Cognitive Apprenticeship

“Mastering knowledge”

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• History and Background

• Redefining Learning

• Methods and Examples

• Exploration

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Learning Objectives

• Explain the goal of cognitive apprenticeship

• Identify and define key concepts that support cognitive apprenticeship

Once Upon A Time …

And then …

The “practice” of thinking?

Traditional Apprenticeships• Physical

• External

• Easily Observable

• Psychomotor Domain

Formal Schooling

• Mental

• Internal

• Only observable through explicit evaluation

• Cognitive Domain

Goal of Cognitive Apprenticeship

• Recover all the benefits of traditional apprenticeships, by reconciling formal schooling objectives with traditional methodologies.

In other words …

+ =

BUT HOW?

Constructivism

• Learning is a process of internal negotiation of meaning

• Learning occurs best in functional, social, or cultural context

Constructivist Says ….

“ Knowledge is constructed by learners as they attempt to make sense of their experiences.“

- Driscoll

Situated Learning

• Learning should not be abstract!

• Activity in which you learn is an integral part of what you learn

Foundation for C.A.

• Teach through guided learning

• Make progress and desired outcomes explicitly observable

• Situated learning facilitates this idea

Quick Review

• List some of the concepts that support the cognitive apprenticeship theory.

• What is the goal of cognitive apprenticeships?

Redefining Learning

Learning Objectives

• Define cognitive apprenticeship

• Identify key differences between traditional and cognitive apprenticeships

COGNITIVE APPRENTICESHIP DEFINED

•A theory outlining methodology for teaching complex cognitive tasks through guided learning

Redefined

• A THEORY

• HOW TO TEACH

• COMPLEX MENTAL TASKS

• GUIDED LEARNING

Key Differences

Cognitive• Mental

• Internal

• Cognitive Domain

Traditional

• Physical

• External

• Psychomotor Domain

Key DifferencesCA• Learning observed

explicitly

• External

• Situated

Formal Schooling• Learning observed

through evaluation

• Internal

• Abstract

Recall …

• How was Cognitive Apprenticeship defined?

• Explain the major difference between traditional and cognitive apprenticeship.

METHODS AND EXAMPLES

Learning Objectives

• List the methods employed by cognitive apprenticeships.

• Offer examples for each method employed during cognitive apprenticeships

The Methods

• Modeling• Coaching

• Articulation• Reflection

• Exploration

Modeling

• Expert sets the example

• E.G. Math teacher works through a problem aloud

Coaching

• Student practices skill while expert offers feedback and advice

• E.G. Student tries math problems while expert watches and guides

Articulation

• Student articulates thought process

• E.G. Math teacher asks student to say what he thinks might be the next and step, and why

Reflection

• Student compares their results to the expert

• E.G. After a student finishes a math problem, the teacher works through and shows the correct steps and solution

Exploration

• Students face new problems on their own

• E.G. Assigning real world math problems for homework

Parting Thoughts

• Many schools apply these ideas, just poorly.

• Not enough “experts” for every “apprentice”

• Web-based learning

FINAL REVIEW

• List the 5 methods employed by C.A.

• What real world examples can you think of for each method?

EXPLORATION• http://www.21learn.org/arch/articles/bro

wn_seely.html

• http://chd.gse.gmu.edu/immersion/knowledgebase/strategies/constructivism/CognitiveApprenticeship.htm

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_apprenticeship