coastal erosion and management on the north norfolk
DESCRIPTION
Photos from various points along the N Norfolk coastline and details on the management strategies in place.TRANSCRIPT
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Coastal erosion and management on the north Norfolk coastline
A2 coursework
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Cley next the sea
• Managed to prevent coastal flooding and protect the wetland habitat.
• Salthouse village is protected only as a consequence of the wetland habitat being there.
• Salthouse flooded in 1953 – 1 death• Flooded in 1993 and 1996 when A149 was
cut off for 6 weeks
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Landuse behind Cley
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Looking east from Cley
Shingle ridge is bulldozed to maintain the barrier to protect Salthouse village
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Looking west from Cley towards Blakney Point (coastal spit)
Westerly movement of material by LSD
Management conflict-managed retreat V secondary buffer ridge??
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Looking up the beach from the shoreline
Shingle ridges/berms
Top of beach
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Landuse behind Cley
Managed shingle ridge Flat saltmarsh land
Salthouse village
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Weybourne
• Do Nothing approach.
• Rapid retreat as no management plan.
• Agriculture is main landuse
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Looking west towards Cley
Unmanaged shingle ridge
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Looking east towards Sheringham
Chalk/unconsolidated sand and glacial till cliffs
Revetments had previously been laidAlong the cliff but post 1998 these were removed following a storm breach and has now been left unmanaged
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Cliff face showing evidence of slumping
Under the shingle beach there is a chalk WCPEvident during storm periods
Slumping
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Sub-aerial weathering
Conglomerates
Unconsolidated sand
Chalk with flint nodules
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Chalk-evidence of bedding planes
Wave cut notch by corrasionCave
Weybourne crag
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Evidence of coastal management
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Cley next the SeaFlat saltmarsh
Gently dipping slopes away from the sea
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Sub-aerial weathering
Evidence of gulleying due to sub-aerial weathering through theUnconsolidated glacial till and sand deposits
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5 coastguard cottages approximately 10m from cliff (potential interview)
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Sheringham
• Hold the existing line approach.
• Multiple defences used
• Victorians built first sea wall
• Major tourist town – high value landuse
• Great ice cream and fish and chips!
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Undefended Sheringham-looking west towards Weybourne
Sheringham golf course
Chalk dipping beneath sealevel Leaving glacial deposits exposed
Evidence of slumping
LSD now eastwards
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Start of defences (west of Sheringham centre)-Groynes
Hinged doors allow shingle movement from west to eastWEST
EAST
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Sheringham West Beach
Original Sea Wall not included in sea wall replacement scheme – the wider beach offered greater protection
Rock Armour buried by shingle helps to prevent scouring of sea wall
Sheringham town centre
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Fishermen’s Slope – in 1986 beach level fell by 2.5 m due to scouring
Sea wall from 1900 resurfaced with concrete in 1988 and entirely replaced in 1993 -4
Rock Armour and Rock groynes
Narrow beach here = more erosion
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Sheringham East
Drainage pipe in cliff to Help prevent saturation of soil
Drainage hole allows water to Flow onto promenade
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Sheringham East – the end of the sea defences
Cliff slumping along undefended stretch
1988 – Beach nourishment used12000 tonnes of flints were deposited into The bays East of the ‘tank’
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Sheringham town centre
Tourist facilities
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High value landuse in Sheringham town centre – Sea Defences hold the existing line
£1.5 million spent in 1998 on replacing and repairing wooden groynes And installing rock groynes
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West Runton
• Managed Retreat.
• Agricultural landuse
• Fossil evidence from Tropical climatic period
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West Runton has few tourist amenities; Low value; Managed retreat
Short sea wall protects café and toilet block
Dark band at base of cliff marks line of a tropical river which meandered East to West 600 000 yrs bp – Known as Cromer Forest Bed
Many fossil remains found including the West Runton Elephant
Cliffs are glacial till and prone to Slumping – results in a gentle profile
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WCP forms rocky outcrop
Erratics from Northumberland (Dolerite) and Norway (Rhomb Pomphry) found here
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Low value landuse – agriculture and caravan park
Weight of farm machinery has encouraged cliff collapse along the coast
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Overstrand
• Hold the existing line
• Multiple hard engineering strategies
• Main issue is slumping of boulder clay cliffs
• Red lining – no new development allowed between a designated line and the cliff. Redefined every 5 years.
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Overstrand uses multiple sea defences – groynes and sea wall
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Gabions allow water to pass through and hold back slumped material
Sea Wall also provides a promenade (tourist amenity)
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Wooden Groynes prevent LSD
Sand beach means a gentle profile
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Boulder Clay cliffs are prone to slumping
Gabions hold back slumped material - A successful measure
Drainage holes are found in concrete wall
Bore holes sunk into ground in high risk areas to remove water
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The old coastal path was closed off and the road diverted.
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Wooden Revetments
Flint nodules caught in gaps – reduce effectiveness of the sea defence
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HDE and a Revetment
5ft 5 ¾
My bag!
Steel girders – foundations for defence?
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Re-curved sea wall with drainage holes
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Coastal path – severed in 2002 due to slumping
Foundations of Overstrand hotel
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Vegetated area suggests no recent slumping
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Former cliff line
Foundations
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Clifton Way
• 1990 – 45m cliff recession
• Nov 1992- 15/20m recession
• Jan 1994 – 20 /25m in just over 2 weeks.
• 30 year old Bungalows deemed worthy of protection.
• £1.4 million spent on regrading scheme and putting in defences
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Slope was regraded after a loss of 100,000 tonnes of material in 1994
Lack of vegetation
Drainage channels
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Rock armour at base to prevent further slumping and undercutting
1995 – area excavated and layers of sand and synthetic matting, Chalk and boulder clay were used to rebuild the slope.
Drainage channels, bore holes and inspection holes were installed
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Council access road had been re - routed twice before 1994
New access road to beach for maintenance
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View from beach up Clifton Way
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Revetments placed infront of rock armour
Access roadBungalows are here!
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Managing the coast
• Shoreline management plan – based on sediment cells
• Reviewed every 5 years
• ‘…it is a live working document and must be capable of change’
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Four options
• Do Nothing – no defences except for safety measures
• Hold the exisiting line – intervene to hold the existing defence where it is.
• Advance the existing line – move existing sea defence forwards
• Managed retreat – allow nature to take its course and intervene where necessary
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Possible project titles• How effective are the coastal management strategies at X?• A comparison of beach and cliff profiles at X and Y?• A comparison of coastal protection strategies at X and Y?• What factors influence the beach and cliff profiles at X?• How do the beach and cliff characteristics of defended and undefended Sheringham
differ?• How are the coastal defences at X perceived?• Do residents and tourists perceive coastal management strategies differently? A case
study of Sheringham.• What physical and human processes influence the coastline at X?• Is there any evidence of longshore drift on Sheringham beach?• Which has the most effective coastal management strategy – Sheringham or Overstand?• Protecting coastlines against erosion is more important than protecting them from coastal
flooding? A study of Cley –next- sea and Sheringham.• To what extent do physical processes affect the type of coastal management strategy
chosen? A comparison of Sheringham and Weybourne• An evaluation of human influence on beach and cliff profiles at Sheringham, Weybourne
and Overstrand
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What now????Thursday• 1 day group fieldwork – visit and collect data at each
site (5 in total)• Thursday eve- Collate data. Decide on title and
devise any further data collection techniques (EIA, CBA etc)
Friday• Individual data collection • Friday eve – write up methodology and process data• Saturday – extra data collection / photos etc