Value added products from coconut industry wastes

Production of value added products from coconut

industry wastesProduction of value added products

From coconut industry waste

Presented By:- D. C. AICHARA

INTRODUCTION The coconut is not only significant in socio cultural needs of

our society, but also has gained considerable importance in the national economy as a potential source of rural Plate for employment and income generation among the plantation crops.

The ideal mean temperature is usually at 27 C and the average diurnal variation Source : Maps of India between 50 C and 70 C. The palm grows best under a well distributed rainfall between 1,300 mm and 2,300 mm, throughout the year.

The coconut palm indeed is a traditional plantation crop grown in India over the past 3000 years with longest mythological and historical record.

The Indian Central Coconut Committee was formed in February, 1945, under the Indian Coconut Committee Act 1944, with the objective to encourage horticultural, technological and economically viable development of coconut industry through adoption of improved methods in coconut cultivation to enhance production, improvement in marketing of coconuts and coconut products in the country and abroad.

In 1981, the Directorate of Coconut Development was abolished to pave the way for establishment of Coconut Development Board in the year 1981, under the Coconut Development Board Act. 1979 enacted by the Parliament.

Coconut shell powder is manufactured from matured coconut shells. The manufacture of coconut shell powder is not an organized industry in India. The product finds extensive use in plywood and laminated board industry as a phenolic extruder and as a filler in synthetic resin glues, mosquito coils and agarbathis. Coconut shell powder is preferred to other alternate materials available in the market such as bark powder, furfurol and peanut shell powder because of its uniformity in quality and chemical composition, better properties in respect of water absorption and resistance to fungal attack. The product is manufactured in sizes ranging from 80-200 mesh. Keeping in view of the vast industrial uses, the demand for coconut shell powder appears to be promising

COCONUT SHELL POWER

Process:Coconut shells free from contamination of coir pith, etc., are broken into small pieces and fed into a pulverizer. The powder from the pulverizer is fed into a cyclone and the parallel product is collected in bag filters. The shell powder is then fed into a vibrating sieving machine and packed according to mesh size requirements for various end uses. The rejects from the sieving machine can be recycled in the pulverizer for size reduction. The main requirements for consistent good quality of coconut shell powder, are proper selection of shell of proper stage of maturity and efficient machinery.

Coconut Shell Charcoal Coconut Shell Charcoal is an important product obtained from coconut shell. Shell charcoal is used widely as domestic and industrial fuel. It is also used by blacksmiths and goldsmiths and in laundries. Shell Charcoal is also used to produce activated carbon.

Activated carbon Activated carbon is a non-graphite form of carbon which could be produced from any carbonaceous material such as coal, lignite, wood, paddy husk, coir pith, coconut shell, etc. Activated carbon manufactured from coconut shell is considered superior to those obtained from other sources mainly because of small macropores structure which renders it more effective for the adsorption of gas/vapour and for the removal of colour and odour of compounds.The activated carbon is extensively used in the refining and bleaching of vegetable oils and chemical solutions, water purification, recovery of solvents and other vapours, recovery of gold, in gas masks for protection against toxic gases, in filters for providing adequate protection against war gases/nuclear fall outs, etc.

Process (Steam Activation)The process of activation is carried out in two stages. Firstly the coconut shell is converted into shell charcoal by carbonization process which is usually carried out in mud-pits, brick kilns and metallic portable kilns. The coconut shell charcoal is activated by reaction with steam at a temperature of 900oC -1100oC under controlled atmosphere in a rotary kiln. The reaction between steam and charcoal takes place at the internal surface area, creating more sites for adsorption. The temperature factor, in the process of activation is very important. Below 900oC the reaction becomes too slow and is very uneconomical. Above 1100oC the reaction becomes diffusion controlled and therefore takes place on the outer surface of the charcoal resulting in loss of charcoal.

Coconut LeavesCoconut leaves are plaited and used for thatching houses and sheds in rural areas. It is also used for thatching 'honeymoon huts' and such huts in town and cities. Technology is available with Regional Research Laboratory, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala for extending the life of leaf thatch from one year to four years. Plaited coconut leaves are also used for making baskets, headgears and for erection of temporary fences. Plaiting of coconut leaves is a cottage industry in traditional coconut growing states. Midribs of leaves are used to make brooms of different types which are used for cleaning rough grounds and floors. Brooms of midribs of coconut leaves are manufactured on a commercial scale in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Coir PithCoir pith a waste product obtained during the extraction of coir fibre from husk is very light, highly compressible and highly hygroscopic. It is used as a soil conditioner, surface mulch/ rooting medium and desiccant. Composted coir pith is an excellent organic manure for indoor plants as well as for horticulture crops. Several firms are manufacturing composted coir pith in the country. Compressed coir pith in the form of briquettes for easy transportation is also manufactured in the country.

