Coastal Environmental and Ecosystem Issues of the East China SeaNagasaki University Major Research Project

Restoration of Marine Environment and Resources in East Asia

Coastal Environmental and Ecosystem Issues ofthe East China Sea

Nagasaki University Major Research Project

Restoration of Marine Environment and Resources in East Asia

Edited by

Atsushi IshimatsuInstitute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Japan

and

Heung-Jae LieKorea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Korea

Nagasaki University

TERRAPUB, Tokyo

Coastal Environmental and Ecosystem Issues of the East China SeaNagasaki University Major Research Project

Restoration of Marine Environment and Resources in East Asia

Edited byAtsushi Ishimatsu and Heung-Jae LieISBN 978-4-88704-151-6

Published by TERRAPUB, 5-27-19-2003 Okusawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0083, Japan.Tel: +81-3-3718-7500 Fax: +81-3-3718-4406URL http://www.terrapub.co.jp

© TERRAPUB and Nagasaki University, 2010

All rights reserved.

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized inany form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo-copying, recordingor by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from thecopyright owners.

Printed in Japan

Cover design: by Katsuhiro Tsugita

Cover illustration: with respect toRigobert Bonne. Carte de l’Empire de la Chine et du Rayaume de Coree: avec les isles du Japon. Paris,1786. (courtesy by Osaka University Library);Thomas Albert Glover. Glover Atlas: Fishes of Southern and Western Japan. (courtesy by NagasakiUniversity Library).

Photographed by Y. Takao

Red-tide in Ariake Bay,Japan (August 2002), maincausative organisms wereAkashiwo sanguinea(Dinophyceae) andChattonella antiqua(Raphyophyceae) (inset,scale 20 µm)

Dense laver (Nori) culturearound the tidal flat of theinner part of Ariake Bay

Coclodinium polykrikoides,a fish-killer dinoflagellatespecies in West Japan andsouth coast of Korea (scale20 µm), collected from red-tide in Busan, Korea (August2000)

Photographed by K. Matsuoka

The brown algae Ecklonia kurome atNomozaki, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japanin autumn. Bite marks on the algaesuggest feeding damage by herbivorousfishes.

Kyphosus species, one of the majorherbivorous fishes, accompanyingdriftage.

The longheaded eagle ray Aetobatus flagellum feeds mainly on bivalves, possibly responsible for thecurrent reductions of bivalve population in the Ariake Bay. The increasing abundance of the speciesin the Bay may have resulted from rising seawater temperature.

Photographed by A. Yamaguchi

Larval morphology of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, incubated in air-equilibrated (control)or in CO2-enriched seawater (see Ishimatsu and Dissanayake, this book). Reprinted from AquaticBiology, 4, Kurihara et al., Effects of elevated pCO2 on the early development of the mussel Mytilusgalloprovincialis, 225–233, 2008, Fig. 5, with permission from Inter-Research.

ix

Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................ xiii

I. Environmental Issues

I-1. AriakeA newly emerging environmental issue: Development of hypoxia in thebottom water of Ariake Bay

H. Nakata, H. Mishina, T. Takahashi and K. Hirano .................................. 1Study on the characteristics of surface layer’s currents around the mouth ofIsahaya Bay

A. Tada, T. Nakamura, S. Sakai, M. Mizunuma and K. Takenouchi ....... 13Seasonal variation of the material transport processes in the Ariake Sea

A. Manda, H. Kanehara, T. Aoshima, T. Kinoshita, J. Uchida, H. Nakata andT. Yanagi ....................................................................................................... 29

Numerical experiment on the fortnight variation of the residual current in theAriake Sea

A. Manda, A. Yamaguchi and H. Nakata ................................................... 41

I-2. SaemangrumEnhanced movements of sands off the Saemangeum Dyke by an interplay ofdyke construction and winter monsoon

H.J. Lee .......................................................................................................... 49Distribution of heavy metals in the environmental samples of the Saemangeumcoastal area, Korea

K.T. Kim, E.S. Kim, S.R. Cho, J.K. Park, K.T. Ra and J.M. Lee ............ 71

I-3. Ariake and SaemangeumA tale of two coasts; Tidal modification in Saemangeum and Isahaya

S. Lee, H.-J. Lie, K. Song and C.-H. Cho .................................................. 91

x Contents

II. Ecosystem Issues

II-1. HABEnvironmental changes in the inner part of Ariake Sound, West Japanrecorded in dinoflagellate cyst assemblages

K. Matsuoka and H.H. Shin ....................................................................... 111An overview on the occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) andmitigation strategies in Korean coastal waters

H.G. Kim...................................................................................................... 121Environmental settings and harmful algal blooms in the sea area adjacent tothe Changjiang River estuary

M. Zhou........................................................................................................ 133

II-2. Biodiversity and behaviorMonitoring bacterial biodiversity in surface sediment using terminalrestriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP): Applicationto coastal environment

V. Thiyagarajan, S.C.K.Lau, M. M. Y. Tsoi, W. Zhang and P.Y. Qian...................................................................................................................... 151

