Memory and thought

Cognition(Memory & Thought)

Chapter 11 Our filing systemPledge of Allegiance, Indians starting line-up, 3rd grade, Lines from your favorite movie, State capitals, First loveGoing beyond memory, how do we think?How do we solve problems?How do we store memories?MemoryMemory- capacity to register, store, and recover information over time (learning)Cognition all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering informationMetacognition - thinking about how you thinkIntrospection - used by the Structuralists in late 1800s to uncover details of human thought processTheories of MemoryMolecular Theory (James McConnell)Memory stored in RNA moleculesEX: Flatworm experimentMcConnell made the astonishing discovery that memory has an identifiable chemical basis. He trained flatworms to run mazes, and noted how long it took to do so. Then McConnell took the trained worms and ground them up and fed them to untrained worms. The untrained worms learned to run the maze a lot faster than the original worms had, apparently demonstrating that there was some sort of information in the trained worms that survived being ground up and ingested. The hypothesis was that the information was somehow encoded in RNA molecules, and could be physically transferred from one individual to another.

BummerMcConnells research has never been replicatedHe did create quite a media frenzy and many well known psychologists were intrigued by his original findings. The frenzy quickly died down when no one was able to replicate the same resultsInformation Processing ModelThis is information processing model: compare your mind to a computer3 stepsEncoding input received from our sensory receptorsStorage retain info in our brains for sometime (range: 1 second to a lifetime)Retrieval - when needed we can access it

Cognition = MemoryMemory can be affected by how well we focus our attentionYour motivationHow much you practiceYour state of consciousness when while storing and recalling informationInterference from other events

Your Attention PleaseAnyone been feeling lost and in a haze?Smart phones, twitter wars, and ear buds are constantly diverting your attention, resulting in a failure to properly encode information Focused attention trying to attend to one task over anothervs.Divided attention successfully attending to two complex tasks at onceYou might think you are good at dividing your attentionbut psych research has proven otherwise time and time againDichotic listening experiments, pg 128Remember this, next time you drive while reading the latest tweets Levels of Processing: Encoding StageRobert Lockhart and Fergus Craik Levels of Processing Model (2 Levels Shallow & Deep)How long and how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when we encode itA. Shallow Processing - we assign NO relevance to information we store at this level, includes superficial sensory information that emphasizes physical characteristics, like lines, curves or sensory stimuli we see cars pass as we wait to cross the road but we would be able to recall the makes or models if askedLevels of Processing: Encoding StageDeep processing when we attach meaning to information and create associations between new and old information/memoriesSemantic Encoding deeper level, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input, can be passed to short or long term memoryBest way to remember a new persons names at a social eventCreating associations between new memory and old memories is called Elaboration Processing information deemed important or relevant more deeply by relating the new information to ourselves, making it easier to recall self-reference effect or self-referent encodingAtkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of MemoryWe have 3 different memory systems characterized by time frames1) Sensory memory memory system that holds external events from the senses for up to a few seconds2) Short-term memory working memory, 20 seconds before forgotten, capacity is 7 + or - 23) Long-term memory relatively permanent storage with unlimited capacity

Simon Anyone?

http://www.kidsmathgamesonline.com/memory/simon.html

Vocab Assignment #1Define all terms on slides 14-19 Expect these terms on your daily quizList them on notebook paper in the same chunked groups as they appear on the slidesAtkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont.1) Sensory Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW!Visual encodingIconic memoryAcoustic encodingEchoic memorySelective attentionAutomatic processingParallel processingEffortful processingFeature extraction Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont.2) Short Term Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!RehearsalMaintenance rehearsalElaborative rehearsalChunkingMnemonic devices Method of loci Peg word system Many of the above strategies help convert info from short term to long-term

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont.3) Long Term Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!Subdivided into 2 Types:1) Explicit memory (or declarative)Semantic memoryEpisodic memory2) Implicit memory (or non-declarative)Procedural memory

Organization of MemoriesTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!1)Hierarchies-Concepts -Prototypes -2) Semantic Networks -3) Schemas -Script-4) Connectionism -

Related Memory TermsTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!Artificial Intelligence (AI) Neural network or Parallel processing model

Biology of Long-term Memory TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!Long-term Potentiation (LPT)Flashbulb memoryThalamusHippocampusAnterograde amnesiaRetrograde amnesiaCerebellumRetrieval and MemoryElizabeth Loftus - Confabulation & Eye Witness Testimony60 Minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbARxiM0W_Q

Vocab Assignment #2Define all the listed (undefined) terms on slides 22-30Be prepared to see these on your next daily quiz

Retrieving MemoriesTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!Retrieval the process of getting information out of storageRecognitionRecallReconstructionEbbinghausSummarize Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve Theory (pg131)Also define these terms related to his research: savings methodoverlearning effect serial positioning effectprimacy effectrecency effect

Retrieval CuesTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!Retrieval Cues-Priming-Encoding specificity principle -Context- dependent memory effect-Mood congruence State-dependent -Distributed practice -Massed practice -ReconstructionTERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!Repression (Freud)Confabulation Summarize Elizabeth Loftus Theory on Confabulation (eye witness testimony)Misinformation effectMisattribution error

