cognitive processes ind igneous

8/9/2019 Cognitive Processes Ind Igneous

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Cognitive processes


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Morality and IP

The relations between moralityand IP examined from 4

viewpoints:1. At the content level : a rule

system that functions as anormative framework for

behavior

2. Moral perspective


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But.IP sees

1.Western non westernprinciples of morality

2.Morality in NW is duty basedrather than rights based

3. Japanese giri-ninjo, Indiaethic of duty, confucian filialpiety (Miller, 1994 ; Shweder,1987 dan Hwang, 1998)


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Cont

o NW : equityis more important thatequality: principles of hormat andrukun (Setiono, 1994), confucian

ren (Ma, 1988), Indian principle ofvarna (Khrishnan, 1997)

o Moral emerged from religion and

ethics philosophy (Ho,Si-Qing Pei, Lai& Chan, 2001; Saraswathi et.al,2002;Vasudev, 1984)


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Continued

IP : action theory of moraldevelopment used actions

elements as criterion of structure( goal taking instead of roletaking) and resulted in stagesthat entail increases in the kind

and number of action elementsconsidered in a moral decision


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The Tao of Chinese Thought

Karena, penjelasan mengenaiperbedaan barat dan timur dalamkonstruk teoritis umumnya

dihasilkan dalam dandipergunakan dunia keilmuanbarat, maka :

How would Chinese think abouttheir own ways of thinking? (thepursuit of emic approach)


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A chinese thought without Taoismis like a tree without roots

Umumnya ilmuwan barat lebih melihatpengaruh confucianism terhadap

kehidupan sosial masy China, tetapiTaoism sesungguhnya berperansangat penting secara private, yaitudalam kehidupan mental, cara

berfikir dan kepercayaan individual.(practice the Tao, understand theTao, master the Tao)


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The essence of Taoism

Tao = jalan, path ; Lao Zi (570-490 BC) Tao likeswater, it flows naturally, without

interference, in its weak,unnoticed actions, water is ableto overcome the strong

Liu, 1990 : rules, patternsand laws of nature, epistemologicallydriven means of understanding


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Non duality ; matter is spirit andspirit is matter

Two poles ; Yin and Yang (Yin = neg,passive, fem ; Yang = pos, active,masculine)

A full circle of perpetual change ; allthings in the universe are seen asconstantly changing in orderly cycles

Essential points of Taoism


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Continued

Three measures ; ching (essence), chi(vitality), shen (spirit)

Five elements (wu hsing) ; metal,wood, water, fire and earth, interactstogether in the universe

Non action (wu wei) ; acts effortlessly,

like a tree that bends towards the sun,people reach wu wei if they are freefrom greed, anxiety and other troubles


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What are the collectiverepresentations of Taoism

Principle of change (bian yi lu)

Reality is a process

Reality is dynamic and flexible,concepts that reflect reality are alsoactive. Changeable, subjective

Zhuang-zi (370-301 BC) the Tao hasnever known boundaries of concepts,words have no constancy


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Continued

Principle of contradiction (ma dun lu)

Reality of life is not precise and cut-and-dried, but rather complex and fullof contradiction

Yi-ling/I-Ching (bookofchanges), thedifferentiation and separation of things

is but an expression of the interactionbetween opposites (Yin and Yang), themotivating energy for both parts


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Continued

Principle of relationship or holism(zheng he lu)

Everything is relational andconnected

The ideal state of human thinking isthe unity of heaven and humanity

(tian ren he yi)Anything taken into isolation is out ofcontext and hence distorted


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Northrop, 1946 ; Nakamura, 1960 ;reflected the view that chinese way of

thinking is concrete and pragmaticTwenty statements test(TST)

Chinese and European-American

participantsChinese listed 3 times as manydynamic self-statement than didEuropean-Americans

Chinese listed a greater proportion ofcontradictory self-statements


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However.

Chinese nave dialecticism is differentfrom types of western dialecticalthought. Chinese way of thinking

does not regard contradiction asillogical and tends to accept theharmonious unity of opposites.Chinese tend to view people whodont believe the coexistence ofopposites as short sighted andnarrow minded.


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Indian perspectives on cognition

The IP of India is deeply rooted in thephilosophical and religious thoughtsof the ancient sages. There is 2

resources that many scholars seemto accept :

1. Vedas

2. Upanishads ; the philosophicaltreatise towards the later phasewhen Vedic texts were composed


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Cognition

Jnana ; knowledge (scientific,collective and personal)

A distinction made between theorgans of knowledge and the organsof actions

In Indian view, the jnana involvesatman (individual self) and jiva (theembodied person)


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Consciousness

1. First stage of cognition

2. Rao (2001) ; all mental phenomena or thesource of ones subjective experience

3. The theory ofyoga proposes 2 principlesthat govern ones being :

Purusha or pure consciousness

Prakitri or matter

4. In yoga the functional mind of an individualcalled chitta, it comprises cognitiveprocesses and past experiences

cognitive processes ind igneous

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