Coastal & Marine Tourism: Coastal & Marine Tourism: Origins, Developments and Origins, Developments and

ProspectsProspects

44thth Coastal & Marine Tourism CongressCoastal & Marine Tourism Congress

ÇÇeeşşme, Turkeyme, Turkey1515--18 November, 200518 November, 2005

Michael Michael LLüückck, Ph.D., Ph.D.School of Hospitality & TourismSchool of Hospitality & Tourism

Auckland University of TechnologyAuckland University of TechnologyAuckland, New ZealandAuckland, New Zealand

Nautical (=Marine) TourismNautical (=Marine) Tourism

Marine tourism includes those recreational Marine tourism includes those recreational activities that involve travel away from activities that involve travel away from oneone’’s place of residence and which have s place of residence and which have as their host or focus the marine as their host or focus the marine environment (where the marine environment (where the marine environment is defined as those waters environment is defined as those waters which are saline and tidewhich are saline and tide--affected). affected).

((OramsOrams 1999:9)1999:9)

HarboursHarbours, Historic Fishing , Historic Fishing Villages, Maritime MuseumsVillages, Maritime Museums......

SceneryScenery

LighthousesLighthouses

Natural Attractions, CliffsNatural Attractions, Cliffs

Beach ActivitiesBeach Activities

Fishing (from shore and off shore)Fishing (from shore and off shore)

Sailing and Sailing and MotoryachtsMotoryachts

FerriesFerries& Cruises& Cruises

Whale & Dolphin WatchingWhale & Dolphin Watching

Other Marine Other Marine WildlifeWildlife

Sea KayakingSea Kayaking

Surfing, Windsurfing, Surfing, Windsurfing, JetJet-- and Waterskiingand Waterskiing

Scuba Diving & SnorkelingScuba Diving & Snorkeling

Marine & Parks and AquariaMarine & Parks and Aquaria

Underwater Underwater HotelsHotels

Maritime EventsMaritime Events

Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary Attention to Attention to Coastal and Coastal and

Marine TourismMarine Tourism

Marc L. MillerMarc L. MillerJan Jan AuyongAuyong

Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary Attention to Attention to Coastal and Coastal and

Marine TourismMarine Tourism

Marc L. MillerMarc L. MillerJan Jan AuyongAuyong

Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary Attention to Attention to Coastal and Coastal and

Marine TourismMarine Tourism

Marc L. MillerMarc L. MillerJan Jan AuyongAuyongNina HadleyNina Hadley

ÇÇeeşşme, Turkeyme, TurkeyNovember, 2005November, 2005

Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary Attention to Attention to Coastal and Coastal and

Marine TourismMarine Tourism

55thth Coastal & Ocean Tourism Coastal & Ocean Tourism CongressCongress

September 2007September 2007Auckland, New ZealandAuckland, New Zealand

Auckland University of TechnologyAuckland University of TechnologyNew Zealand Tourism Research InstituteNew Zealand Tourism Research InstituteSea Grant (Oregon and Washington)Sea Grant (Oregon and Washington)University of Washington University of Washington –– School of Marine School of Marine AffairsAffairs

Books on Marine TourismBooks on Marine Tourism

Books on Marine TourismBooks on Marine Tourism

Books on Marine TourismBooks on Marine Tourism

Tourism in Marine EnvironmentsTourism in Marine Environments

Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary Editorial BoardEditorial Board

Impacts of Marine/Nautical Impacts of Marine/Nautical Tourism DevelopmentTourism Development

EnvironmentalEnvironmental

EconomicEconomic SocioSocio--CulturalCultural

Economic Opportunities & ThreatsEconomic Opportunities & Threats

OpportunitiesOpportunities–– Cash influx to town/regionCash influx to town/region–– Contribution to governmental tax revenuesContribution to governmental tax revenues–– Generation of employmentGeneration of employmentThreatsThreats–– Contributes to inflationContributes to inflation–– LeakagesLeakages–– Infrastructure burden on local populationInfrastructure burden on local population

SocioSocio--Cultural Opportunities & Cultural Opportunities & ThreatsThreats

OpportunitiesOpportunities–– Can create new jobs related to previous jobs Can create new jobs related to previous jobs

(whaling (whaling --> whale watching)> whale watching)–– Can enhance the living standard of a town, Can enhance the living standard of a town,

especially in peripheral areasespecially in peripheral areas–– Can foster cultural identityCan foster cultural identityThreatsThreats–– Migration/influx of foreign workersMigration/influx of foreign workers–– SellSell--off of culture off of culture --> > DisneyficationDisneyfication, airport art, airport art