Retrieval + Interference = Forgetting TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples for each also!Forgetting the inability to retrieve informationTip-of-the-tongue phenomenonInterferenceProactive interferenceRetroactive interference

Combat ForgettingOverlearning Elaborative rehearsal

Differs from maintenance rehearsal which is just utilizing STM to keep info 20 secondsLanguagePhonemesMorphemesGrammarSyntaxSemanticsLanguage AcquisitionBabblingHolophrastic speechTelegraphic speechOvergeneralizations (over-regularization)

Theory on Language AcquisitionNature (nativist) vs Nurture____________ Noam Chomsky/ Behaviorist, like SkinnerLanguage acquisition / Shaping, reinforcement deviceCritical Period - LennebergGenie the feral childWho was Genie?Understanding Genie = Understanding language development and the critical period

Theory on Language AcquisitionSocial Interactivist Perspective- most psychologist and linguists believe our acquisition of language is a combo of both the nature and nurture side of the debateBio and Cognitive Psychologists-Have proven we have development of dense neuron connections during he 1st few years of life = critical to master language

Theory on Language AcquisitionBenjamin Whorf (linguist) Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis - language guides and determines our thinking & perceptions * largely discredited and controversialMost researchers and theorist believe the opposite: our experiences, perceptions, and thinking guide our language acquisition

Wolfgang Kohler: ____?____ Learning

Kohler: Insight Learning Kohler attempted to prove that animals arrive at a solution through insight rather than trial and error. Kohler's experiments consisted of placing chimps in an enclosed area and presenting them with a reward that was out of reach, such as bananas. In one experiment, Kohler placed bananas outside Sultan's cage and two bamboo sticks inside his cage. Neither stick was long enough to reach the bananas so the only way to reach the bananas was to put the sticks together. After some contemplation, Sultan put the two sticks together and created a stick long enough to reach the bananas outside his cage.Another study involved bananas suspended from the roof. The chimps first tried to knock them down by using a stick. Then, the chimps learned to stack boxes on top of one another to climb up to the bananas.Wolfgang Kohler: Insight LearningKohler described three properties of insight learning: First, insight-learning is based on the animal perceiving the solution to the problem. Second, insight-leaning is not dependent on rewards. Third, once a problem has been solved, it is easier to solve a similar problem.

Vocab Assignment #3Define terms on slides 38- 41Expect to see them in your next daily quizProblem SolvingAlgorithm HeuristicInsight learning WOLFGANG KOHLER & chimpanzees (co-founder of Gestalt Psych)Trial and Error ApproachInductive reasoningDeductive reasoningObstacles to Problem SolvingFixationMental setFunctional fixednessAvailability heuristicRepresentative heuristicFramingAnchoring effectBiasesConfirmation BiasBelief perseveranceBelief biasHindsight biasOverconfidence bias

CreativityCreativity IncubationConvergent thinkingDivergent thinkingBrainstorm

Lets Review Some Key TermsSensory Memory:Echoic MemoryHolds auditory information for approximately 1 secondEX: Teacher asks OFF TASK student a question

Iconic memory Form of sensory memory that holds visual informationLong-Term Memory: 2 TypesExplicit (declarative) Memory conscious memory we recall as needed (facts, events) Example- episodic, semantic

Implicit (nondeclarative) Memory unintentional memories, dont realize we know it until we do itExample procedural Explicit Memory: 2 Types1.Semantic MemoryMemory of factual knowledge about the world, concepts, definitions, and grammar

2.Episodic Memory Memories of ones personal experiences in lifeEX: 1st date & kiss, personal diary

Implicit MemoryProcedural MemoryMemories of actions, skills, operations, not requiring conscious recollectionITS AUTOMATICEX: Throwing a ball, riding a bike, tying a tie, juggling, driving, muscle memory

Unique Type of MemoryYet another specific type of memory:Eidetic Memory (photographic memory)Retain detailed visual image for several minutes, or longer, like Sheldon Cooper

Review: What type of memory do these terms fall under?Selective AttentionFeature ExtractionEffortful ProcessingParallel processingAutomatic ProcessingReview: What type of memory do these terms fall under?ChunkingRehearsal

Stages of MemoryShort-term Memory to Long-term MemoryHOW can we do this?Chunking RehearsalMnemonic device

Mnemonic DevicesPeg wordNarrative chainingRhymingSongMethod of lociStages of MemoryLevels of processingMaintenance rehearsal (shallow processing)RepetitionElaborative Rehearsal (Deep processing)Making associations between new & old information

Stages of Memory50 states in 1 minute

ActivityOn a separate/scrap piece of paperList the 50 states!You have 1 minute, GO!

Stages of MemoryEncoding/Retrieving strategies in LTMA very simple illustration of the fact that people encode and search for information in predictable ways

Please read lists of states, in order originally written. Familiar patternsAlphabetical orderRegionSimilarity of name (New)Familiar ways to individual (Systematic)Where one has lived, a significant event took place, NFL teamsChunking?Here is a list of numbers

17761234201543212323

Now look at the list one more time17761234201543212323CHUNKING MAKES SENSEStages of Memory3.Long-Term MemoryStoring almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of timeLTM information organized by categories and featuresMoney, Money, MoneyWe have saved, held, and spent money our whole lives. You should be an expert.Whose portrait is on a $10?Is Lincoln facing the left or right on the penny?

