coastal & inland tourism
TRANSCRIPT
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COASTAL AND INLAND WATER TOURISM
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Coastal & Inland Water Tourism
One of the most common types of tourism is coastal tourism. It is based
on a unique resource combination at the interface of land and sea offeringamenities such as water, beaches, scenic beauty, rich terrestrial and marine
biodiversity, diversified cultural and historic heritage, healthy food and,
usually,good infrastructure. It includes a diversity of activities that take place in
both coastal zones and coastal waters, which involve the development of tourism
capacities (hotels, resorts, second homes, restaurants, etc.) and support
infrastructure (ports, marinas, fishing and diving shops, and other facilities).
Besides physical conditions, the development of tourism in coastal areas is
related to socio-economic features of the receiving environment such as localcommunity interests, health and security conditions, political factors including
unpredictable crises, and traditional models of tourism.
The growth of tourism in coastal areas has reached its peak in recent decades.The
economic importance of coastal tourism is unquestionable, although there is no
analysis forecasting what would be the direct share of coastal tourism in the
tourism sector, or its likely contribution to the economy as a whole.
Main conceptual issues
The main conceptual issue of coastal tourism which needs to be solved is
the conflict between the benefits tourism provides for the economy as a whole
and for the social environment it is operating in, and its heavy impact on the
coastal physical environment in terms of urban sprawl, linear urbanisation,
pressure on sensitive areas, the production of waste and the fragmentation of
habitats, and the social environment, in terms of the loss of social and cultural
identity and values.
Usually the development of tourism activities in coastal areas is based on a
process where any planning or/and management decision is taken mainly
on the basis of financial criteria, while the environment is taken into account
only in a sense that can be described as trying to minimise effects given
the available budget. This process leads to the unsustainable development
of coastal areas which not only impacts negatively on the environment and
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society but, in the long term, is also eroding the economic benefits of tourism
since it destroys the basis of the tourism activity in coastal areas, namely the
variety of the landscape, the biodiversity and the ecosystem services - in the
sea and on land. The major challenge in this conflict remains how to develop
coastal tourism patterns that will not minimise benefits to tourists and localpopulations, and the quality of the natural resource base for tourism.
In order to minimise tourism-induced problems and secure both the
sustainability of the tourism industry and coastal resources used by other
sectors, increased attention must be paid to the integration of coastal tourism
into strategic development planning. In planning tourism development, it is of
the utmost importance to focus on the appropriate planning of tourism growth
with regard to the capacity of local systems.
Tourism in coastal areas
Coastal tourism was generally related to the therapeutic properties ofsea and sun.Sun, sea and sand have continued to provide the main ingredients for
coastal tourism until today
Coastal tourism is based on a unique resource combination at the interface
of land and sea offering amenities such as water, beaches, scenic beauty, rich
terrestrial and marine biodiversity, diversified cultural and historic heritage,
healthy food and good infrastructure. It includes a diversity of activities
that take place in both coastal zone and coastal waters, which involve the
development of tourism capacities (hotels, resorts, second homes, restaurants,
etc.) and support infrastructure (ports, marinas, fishing and diving shops, and
other facilities).
Coastal recreation activities, which have been increasing both in volume
and in number during the last decade, occupy a unique place in coastal tourism.
They take in two main types of recreational uses of coastal zones: consumptive
and non-consumptive ones. Activities such as fishing, shell fishing and shell
collection, etc. belong in the first category while activities in the second include
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swimming, diving, boating, surfing, wind-surfing, jet skiing, bird watching,
snorkelling, etc.
The main impacts and challengesAll tourism forms and activities rely on the use of environmental resources.
Even if it is considered as a soft industry, tourism has a major environmental
impact in many coastal areas, which are particularly vulnerable to pressures
associated with its growth. The relationship existing between tourism and
environment is best qualified as a relation of mutual dependence: not only
tourism is highly dependent on environmental quality but environmental quality
is also highly vulnerable to tourism development.
Global issues and coastal tourismTourism development is usually one of the most important factors of
socioeconomic and environmental change. Even though such changes could lead
to negative environmental impacts such as biodiversity loss, they do not
necessarily have to be undesirable ones since they can help maintain the
vitality of societies. In some coastal areas, tourism can be the most important
activity, generating economic benefits and therefore contributing to poverty
alleviation.
Tourism is a global activity, bringing different cultures and customs
together, and also sharing the same global changes. Changes in climate are
the most serious ones, affecting the entire globe. Tourism, being mainly a
coastal venture, is particularly vulnerable to such change. Careful planning
and decision-making in tourism development is therefore extremely importantfor preventing and mitigating the possible negative influence global climate
change may pose to the local community.
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The importance of coastal environment
Sri Lanka's coastline is about 1700 km long. Along the coast is a varietyof eco-systems, which include sandy beaches, rocky shores, lagoons,
estuaries, mangroves, salt marshes and sand dunes. In the shallowwaters of the coastline are found sea-grass beds and coral reefs.