Estimation of abundance and diversity of bacteria associating with burrowlining of Capitella sp. I in seawater soft-agar microcosm

M. Wada, Z. Dan, H.-K. Do, H. Nomura, T. Kunihiro, M. Nishimura, K. Kogure,K. Ohwada and H. Tsutsumi ...................................................................... 165

Distribution of tintinnids (loricate ciliates) in East Asian waters in summerJ.-B. Lee and Y.-H. Kim ............................................................................ 173

Biology of herbivorous fish in the coastal areas of western JapanA. Yamaguchi, K. Furumitsu, N. Yagishita and G. Kume ...................... 181

II-3. Endocrine disrupting chemicalsRelationship between concentration of chemical substances in estuarinesediments and concentration of vitellogenin in mudskipper (Periophthalmusmodestus) and common goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus) serum

Y. Takao, K. Kuwahara, M. Nagae and K. Soyano ................................. 191Estrogenic activity in estuaries by measuring serum vitellogenin concentrationof Japanese male common goby in northwestern part of Kyushu

M. Nagae, Y. Takao, N. Ohkubo, T. Matsubara and K. Soyano ............ 205Contaminations by endocrine disrupting chemicals in coastal waters of theEast China Sea

K. Soyano, J. Aoki, Y. Itashiki, C.-B. Park, M. Nagae, Y. Takao, Y.-D. Lee,I.-K. Yeo and J. Zhong ............................................................................... 215

Contents xi

II-4. Marine toxins & diseasesToxins of pufferfish that cause human intoxications

O. Arakawa, D.-F. Hwang, S. Taniyama and T. Takatani ...................... 227Possible factors responsible for the fish-killing mechanisms of the red tidephytoplankton, Chattonella marina and Cochlodinium polykrikoides

D. Kim and T. Oda ...................................................................................... 245Review on the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni (Lester and Davis 1981)infection in Asian waters

K.-S. Choi and K.-I. Park ........................................................................... 269

II-5. Ocean acidificationLife threatened in acidic coastal waters

A. Ishimatsu and A. Dissanayake .............................................................. 283

Index ..................................................................................................................... 305

xiii

Preface

In the fiscal year 2006, Nagasaki University selected 10 research proposals anddesignated them as “Nagasaki University Major Research Projects”, to materializethe University’s 6-year initiative, and has provided intensive support to each projectuntil the end of FY 2009. The project entitled “Restoration of Marine Environmentand Resources in East Asia” is among one of the most important, together with“Global Strategic Center for Radiation Health Risk Control” in radiation healthscience and “Integrated Global Control Strategy for Tropical and Emerging InfectiousDiseases” in tropical disease science. Our project aims to elaborate the scientific basisfor the restoration of the environment and resources in East Asia, in particular the EastChina Sea (ECS) region, by implementing collaborative research with universitiesand institutions in Korea and China.

This book is a summary of our scientific endeavors during the last 5 years. Themain framework behind our research activity includes the “Joint Symposium on TidalFlat Issues—Nagasaki University and Korea Ocean Research & DevelopmentInstitute” and the “International Workshop on Oceanography and Fisheries Sciencein the East China Sea”, which was convened (in the following order, in turn) first atJeju National University in 1997, then at Nagasaki University, Shanghai OceanUniversity, and the University of Ryukyus. These symposia and workshops havesignificantly consolidated the ties between Japanese, Chinese, and Korean scientistsin the fields of chemical, environmental and physical oceanography, fisheriesscience, and marine biology. In “The 7th International Workshop on Oceanographyand Fisheries Science in the East China Sea” held in Shanghai in December 2009, themember universities agreed to invite National Taiwan Ocean University as the 5thmember university, thereby completing a ring of science encircling the ECS.

The ECS is ailing. Recently, Halpern et al. (2008) published a paper inScience (319, 948–952) that vividly describes the spatial heterogeneity and distributionof cumulative human impact on the world’s marine ecosystems, and ranks the ECSas having one of the most evident footprints of human activity. Nonetheless, the ECSremains among the most important fishing grounds for the surrounding countries, andthe livelihood of millions of people that rely on it for a sustainable source of marineproduction. Besides food supply, equally important are the ecological services thatthe ECS offers. For example, such services include the regulation of the local climate,replenishment of atmospheric oxygen, mitigation of global warming by absorbingatmospheric carbon dioxide, and the cycling of nutrients. Thus, the ECS is and willremain to be an invaluable body of water for our society in spite of perceptibledegradation in its recent state.

