cognitive domain. hypnosis what is hypnosis? hypnosis an altered state of consciousness in which a...
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Cognitive Domain
Hypnosis
What is Hypnosis?
Hypnosis• An altered state of consciousness in which a
hypnotist makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, and the subject follows those suggestions
History of Hypnosis
• Franz Anton Mesmer (late 1700s)– Austrian physician– Originated “Mesmerism,” a procedure for
physical disorders• Afflicted body parts were thought to be cured by
passing magnets over the body• Some patients fell into a trance and awoke feeling
better
• James Braid (1795-1860)– English surgeon– Coined “hypnosis”
• Jean Charcot (1825-1893)– French neurologist– Explained hypnosis as a hysterical condition
with three stages (lethargy, catalepsy, somnambulism)
Hypnotizability
• Differences in the ability of people to become hypnotized
• Varies from person to person• Varies from situation to situation
Hypnotizability
Hypnotic Techniques
Limits to Hypnotic Suggestions
• Suggestions usually involve sensations, thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety of behaviors.
• Hypnosis does not cause behaviors.• Hypnosis can lead people to certain
behaviors but so can ordinary suggestions.
Hypnotic Induction• The process by which a hypnotist creates a
state of hypnosis in a subject• Usually done by voicing a series of
suggestions• Voice is usually calm and of a rhythmic tone
Changes exhibited during hypnosis
• Lack of initiation• Redistributed attention• Vivid imagination and fantasizing• Increased role-testing• Reduced reality testing
Performance of Acts Against One’s Will
• Hypnotized people are not more likely to perform antisocial acts than people who are asked to simulate hypnosis
• An authoritative person in a legitimate context is sufficient to induce unlikely acts.
Hypnotic Techniques:Posthypnotic Suggestions
Posthypnotic Suggestions
• Hypnotic suggestion that the subject will carry out after the hypnosis session has ended
• Technique can be used to encourage helpful behavior changes, such as stopping smoking or losing weight.
Hypnotic Amnesia
• Inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because the hypnotist suggests that the subject will have no memory of that period of time
Applications of Hypnosis:
Hypnosis and Memory
Hypnosis and Memory
• There are isolated cases of hypnosis helping recall.
• Cannot be sure if the memory came back due to hypnosis
• Cannot be sure if the memory is accurate or one that is created to please the hypnotist
Controversy About Hypnosis as an Altered State
Social Influence Theory
Social Influence Theory
• Theory that powerful social influences produce a state of hypnosis.
• This theory notes that a person’s physiological state does not change under hypnosis, merely a person’s complying with social demands
• Social factors influence people to believe hypnosis will work.
• Nonhypnotized persons can duplicate many aspects of behavior
Divided Consciousness Theory
Divided Consciousness Theory
• Theory that during hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role that other parts are playing.
• Promoted by Ernest Hilgard (1904-2001)
Applications of Hypnosis:
Hypnosis and Pain Control
Pain and Hypnosis
• Hypnosis does work as a means to control pain.
• Has a number of practical applications
Applications of Hypnosis:
Other Hypnotic Claims
Placebo Effect
• Improvement due only to the power of positive expectations
• People think they will get better so they do
Feats of Strength
• Many feats of strength done under hypnosis can be accomplished without hypnosis.
Feats of Strength
Age Regression
• Under hypnosis, the supposed ability to remember earlier periods of time in one’s life
• Psychologists consider age regression demonstrations unreliable.
Meditation
MeditationA technique designed to create an altered
state of consciousness characterized by inner peace and tranquility
Attention focused on one thing, often a word of sound or object, until thoughts slow or stop
Physiological Effects
• Slower breathing• Slower heart rate• Lower muscle tension• Lower blood pressure• Lower oxygen consumption• EEG activity pattern found relaxed, eyes-
closed waking states
• Reduced anxiety levels• Lower resting blood pressure• Reduced insomnia• Improved self-esteem• Social openness
The End
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