Environmental Opportunities & Environmental Opportunities & ThreatsThreats

OpportunitiesOpportunities–– Contribution to conservation (education)Contribution to conservation (education)–– Can finance conservationCan finance conservationThreatsThreats–– PollutionPollution–– ErosionErosion–– Increasing pressure on wildlife (breeding Increasing pressure on wildlife (breeding

patterns, feeding patterns, displacement, stress, patterns, feeding patterns, displacement, stress, collection of specimens, hunting/fishing)collection of specimens, hunting/fishing)

For Example: Cruise Ships in Palma For Example: Cruise Ships in Palma de de MallorcaMallorca, Spain, Spain

Palma de Palma de MallorcaMallorcaYearYear Cruise PaxCruise Pax

TotalTotalCruise PaxCruise PaxHomeportHomeport

Cruise PaxCruise PaxTransitTransit

Direct Direct spendingspending

19971997 422.347422.347 244.213244.213 178.134178.134194.031194.031245.271245.271240.389240.389233.555233.555300.217300.217369.724369.724411.917411.917

$49,992,000$49,992,00019981998 392.750392.750 198.719198.719 $44,360,175$44,360,17519991999 582.257582.257 336.986336.986 $68,943,225$68,943,22520002000 507.486507.486 267.097267.097 $58,093,725$58,093,72520012001 531.384531.384 297.829297.829 $62,190,972$62,190,97220022002 658.443658.443 358.226358.226 $76,250,175$76,250,17520032003 742.662742.662 372.938372.938 $83,670,000$83,670,00020042004 744.974744.974 333.057333.057 $80,852,325$80,852,325

http://http://medcruise.commedcruise.com

Cruise Ships and PalmaCruise Ships and PalmaPopulation: 325,000Population: 325,000745,000 cruise 745,000 cruise passengers + 827,000 passengers + 827,000 ferry passengers per ferry passengers per annumannum4,320 passengers/day4,320 passengers/dayPort: 6 quays with 5 Port: 6 quays with 5 passenger terminalspassenger terminalsNew New RoRoRoRo ferry ferry terminal (completed in terminal (completed in 2001)2001)

ButBut……

How much waste does a cruise ship How much waste does a cruise ship produce on average per day?produce on average per day?

300,000 gallons of wastewater (10% is sewage)300,000 gallons of wastewater (10% is sewage)15 gallons of toxic chemicals (paints, dry cleaning 15 gallons of toxic chemicals (paints, dry cleaning fluids, photo developing chemicals)fluids, photo developing chemicals)30,000 gallons of sewage30,000 gallons of sewage2 pounds of garbage per person2 pounds of garbage per person1 pound of food waste per person1 pound of food waste per person2 pounds of glass & tin per person2 pounds of glass & tin per person37,000 gallons of oily bilge water37,000 gallons of oily bilge waterThousands of gallons of ballast water containing Thousands of gallons of ballast water containing pathogens and foreign speciespathogens and foreign speciesSmokestack emissions the equivalent of Smokestack emissions the equivalent of thousands of automobilesthousands of automobiles

Environmental Record of Cruise Environmental Record of Cruise LinesLines

Between 1993 and 1998 the US Coast Between 1993 and 1998 the US Coast Guard charged cruise ships with 490 safety Guard charged cruise ships with 490 safety and environmental violations. In addition, and environmental violations. In addition, the Coast Guard issued 73 tickets for oil the Coast Guard issued 73 tickets for oil spills of 100 gallons or less.spills of 100 gallons or less.

Klein, 2002:85Klein, 2002:85

““Royal Caribbean used our nationRoyal Caribbean used our nation’’s waters s waters as its dumping ground, even as it promoted as its dumping ground, even as it promoted itself as an environmentally itself as an environmentally ‘‘greengreen’’ company company …… [and] to make matters worse, the [and] to make matters worse, the company routinely falsified the shipscompany routinely falsified the ships’’ logs logs ––so much so that its own employees referred so much so that its own employees referred to the logs with a Norwegian term meaning to the logs with a Norwegian term meaning fairy tale bookfairy tale book…… [[T]hisT]his case will sound like a case will sound like a foghorn throughout the maritime historyfoghorn throughout the maritime history””

