cognition: memory. the phenomenon of memory introduction memory extremes of memory

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Cognition: Memory

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Page 1: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Cognition: Memory

Page 2: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

The Phenomenon of Memory

Page 3: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Introduction

• Memory

• Extremes of memory

Page 4: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Introduction

• Task #1 – Random Number Lists– Trial #1 – (Hear)– Trial #2 – (Hear & See)– Trial #3 – (Hear, See, & Say)– Trial #4 – (Hear, See, Say, & Write)

• 88• 92• 54• 67• 03• 19• 99• 60• 50• 52

• 48• 58• 29• 42• 56• 88• 39• 69• 49• 55

• 39• 87• 43• 02• 98• 63• 41• 80• 62• 54

– Trial #5 – (Odd or Even)– Trial #6 – (Numerical Order)– Trial #7 – (Personal Connection)

Page 5: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Introduction• Task #1 – Random Number Lists

– Trial #1 - 84, 77, 99, 32, 60, 75, 78, 96, 42, 23– Trial #2 - 88, 92, 54, 67, 03, 19, 99, 60, 50, 52– Trial #3 - 48, 58, 29, 42, 56, 88, 39, 69, 49, 55– Trial #4 - 39, 87, 43, 02, 98, 63, 41, 80, 62, 54– Trial #5 - 71, 91, 58, 57, 32, 33, 85, 01, 26, 80– Trial #6 - 17, 77, 24, 58, 81, 59, 54, 42, 78, 71– Trial #7 - 15, 84, 05, 16, 08, 31, 64, 65, 07, 38

Page 6: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Introduction• Task #2 – Names

– Name the Seven Dwarves

– Difficulty?– TOT Phenomenon?– Organization (Sound? Letter? Meaning?)– Recall vs. Recognition?

• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Teach, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Doc, Rocky, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Wheezy, Stubby

• Task #2 – Names– Name the Seven Dwarves

– Difficulty?– TOT Phenomenon?– Organization (Sound? Letter? Meaning?)– Recall vs. Recognition?

• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Teach, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Doc, Rocky, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Wheezy, Stubby

Page 7: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Introduction• Task #3 – Critical Thinking

– No Memory• With no memory, how would you answer the

question: How are you today?• With no memory, how would you answer the

question: Who are you? How would your identity be affected?

– Spotless Mind• Would you “erase” any of your memories? If so,

how would that change you? If not, why not?• Would there be the benefit of erasing the horrible

memories that Holocaust survivors have: to those individuals? To society as a whole?

Page 8: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Information Processing

Page 9: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Introduction Atkinson-Shiffrin Three-Stage Model

• Encoding

• Storage

• Retrieval

Page 10: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Introduction

• Connectionism– Sensory memory– Short-term memory– Long-term memory

• Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory– Information directly into long-term

memory– Working memory

Page 11: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Automatic processing• Space

• Time

• Frequency

• Well-learned information

Mr. Rockwell’s 3rd grade Poem (Don’t laugh)

Spring is theThe most beautifulTime of the year.

.seippup dna srewolf sevol kcoR .rM

!tuo siht erugif ot gniyrt era uoy sa ynnuf skool ecaf ruoY

Page 12: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Effortful Processing

• Rehearsal – Conscious repetition

• List the Gifts from:– “The 12 Days of Christmas”

Page 13: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Ebbinghaus curve

Page 14: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Overlearning– Additional rehearsal after learning =

increased retention

• Spacing effect– Massed practice vs, Distributed practice

• Testing effect

• Implications for your own learning??

Page 15: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Serial position effect– Recency effect

– Primacy effect

Page 16: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• List as many US Presidents as you can

1) Washington 12) Taylor 23) Harrison, B. 34) Eisenhower

2) Adams, J. 13) Fillmore 24) Cleveland 35) Kennedy

3) Jefferson 14) Pierce 25) McKinley 36) L.B. Johnson

4) Madison 15) Buchanan 26) T. Roosevelt 37) Nixon

5) Monroe 16) Lincoln 27) Taft 38) Ford

6) Adams, J.Q. 17) A. Johnson 28) Wilson 39) Carter

7) Jackson 18) Grant 29) Harding 40) Reagan

8) Van Buren 19) Hayes 30) Coolidge 41) G.H.W. Bush

9) Harrison, W. H.