Coral reefs and their resources are important for the fisheries industry,tourism industries and coast protection. Fisheries and tourism industries
also provide employment to many. Estuaries and lagoons support fishing
activities and they are used as anchorages for fishing boats.
There are 14 true mangroves and there are 12 associated species in SriLanka. Very beautiful coral reefs are located in places such as
Hikkaduwa, Pasikudah, Trinco and Kalpitiya.
Coastal resources like coral reefs, sand dunes and mangroves areimportant to prevent coastal erosion. Degradation of these resources
severely affect the coastal areas. Mangrove habitats are located within
the lagoons and estuaries. For example, Madutank, Puttalam lagoon etc.
We should protect coastal resources for our next generation
Lagoon Mangrove
Sandy Beach Sand Dune
Coastal and Environment Development
Coastal Environments are under very high population pressure
due to the rapid urbanization processes. More than half of todays world
population live in coastal areas(within 60km from the sea) and this number is on
rise.
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Additionally, among all different parts of the planet, coastal
areas are those which are most visited by tourists and in many coastal areas
tourism presents the most important economic activity. In the mediterannean
region for example, tourism is the first economic activity for islands like
cyprus,Malta,the Belearic Islands and sicily.
Forecast studies carried out by WTO estimate that international
tourist arrivals to the Mediterranean coast will amount to 270 millions in 2010
and to 346 millons 2020(in 2000 around 200 million foreign visitors per year).
Daglas Devananda, Minister of Traditional Industries and Small Enterprise
Development, addressing the graduate trainees absorbed to the State service at
the Coastal Environment Protection Programme held at Jaffna district secretariat
recently said that the sea weed farming project covering the entire coastal area of
Jaffna peninsula that was launched was of extreme significance towards the
protection of sea resources as well as the expansion of fishing activities in the
area.Speaking further, the Minister said that the project initially would cover 292
km of the Northern coast and was a step in the right direction taken to protect
and conserve the Northern coast which was under constant threat due to
destruction of mangrove vegetation, coral reef and other natural resources
preventing sea erosion. He also said had such a step not been taken
consequences would prove to be disastrous to fishing; the main livelihood of the
inhabitants in these areas as well as to the beauty and splendour of the vast
stretches of golden sea beaches in the North. The Minister requested the
trainees to extend their full support to the Divisional Secretaries in implementing
the coastal protection programme.
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Coastal conservation department
MissionConservation of the Coastal Zone and Management of Sustainable Coastal
Resources.
VisionSri Lanka to achieve prominency as a country with the sustainable management of
coastal resources in the Asian Region.
The combating Coastal Erosion dates back to many centuries and Coast Protection
works were handled by various departments at various times prior to 1963. The
realization of the government, that a comprehensive approach to coastal erosion
control is required, led to establishment of a Coast Protection Unit in the
Colombo Port Commission in 1963. In 1978, the Coast Protection Unit was
transferred to Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (MFAR) and was
functioned as Coast Conservation Division.
The Coast Conservation Act required having a survey of the Coastal Zone and
preparation of a Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP). The CZMP, prepared by
the CCD, was adopted by the Government and implemented as the Coastal Zone
Management Plan 1990. A Resource Management strategy for Sri Lankas coastal
region, Coastal 2000, which provided the direction for Coastal Resources
Management of Sri Lanka, was prepared in1992. The second revised CZMP was
implemented since 1997. The last revision of the CZMP was done in 2004 and is
being implemented.
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Objectives
Coastal regions are home to a large and growing population in Sri Lanka.
The high concentration of population have produced many economic benefits
from the coastal resources, in particular from fishing, tourism, and maritime
activities, while having improved transportation links, developed industrial and
urban centers, and modified physical nature in the coastal zone. Eventually the
increasing beneficiaries cause for degrading the Natural Coastal Environment.
Hence Engineering and Management of Coastal Zone is vital for the sustainability
of Coastal Resources.
Specifically Coastal Conservation Departmentsobjectives are :-
Improve the status of coastal environment Develop and manage the shoreline Improve the living standards of coastal communities Promote and facilitate economic development based upon coastal
resources
Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA)
An act to provide for the prevention, control and reduction of pollution in
the territorial waters of Sri Lanka or any other maritime zone, its fore-shore and
the coastal zone of Sri Lanka and for matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto.
Marine Pollution Prevention Act, No.35 of 2008
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Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR)
An act to provide for the Management, Regulation, Conservation and
development of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in Sri Lanka; to repeal the
Fisheries Ordinance (Chapter 212), the Chank Fisheries Act (Chapter 213), thePearl Fisheries Ordinance (Chapter 214) and the Whaling Ordinance (Chapter
215); and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No. 2 of 1996 and Act, No. 4 of 2004
(Amendment)
National Aquaculture Development Authority of Sri Lanka (NAQDA)
An act to provide for the establishment of the National Aquaculture Development Authority ofSri Lanka, to develop aquatic resources and the aquaculture industry: and to make provision for
matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
National Aquaculture Development Authority of Sri Lanka Act, No.53 of 1998 and Act, No.