Attorney General Janet Reno (July 21, 1999) Attorney General Janet Reno (July 21, 1999) (in Klein, 1999:86)(in Klein, 1999:86)

For Example: Polar Bear Tourism in For Example: Polar Bear Tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, CanadaChurchill, Manitoba, Canada

Significance of Polar Bear Watching Significance of Polar Bear Watching in Canadain Canada

• Season: Early October to Mid-November

• No. of bears in population: 1,200

• No. of bears seen on typical outing: 11

• Max. no. of bears seen in outings: 38

• No. of people visiting the area during season: 4,000 – 5,000

Significance of Polar Bear Watching Significance of Polar Bear Watching in Canadain Canada

• Max. no. of tundra vehicles per day: 18, plus two lodges and two helicopters

• Average cost per outing: $150 - $275/seat

• Typical outing costs $2,000 - $ 4,000

• Conservative figure of economic impact on Churchill: $3 mio

ChurchillChurchill

ButBut……

AccessAccess–– DifficultDifficult–– Air traffic not environmentally friendlyAir traffic not environmentally friendlyImpacts on wildlifeImpacts on wildlife–– Little is known at this stageLittle is known at this stageDependence on (wildlife) tourismDependence on (wildlife) tourism–– Polar bears and Beluga whales are the main Polar bears and Beluga whales are the main

(only?) attraction in Churchill(only?) attraction in Churchill

For Example: Whale and Dolphin For Example: Whale and Dolphin watching in Kaikoura, New watching in Kaikoura, New

ZealandZealand

KaikouraKaikoura 1989:1989:

Economically depressed areaEconomically depressed areaHigh unemployment ratesHigh unemployment ratesLoss of jobs due to new fishing regulations Loss of jobs due to new fishing regulations in the 1980sin the 1980sLoss of jobs due to restructuring of Loss of jobs due to restructuring of governmental departmentsgovernmental departmentsEstimated 10,000 visitors/yearEstimated 10,000 visitors/year

Kaikoura after the Establishment Kaikoura after the Establishment of of WhalewatchWhalewatch KaikouraKaikoura

40 full40 full--time and 4 parttime and 4 part--time workers time workers employed at employed at WhalewatchWhalewatch Kaikoura (1991)Kaikoura (1991)200,000 visitors in 1996200,000 visitors in 1996873,000 visitors in 2000873,000 visitors in 2000Additional business established, e.g., Additional business established, e.g., eateries, accommodation, souvenir shops, eateries, accommodation, souvenir shops, minibus companies, other wildlife tours minibus companies, other wildlife tours (many Maori owned)(many Maori owned)

Community BenefitsCommunity Benefits

Tourism nets $28 million per annumTourism nets $28 million per annumTourism employs 330 peopleTourism employs 330 people30 new accommodation facilities30 new accommodation facilities45 new services businesses45 new services businessesCommercial land values up 45%Commercial land values up 45%Residential land values up 50%Residential land values up 50%GG21 Community AccreditationGG21 Community Accreditation

ButBut……

Small population base supports Small population base supports infrastructure (infrastructure (roadingroading, water & sewage , water & sewage supplies under stress, etc.)supplies under stress, etc.)Early 1990s social tension regarding Early 1990s social tension regarding DoCDoCconcessionsconcessionsDependency on tourismDependency on tourismResidential land values up 50%Residential land values up 50%Excessive traffic during high seasonExcessive traffic during high season

For example: Club ResortsFor example: Club Resorts

TUITUI

EuropeEurope’’s largest tour operators largest tour operator12.9 million guests in 1998/9912.9 million guests in 1998/99Robinson Club is a brand of TUIRobinson Club is a brand of TUI

1990: Employment of a highly skilled 1990: Employment of a highly skilled environmental commissionerenvironmental commissioner

TUI destination criteriaTUI destination criteriaBathing water and beach qualityBathing water and beach qualityWater supply and waterWater supply and water--saving measuressaving measuresWastewater disposal and Wastewater disposal and utilisationutilisationSolid waste disposal, recycling and preventionSolid waste disposal, recycling and preventionEnergy supply and energyEnergy supply and energy--saving measuressaving measuresTraffic (air, noise and climate)Traffic (air, noise and climate)Landscape and built environmentLandscape and built environmentNature conservationNature conservationEnvironmental Information and offersEnvironmental Information and offersEnvironmental policies and activitiesEnvironmental policies and activities