The book was conceived with a view to synthesize knowledge from ECSadjacent countries (Japan, China and Korea), with the hope that it will contribute to

xiv Preface

reversing the worrisome trends that are becoming apparent. There are two parts: Thefirst part contains 7 papers, which compare alterations to the environment after thecompletion of land reclamation projects in two tidal flats, Ariake Bay in Japan andSaemangeum Bay in Korea. The first 4 papers on Ariake Bay discuss the impacts ofbottom water hypoxia (H. Nakata et al.), dynamics of the surface currents determinedby DBF, ADCP, and floating buoys (A. Tada et al.) and numerical model analysis ofresidual currents and salt fluxes (two papers by A. Manda et al.). Two papers onSaemangeum examine the interactive influences of dyke construction and wintermonsoon on sand movement (H. J. Lee) and heavy metal levels of the surface waterand sediment (K. T. Kim et al.). Finally, S. Lee et al. examine and compare how dykeconstruction in Saemangeum and Isahaya (in Ariake Bay) affects the tides. Thesecond part contains 14 papers. Of them, the first 3 papers review issues related toharmful algal blooms (HABs), such as the historical environmental changes in AriakeBay deduced from dinoflagellate cysts (K. Matsuoka and H. H. Shin), the occurrenceof HABs and the strategies against them in Korea (H. G. Kim), and the records of HABoutbreaks and environmental conditions near the Changjian River estuary (M. Zhou).There is a section on biodiversity and behavior, including monitoring bacterialdiversity using T-RFLP (V. Thiyagarajan et al.), bacterial abundance and diversity inthe lining of Capitella burrows (M. Wada et al.), the distribution of tintinnids in theECS and adjacent waters (J. B. Lee and Y. H. Kim), and the biology of herbivorousfish (A. Yamaguchi et al.). The subsequent 3 papers concern endocrine disruptingchemicals (EDCs) and their biological impacts; the relationship between environmentallevels and vitellogenin contents of goby fishes (Y. Takao et al.), estrogenic activityin estuaries (M. Nagae et al.), and a comparison of EDC levels in Japanese, Korean,and Chinese waters to discuss their biological implications (K. Soyano et al.). Asection on toxins and diseases addresses human intoxication by pufferfish(O. Arakawa et al.), fish kill mechanisms of red-tide phytoplankton species (D. Kimet al.), and Perkinsus infection in marine shellfish (K. S. Choi et al.). Finally, a paperreviews recent developments in ocean acidification research (A. Ishimatsu andA. Dissanayake).

The contents of these 21 papers represent where we stand after 5 years ofintensive collaborative research in the field. It is our hope that the knowledgecompiled in this book will encourage further investigations beyond internationalborders, and help overcome the occasional impediments that hinder internationalscientific research, caused by conflicting national interests.

February 5, 2010

Editors, Atsushi IshimatsuInstitute for East China Sea Research,Nagasaki University

and

Heung-Jae LieKorea Ocean Research & Development Institute

1. The 6th International Workshop on Oceanography and Fisheries Sciencein the East China Sea

“The 6th International Workshop on Oceanography and Fisheries Science in the EastChina Sea” was held on November 3rd and 4th , 2007 in the main campus of NagasakiUniversity. This Workshop has been held every second year (since 1997) in JejuNational University, Nagasaki University, Shanghai Ocean University and theUniversity of Ryukyus. Over 100 participants from these four universities and otherinstitutions discussed current hot issues of oceanography and fisheries of the EastChina Sea and adjacent waters. More than 30 oral and 30 poster presentations weregiven by Japanese, Chinese and Korean scientists and graduate students.

� Prof. Lee Joon-Baek (JejuNational University) givinga keynote lecture

� A special session for graduate students

� Snap shot of the poster session

� Snap shot of excursion

2. The 2008 Joint Symposium on Tidal Flat Issues—Nagasaki University and Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute

“The 2008 Joint Symposium on Tidal Flat Issues—Nagasaki University and KoreaOcean Research & Development Institute” was held on November 27th and 28th,2008 in the Sakamoto campus of Nagasaki University. This Joint Symposium hasbeen held in Nagasaki University and Korea Ocean Research & DevelopmentInstitute (KORDI) since 2005. Over 50 participants from these research institutions,Saga University (Japan), Inha University (Korea), Pusan National University (Korea)and the University of Hong Kong exchanged information on the current environmentalconditions of Ariake Sea and Saemangeum, where negative impacts of reclamationhas been of social concern, and discussed potential restoration measures.

�Dr. Lie Heung-Jae(KORDI) giving open-ing remarks

Prof. Kazumi Matsuoka(Nagasaki University)giving opening remarks

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Snap shot of the postersession

Prof. Hideaki Nakata(Nagasaki University)giving a talk

Prof. Atsushi Ishimatsu(Nagasaki University)and Prof. Chang S. Kim(KORDI)

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3. The 2008 International Exchange Seminar on the Environment andResources of the East China Sea

“The 2008 International Exchange Seminar on the Environment and Resources ofthe East China Sea” was held on August 20th to 29th, 2008 in the main campus ofNagasaki University and other facilities including the TS Nagasaki-maru, supportedby Japan Student Services Organization. Approximately 30 graduate students ofNagasaki University and 10 from Jeju National University participated in thisseminar. The main purpose of this seminar was to encourage graduate students toexchange ideas and thoughts on environmental and resources issues of the EastChina Sea in English. The 10-day vigorous interaction created a strong tie andfriendship between students of the two universities.

Prof. Kwang-SikChoi giving openingremarks

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On-site trainingonboard TSNagasaki-maru

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� Snap shot of the generaldiscussion

�Honorary visi t toPresident Hiroshi Saito,Nagasaki University

� Snap shot of seafoodcooking