1

COGNITION AND PERCEPTION. THE CONCEPTS

PERCEPTION OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Johannes Parlindungan Siregar

2

COGNITION

PERCEPTION

BEHAVIOR

ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

3

COGNITION• Process of gathering, organizing and utilizing the

knowledge.• The mental activity in relation to the matters of

comprehension, attention, determination, information processing, problem solving, imagination, predicting,thinking and believing.

SPATIO COGNITIVE ABILITY (McAndrew, 1993: 28) :the spatial memory allows us to live in a world …… we are aware of places and things beyond the immediategrasp of our sense.The complex activity that involves planning, decision making, information processing to understand space and to manipulate it mentally

4

URBANENVIRONMENT

SPATIO COGNITIV

E ACTIVITY

WAYFINDING

COGNITIVE MAP

NODEs PATHs LANDMARKs DISTRICTs EDGEs

LEGIBILITYMcAndrew (1993: 35 –

41)

5

So…..What is “perception”?

How it differs from “cognitive”? Or just the same?

6

PERCEPTION

PERCEPTION (Boothe, 2002,p.2-3) :the act of using only one’s own sense organs to gain knowledge about, interact with, and experience the environment.Provide knowledge about what is present in the immediately surrounding environment MC.Andrew (1993 : 28) :Perception is the result of a filtering process performed by the individual.

HUMAN SENSORY TOOLS

7

SENSORY INTERACTION

ENVIRONMENT(Natural, Build, Social)

INDIVIDUAL

PROCESS

OUTPUT : PERCEPTIO

N

“WHAT”“HOW”

SUBJECTIVE

PERCEPTUAL

EXPERIENCE

Boothe (2002 : 2)

8

Stimulate all

senses

SENSATION

INFORMATION

PROCESS

PERCEPTION

ENVIRONMENT

HUMAN SENSORY

TOOLS

9

ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION

MC.Andrew (1993 : 28) :Perception is the result of a filtering process performed by the individual.It is difficult to separate a person from the environment in the perceptual process.

• TOP - DOWN PROCESS (Conceptually – driven processing)

• BOTTOM – UP PROCESS (Data – driven processing)

Example ….

10

COGNITIVE and PERCEPTION

“COGNITIVE”“PERCEPTION”

SENSORY ACTIVITY

NON-SENSORY ACTIVITY

Mathematic Norm

Phylosophy ReligionOthers

SpaceForm

Color Temperature

Noise

Others

11

BRUNSWIK’s Lens Model (McAndrew : 1999,p.29-30)

ENVIRONMENT PERCEPTION

Stimulus Array(stimuli vary in ecological validity)

Perceptual process (recombines, orders, and focuses sensory inputs)

AREA of COGNITIVE

12

Ilustration 1:Biased Informations

1

2

3 4

A B

C

13

Ilustration 2 : Biased Informations

Symbol of a

Product or a

Nation ?

Symbol of a

Religion or a Nation

?

14

Ilustration 3

VISUAL

TEMPERATURE

ODOR

NOISE

TIDY - UNTIDY

HOT – WARM - COLD

PLEASANT - UNPLEASANT

QUIET - LOUD

Distance

Duration

Level of concentratio

n

LEGIBILITY

SPACE EXPRESSION

CALMNESS

LIKE / DISLIKE

TOURIST BEHAVIO

R

COGNITIVE PROCESS

• Past Experience

• Education• Psychological

Background

ENVIRONMENT

Of TOURISM

AREA

PERCEPTION

Distance

Sensory Condition

15

Think about OBJECTIVITY Problems !!

….How can Perception

be measured OBJECTIVELY ?

16

REFERENCES

Boothe. 2002. Perception of the visual environment. SpringerMcAndre. 1993. Environmental psychology. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.Sagung, et al. 2013. Pengaruh kualitas ruang publik terhadap fungsi restoratif alun-alun Batu. Skripsi S1 Jurusan PWK, Universitas Brawijaya.Stedman on Goetz, et al. 2005. Land use problems and conflicts. Taylor and Francis Group