COCONUT TIMBEROne of primary uses of coconut timber is for building construction. Coconut timber is suitable for housing components like trusses, purlins, walls, joists, doors, window frames and jalousies. Low density coconut wood materials (from the centre of the stem) should be used only in non-load structures like walls and panels while high density coconut wood (from the perimeter of the stem) can be used for load-bearing structures like trusses and joints. Table 6 could serve as a guide for prospective users of coconut timber for building construction. The small diameter of coconut stem limits the size of sawn lumber, hence the optimum width and thickness of boards that are usually recovered are 25mm and 50mm, respectively. For structures requiring bigger sizes of lumber, glued lamination of the wood to the desired dimensions solves this particular problem.

High density coconut wood could also be used as posts, power and telecommunication poles, trusses, floor tiles (parquet), girts, floor joists, purlins, balustrades and railings and other load bearing structures. When coconut logs are to be used in ground contact under exposed conditions (e.g. as posts or as poles for electrical wires) they must be properly treated.Medium density boards can be effectively used for walling, horizontal studs, ceiling joists and door/window frames. As a rule, coconut wood with density below 400 kg/m3should not be used as structural framing materials. However, they can be used in the internal parts of a building as ceiling and wall lining in the form of boards and shingles. A problem related to structural application of cocowood is the difficulty of nailing and subsequently splitting of high density wood finishes.

CRAFT ITEMS

Production of craft items from the waste products such as coconut shells and fibres of coconut husk.

Cr (iv) REMOVAL FROM SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING

COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVATED

CARBON MODIFIED WITH OXIDIZING AGENTS AND

CHITOSAN

The technical feasible of coconut shell charcoal(CSC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) for Cr(iv) removals investigated in batch studies using synthetic electroplating wastewater. Both granular absorbents are made up coconut shell an agriculture waste from local coconut industries.

Adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from industrial effluents using

activated carbon derived from waste coconut buttons

Activated carbon(AC) derived from waste coconut buttons (CB) was investigated as a suitable adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions such as pb(II),Hg(II) and Cu(II) from industrial effluents through batch adsorption process.

PRODUCTION OF COCONUT PROTEIN POWDER FROM

COCONUT WET PROCESSING WASTE Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been

gaining popularity in recent times. During its production, byproducts such as coconut skim milk and insoluble protein are obtained which are underutilized or thrown away to the environment at present.Utilization of these products to obtain a value-added product,namely,coconut protein powder.

ALFA AMYLASE FROM COCONUT OIL CAKE

Coconut oil cake is a potential raw material the production of alfa amylase.Solid state fermentation(SSF) was carried out using coconut oil cake (COC) as substrate for the production of alfa amylase using a fungal culture of Aspergillus oryzae.

Raw COC supports the growth of culture.

REMOVAL OF CONGO RED FROM WATER BY ADSORPTION INTO ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM COIR PITH, AN AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTE

The adsorption of Congo red by coir pith carbon was carried out by varying the parameters such as agitation,time,dye concentration,adsorbent dose,ph and temperature.

A M.S. Drum kiln is used for carbonization of shells. The drum consists of three sets of six 1" dia holes provided at its bottom, middle and upper layers and a lid. A detachable chimney is provided which is installed on the lid after closing the drum. The manufacture of charcoal requires optimum carbonization of raw shells in a limited supply of air so that there is neither unburnt shell nor ash due to complete combustion. The steel drum is filled with raw shells after placing temporarily a four inch diameter wooden pole in the centre of the drum. The wooden pole is then removed, leaving a hollow space in the centre which allows the flow of smoke during carbonization. To start carbonization, a piece of burning rag is dropped to the bottom of the drum through the hollow space in the centre. When the fire is well underway, the lid with the chimney is placed into position and the upper and the middle sets of holes are closed. Carbonization which starts at the bottom progresses as it goes up as well as radially from the hollow space. When carbonization is complete in a particular zone, a persistent glow can be seen in all the six holes of a set. When the bottom most set of holes indicate this situation, the middle set of holes is opened and the bottom set closed. The stoppage of air flowing into the bottom region avoids over-carbonization in that region. The progressive carbonization results in reduction in volume of contents and therefore more shells are added from the top. When the middle region is carbonized well, the top set of holes is opened while the middle set is now closed. A further addition of raw shells is done to fill the volume reduction to maximize capacity for burning. When the top region is well carbonized, the top set of holes is also closed, resulting in complete stoppage of air inflow to the drum. The drum is then cooled for about eight hours after which the product is ready for discharge.

REFEREANCES:-

http://coconutboard.nic.in/

http://coconutboard.nic.in/success.htm

www.craftandartisans.com/coconut

ARTICLES:-Basic dye (methylene blue) removal from simulated wastewater by adsorption using Indian Rosewood sawdust: a timber industry wasteVK Garg, M Amita, R Kumar, R Gupta - Dyes and pigments, 2004 – ElsevierAdsorption of chromium (VI) on pomace—an olive oil industry waste: batch and column studiesE Malkoc, Y Nuhoglu, M Dundar - Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006 - Elsevier

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