Long-Term MemoryExerciseWhose portrait is on the $10 bill Hamilton

Is Lincoln facing to the right or left on the penny?

Retrieval of InformationKey to retrieval is organization and deep processing

Recognition - identification of something with priming or cues present (multiple choice)Recall- retrieval of information with no cue (fill in blank)Identify previously learned informationCan you recall the 7 dwarfs?What if I show you a picture (provide a cue), can you recognize all 7?

Retrieval of InformationConfabulation Elizabeth LoftusUnconsciously filling in memory gaps

Eye witness testimony what mistakes did Jennifer make when picking Ronald Cotton?

Misinformation effect when we incorporate misleading information into our memory of an eventMisattribution error forgetting what really happened, or distortion of information at retrieval we confuse the source of the information (source amnesia)Remember developmental the theory of cognition?Schemas Piaget term (remember assimilation and accommodation too?)Learned generalizations and preconceptions about objects, events, and peopleA cognitive framework or concept that helps organize & interpret informationCreated based on expectations by past experiences

Schemas & Constructive MemoryRumor ChainDoes long-term memory get distorted during encoding or retrieval by prior knowledge, particularly by schemas about the world, which include gender role expectations and other bias?VOLUNTEERS anyone?

Rumor Chain StoryA Boeing 747 had just taken off from the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport for Chicago when a passenger near the rear of the aircraft announced that the plane was being taken over by the Peoples Revolution Army for the liberation of the oppressed. The hijacker then held a 22-caliber pistol to the head of James Buckner, a flight attendant, and forced him to open the door to the cockpit. There, the hijacker confronted the pilot, Melanie Adams, and ordered her to change course for Mexico. The pilot radioed the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport Air Traffic Control Center to report the situation, but then suddenly hurled the microphone a the hijacker, who fell backward through the open cockpit door and onto the floor, where angry passengers took over from there. The plane landed back at the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport a few minutes later and the hijacker was arrested.Rumor Chain StoryErrors made in story?RECONSTRUCTION retrieval can be distorted by adding dropping or changing details to complete the picture or story Did the description get shorter?Were details left out? (Name of Airport, terrorist group)This is called levelingMisinformation effect - incorporating misleading information in to memoriesConfabulation combing and substituting memories from events other than the one youre trying to rememberThe descriptions will reflect the tellers schemasEX: Pilots are men, women are flight attendants

Read the following words aloud as a class. Await further directions

BoyNieceSisterDollsDanceAuntFemaleBeautifulDaughterYoungCuteHairDressDatePrettyPrimacy & Recency EffectHow many people recalled the word girl = reconstructive memory!

Serial Positioning EffectPrimacy (best at the beginning of the list)Recency (best at the end of the list)The work of Herman EbbinghausRelearning effectOverlearning effect

ForgettingForgettingInability to retrieve information in Long Term Memory

Herman Ebbinghaus- Forgetting CurveSteep decline initially then gradual declineConducted one of the 1st studies of retention and forgetting in the late 1800s. He learned a large number of nonsense syllables, 3-letter combinations that had no meaning, studying the material until he could recite it perfectly. He then, tested himself on what he remembered after certan periods of time had elapsed.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

ForgettingInterference (Inhibition) TheoryMemories inhibit retrieval of other memories

Proactive InterferencePrior info inhibits retrieval of new memories, cant remember the new( you move, asked your address you give old one)Retroactive InterferenceNew inhibits retrieval of prior memories, cant remember older info(insert example here)

RepressionFreudian Defense MechanismUnpleasant experiences are kept out of consciousness and cannot be retrieved voluntarily EX: False accusation based in repressed memoriesAmnesiaCauses Organic: Head injury physical trauma or diseaseRapid forgettingNew information fades from memory with a few minutesOld memories, such as those from childhood, are NOT retainedPermanent

AmnesiaLoss of ones identity and personal history without obvious brain injuryRareCant recall past memories and have to start new livesNever able to store new memoriesThere are two types: anterograde & retrogradeAmnesiaAnterogradeInability to form new memories, cant put them into explicit memory Damage to hippocampusPeople find themselves constantly forgetting information, people or events after a few seconds or minutesData does not transfer successfully from their conscious short-term memory into permanent long-term memory50 First Dates

RetrogradeMemory loss for a segment of past usually around injury or traumaThe loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollectionThe person may memorize new things that occur after the onset of amnesia Unable to recall some or all of their life or identity prior to the onset.Overboard

Anterograde & Retrograde

Brain DiseasesAlzheimersAlzheimers disease is a neurodegenerative brain disease that gradually erodes an individuals memory, intellectual abilities and personality.

During the early stages, the most obvious symptom is an inability to learn and remember new information.

In advanced stages, the ability to think, speak or perform such basic tasks as getting dressed or eating is severely impaired. The time between diagnosis and death typically ranges from seven to 10 years.

Maze