23 of 2006 (Amendment)
Central Environmental Authority (CEA)
The Central Environmental Authority (CEA) was established in August 1981
under the provision of the National Environmental Act No:47 of 1980. TheMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources (ME&NR) which was established
in December 2001 has the overall responsibility in the affairs of the CEA with the
objective of integrating environmental considerations in the development process
of the country. The CEA was given wider regulatory powers under the National
Environment (Amendment) Acts No:56 of 1988 and No:53 of 2000.
Vision :
A clean and green environment through service excellence
Mission :
Flagship of the nation steering towards protecting & managing the quality of
the environment by promoting public participation, enforcement, advanced
technological interventions & environmental education.
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Central Environmental Authoritys Services
The Central Environmental Authority has a well equipped Laboratory which is
capable of carrying out an extensive tests in water quality, air quality, noise
and vibrations measurements. During last two decades, our services wererestricted only for official environmental regulatory purposes. But now we
have extended our analytical testing facilities under commercial basis for those
who need water, air, noise, soil and solid waste testing facilities. As a service
oriented testing facilities provider, we offer you the competitive rates in
environmental monitoring and analysis.
Marine Fishing and Aquaculture Development
40% of Sri Lankas coastline lies in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The
province has immense potential for fisheries and marine aquaculture. Marine
and lagoon-based fishery industry will have to be modernized and re-equipped
to enable the population to benefit from the rich and underutilized marine
resources. New aquaculture-based industries could be established to elevate
productivity and offer more livelihood options to the people of the
NorthernProvince.
In order to develop marine fisheries and coastal zone on a sustainable basis,
the fishery potential, looming threats and important conservation areas (such
as sea grass beds and coral reefs) should be surveyed and mapped. It is
imperative that exploitation of the resources is done within the limits of
sustainability with adequate emphasis on conservation and protection for
future useage.
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IN-PLANT TRAINING
In our training period we were visit some places to learnt
about their functions and main activities.
Such as :-
Coastal conservation departmentNational Institute of Fisheries and Nautical Engineering (Ocean University
Jaffna)
Net factory Boat factory Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Ice factory Sea food factory.
National Institute of Fisheries and Nautical Engineering(Ocean University Jaffna)
The Ocean University is not just another University. Our aim is to develop it as a
community-oriented University. The fishing community and people who earn
their livelihood from the sea will be the direct beneficiaries. The development of
the port sector is bound to create more job opportunities.
The university has already commenced degree programs on Navigation,
International Transport Management, Harbour Management, Coastal Zone
Management and Diploma programs on Marine Engineering Technology,
Fibreglass Technology, Computer Science, Certificate courses in Underwater
Welding Technology, out board Motor Engine Repair and Maintenance, Marine
Engine Technology, Swimming, Life Saving, Scuba Diving, and Fishing Gear
Technology. The BSc degree programs are on Fisheries and Marine Science,
Marine Engineering and Naval Architecture.
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The Ocean University - the National Institute of Fisheries and Nautical
Engineering was setup in 1999 by President Mahinda Rajapaksa the then Minister
of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
Main Coastal Habitats in Sri Lanka Coral Reefs Sand Dunes Lagoon sand Estuaries Sea Grass Beds Salt Marshes Mangroves Barrier Beaches, Spit sand Dunes
Coastal Problems in Sri Lanka
Coastal Erosion Habitats Degradation Costal Pollution Lack of Beach Access Coral Mining and Sand Mining Improper Constructions
Net factory
North Sea Limited
North Sea Ltd, located factory in Jaffna was established in June 2001
under Companies Act No: 17 of 1982 and re-registered new Company
Act No: 7 of 2007.
This Institution was assigned to Ministry of Traditional Industries &
Small Enterprise Development by the extra ordinary gazette notification
No.1651/20 dated 30th April 2010.
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Ice factoryClassification of ice plants
The term ice plant is used in this note to mean a complete installation for
the production and storage of ice, including the icemaker itself, that is the unit
that converts water into ice together with the associated refrigeration
machinery, harvesting and storage equipment, and the building.
Ice plants are usually classified by the type of ice they produce; hence there
are block ice plants, flake ice plants, tube, slice or plate ice plants and so on.
Ice plants may be further subdivided into those that make dry or wet ice. Dry
ice here means ice at a temperature low enough to prevent the particles
becoming moist; the term does not refer in this note to solid carbon dioxide. In
general, dry subcooled ice is made in plants that mechanically remove the ice
from the cooling surface; most flake ice plants are of this type. When the
cooling surface of an icemaker is warmed by a defrost mechanism to release
the ice, the surface of the ice is wet and, unless the ice is then subcooled
below 0C, remains wet in storage; tube ice and plate ice plants are of this
type.
Types of icemaker
Block ice Rapid block ice Flake ice Tube ice
Thank You
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