20) Garfield 31) Hoover 42) Clinton

10) Tyler 21) Arthur 32) F.D. Roosevelt 43) G. W. Bush

11) Polk 22) Cleveland 33) Truman 44) Obama

Page 17: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Levels of Processing–Visual encoding

–Acoustic encoding• Exercise 7A-4

–Semantic encoding

• Self-reference effect

Page 18: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Page 19: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Page 20: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Page 21: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Page 22: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Visual Encoding– Imagery

• Rosy retrospection

– Mnemonics • Peg-word system• Method of loci• 1st Letter• Substitution

Page 23: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Mnemonics

Page 24: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Mnemonics

Page 25: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Mnemonics

Page 26: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Page 27: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Page 28: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Page 29: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Page 30: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Page 31: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Page 32: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Page 33: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Hierarchies

Page 34: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Storage: Retaining InformationIntroduction

• The Mind Series – Clive Wearing

Page 35: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory

Page 36: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Storage: Retaining InformationSensory Memory

• Iconic memory– Sperling’s memory

experiment – – played one of three tones (each tone

corresponding with a row of letters). Then he flashed the letters for less than a second and the subjects were able to identify the letters for the corresponding row.

• Echoic memory

Page 37: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Storage and Short-Term Memory

• Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.

• We recall digits better than letters.

Page 38: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Storage: Retaining InformationWorking/Short-Term Memory

• Magic number Seven– Plus or minus 2

• The list of magic sevens– Seven wonders of world, Seven seas, Seven deadly sins– Seven primary colors, Seven musical scale notes– Seven days of the week

• Bottom Line = – At any moment, we can only consciously process

a limited amount of information

Page 39: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Storage: Retaining InformationLong-Term Memory

• Unlimited nature of long-term memory

Page 40: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Storage: Retaining InformationStoring Memories in the Brain

• Emotions and memories– Strong Emotions = Stronger Memories– Stress can lead to the release of hormones that

have been shown to assist in LTM.

• Flashbulb memory

Page 41: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Storage: Retaining InformationStoring Memories in the Brain

Page 42: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

• Recall

• Recognition

• Relearning

Page 43: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues

• Retrieval cues

• Mnemonic devices

• Priming

Page 44: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Priming

Page 45: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Priming

Page 46: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Priming

Page 47: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

• Context effects

• Déjà vu

Page 48: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Page 49: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Page 50: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Page 51: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Page 52: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Page 53: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Page 54: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutMoods and Memories

• State dependent memory– What we learn in one state may more easily be

recalled in same state

• Mood congruent memory – Tendency to recall experiences consistent with

one’s current good or bad mood.

Page 55: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

The End

Page 56: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Definition Slides

Page 57: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Memory

= the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Page 58: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Encoding

= the processing of information into the memory systems – for example, by extracting meaning

Page 59: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Storage

= the retention of encoded information over time.

Page 60: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retrieval

= the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Page 61: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Sensory Memory

= the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Page 62: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Short-term Memory

= activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten.

Page 63: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Long-term Memory

= the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Page 64: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Working Memory

= a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Page 65: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Parallel Processing

= the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Page 66: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Automatic Processing

= unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Page 67: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Effortful Processing

= encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Page 68: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Rehearsal

= the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Page 69: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Spacing Effect

= the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Page 70: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Serial Position Effect

= our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Page 71: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Visual Encoding

= the encoding of picture images.

Page 72: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Acoustic Encoding

= the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Page 73: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Semantic Encoding

= the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Page 74: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Imagery

= mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Page 75: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Mnemonics

= memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Page 76: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Chunking

= organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Page 77: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Iconic Memory

= a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Page 78: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Echoic Memory

= a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Page 79: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

= an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Page 80: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Flashbulb Memory

= a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Page 81: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Amnesia

= loss of memory.

Page 82: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Implicit Memory

= retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative or procedural memory)

Page 83: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Explicit Memory

= memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory)

Page 84: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Hippocampus

= a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Page 85: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Recall

= a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learning earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Page 86: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Recognition

= a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Page 87: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Relearning

= a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Page 88: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Priming

= the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Page 89: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Deja Vu

= that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Page 90: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Mood Congruent Memory

= the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

Page 91: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Proactive Interference

= the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Page 92: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Retroactive Interference

= the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Page 93: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Repression

= in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Page 94: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Misinformation Effect

= incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Page 95: Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory

Source Amnesia

= attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.