TUI hotel criteriaTUI hotel criteriaWastewater treatmentWastewater treatmentSolid waste disposal, recycling and preventionSolid waste disposal, recycling and preventionWater supply and waterWater supply and water--saving measuressaving measuresEnergy supply and energyEnergy supply and energy--saving measuressaving measuresEnvironmentally oriented hotel management Environmentally oriented hotel management (focus on food, cleaning and hygiene)(focus on food, cleaning and hygiene)Quality of bathing waters in the vicinity of the Quality of bathing waters in the vicinity of the hotelhotelNoise protection in and around the hotelNoise protection in and around the hotelHotel gardensHotel gardensBuilding materialsBuilding materials

TUI carrier criteriaTUI carrier criteriaEnergy consumptionEnergy consumptionPollutant and noise emissionsPollutant and noise emissionsLand use and paving overLand use and paving overVehicle/craft, equipment, and maintenance Vehicle/craft, equipment, and maintenance techniquestechniquesCatering and waste recycling and disposalCatering and waste recycling and disposalEnvironmental information for passengersEnvironmental information for passengersEnvironmental guidelines and reportingEnvironmental guidelines and reportingEnvironmental research and developmentEnvironmental research and developmentIntegrated transport conceptsIntegrated transport conceptsSpecific data of type, motor/power unit, ageSpecific data of type, motor/power unit, age

Robinson Club Baobab, KenyaRobinson Club Baobab, Kenya

35 kilometers south of 35 kilometers south of MombasaMombasa80 double rooms in 280 double rooms in 2--storey houses and 70 storey houses and 70 double rooms in bungalowsdouble rooms in bungalowsOnly 2.5% of the total area of 250,000mOnly 2.5% of the total area of 250,000m2 2 is is built onbuilt onThe whole area is a nature preservation The whole area is a nature preservation park with endemic plantspark with endemic plants

““EcoEco--AspectsAspects””

ArchitectureArchitecture–– use of local materialsuse of local materials–– African style strawAfrican style straw--roofed roofed

bungalowsbungalows–– carefully integrated in carefully integrated in

the parkthe parkSocial IssuesSocial Issues–– Trainee program for young local peopleTrainee program for young local people–– Food from local farmersFood from local farmers

Rubbish IssuesRubbish Issues–– Avoidance of rubbishAvoidance of rubbish

no disposable cutlery/crockeryno disposable cutlery/crockeryno drinking cansno drinking canslow package products/bulk productslow package products/bulk products

–– Leftovers Leftovers staff is allowed to take unused food homestaff is allowed to take unused food homenonnon--usable leftovers are composted in the own usable leftovers are composted in the own device and passed on to local farmersdevice and passed on to local farmersAdditional humus is used as Additional humus is used as fertiliserfertiliser in the in the clubclub’’s gardens garden

Water IssuesWater Issues–– The club has a need for ca. 7,000mThe club has a need for ca. 7,000m33 fresh fresh

water every daywater every day–– Wastewater is not pumped into soakWastewater is not pumped into soak--

awaysaways or the ocean (as is common or the ocean (as is common practice)practice)

–– Own biological sewage systemOwn biological sewage system3 ponds3 pondsNil Cabbage and Nil Cabbage and TilapiafishTilapiafishClean water in the third pond. Used to water Clean water in the third pond. Used to water the gardensthe gardensSoil acts as an additional filterSoil acts as an additional filter

TUITUI’’ss Holistic ApproachHolistic ApproachContinuous monitoringContinuous monitoringSWOT analysesSWOT analysesStaff travelling on private holidays receive an Staff travelling on private holidays receive an ‘‘environmental questionnaireenvironmental questionnaire’’ as means of as means of quality control of guides and hotel managementquality control of guides and hotel managementConsultation is offered to local hotel ownersConsultation is offered to local hotel owners–– composting & sewage managementcomposting & sewage management–– noise pollutionnoise pollution–– alternative energiesalternative energies–– sources for governmental subsidiessources for governmental subsidies

ButBut……

Constraints in contractingConstraints in contracting–– Ownership issuesOwnership issuesTourist demandTourist demandTransportTransportStill large numbers of touristsStill large numbers of tourists

The Answer?The Answer?

Key wordsKey words

–– Sustainable TourismSustainable Tourism–– EcotourismEcotourism–– Integrated Coastal ManagementIntegrated Coastal Management–– Marine Protected AreasMarine Protected Areas–– ……