeline movement of coal it is mixed with water

and made into a slushy type mixture which is then pushed through a pressurized pipeline to its destination.

Upon reaching the destination the water is filtered out and the coal has to be refined to a more dense and useful state.

Coal Trade The Top 5 Exporters are:

Indonesia Austrailia Russia USA Colombia

The Top 5 Importers are: China Japan India South Korea Chinese Taipei

However all trade only accounts for 16% of the worlds coal because 84% is used in the same country that it is mined.