cognitive psychology framework

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Cognitive Psychology Framework Structure of Memory The Atkinson and Shiffrin Model (1968) Memory is understood as a series of structures: Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory See p. 73

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Cognitive Psychology Framework. Structure of Memory The Atkinson and Shiffrin Model (1968) Memory is understood as a series of structures: Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory See p. 73. Cognitive Psychology Framework. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Cognitive Psychology Framework

Structure of MemoryThe Atkinson and Shiffrin Model (1968)

Memory is understood as a series of structures:

Sensory memoryShort-term memoryLong-term memory

See p. 73

Page 2: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Cognitive Psychology Framework

We use selective attention to focus only on a limited aspect of all that we experience. We are bombarded, according to Wilson

(2002) by 11,000,000 bits of information per second. Of that number we consciously process 40 items. ▪ Cocktail party effect: you are having a conversation

at a party, then you hear your name on the other side of the room and your attention shifts

Page 3: Cognitive Psychology Framework

ActivityRead the following list of words

BrewHall Help

SummerCackleBoxingSchoolPeopleWheel

Atrophy

LimitsSensesHistoryPictureExamsEffectPizza

TelephoneBook

Approach

Page 4: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Write down all the words you remember.

Primacy Effect Words near the start of the list have

made it into long term memory Recency Effect

Words near the end of the list are still in short term memory

Page 5: Cognitive Psychology Framework

ActivityRead the following list of words

BrewHall Help

SummerCackleBoxingSchoolPeopleWheel

atrophy

LimitsSensesHistoryPictureExamsEffectPizza

TelephoneBook

Approach

Page 6: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Principle of Cognitive LoA

So what principle did the last activity demonstrate?

Mental Processes guide behaviour.

Page 7: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Schema Theory & Memory Processes Memory processes

Encoding Storage Retrieval

During which stage(s) can schema processing affect memory?

Page 8: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Anderson & Pichert (1978) GROUP ACTIVITY In small groups (3-4), read the study

on P. 72

Does schema processing influence both encoding & retrieval?

Page 9: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Principle of Cognitive LoA

So what principle did the last activity demonstrate?

The mind can be studied scientifically

Page 10: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Ideas About Memory

Working Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

Page 11: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968)Multi-Store Model of Memory Suggested in 1960s when the

cognitive revolution began Inspired by computer science

(humans = information processors) Two premises:

1. Memory consists of separate stores 2. Memory processes are sequential

Page 12: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968)Multi-Store Model of Memory

Page 13: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Memory

Take out a piece of paper and pen or pencil.

Follow the directions.Memory Test

Page 14: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Principle of Cognitive LoA

So what principle did the last activity demonstrate?

Cognitive processes are influenced by social & cultural factors

Page 15: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Memory Processes Encoding

Refers to the laying down of a memory trace in LTM (See page 72 “Research in Psychology”)▪ To improve encoding we rely on:▪ Elaboration▪ Organizing▪ Integrating

Elaboration▪ Involves adding meaning to the info so it becomes

integrated with what you already know or it becomes personally relevant

▪ Example, my name is Mr. Weisse and I love soccer.▪ Why is this a good example of elaboration?

Page 16: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Memory Processes Method of Loci▪ Loci: means “places” in Latin, plural of locus▪ Mnemonic strategy that uses visual cues to remember

unconnected info▪ You will remember better if the item is attached to some

other characteristic Example: Mole from “Austin Powers”

Organization Grouping or chunking info can help us

remember ▪ Acronyms are a great example▪ NATO, APA, RWRCPHS

▪ Grouping similar items together is known as “clustering”▪ Example: list of 40 words made up of animals, jobs, and

fruit, you would notice the similar items and organize them. When asked to remember them you would most likely cluster.

Page 17: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Memory Processes Conceptual hierarchy▪ Good example are animal classifications in

biologySchemas

Organized clusters of knowledge about people, objects, and events, often based on our previous experiences

Stored in LTM We expect new info to fit in with our

schemas Write down who/what you would expect

to see and/or do at a bar▪ Now what if you saw a 5 year old by him/her

self at the bar, that does not fit in our schemata of a bar

Page 18: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Memory Processes

Semantic Network A structure or framework made up of individual

words or concepts that are linked to other similar words or concepts by pathways▪ Pathways are short for very similar concepts, and

longer for those less associated Contextual effects

Where learning takes place may also play a role in recall▪ Internal and external cues can lead to recall.

Therefore, learning in the place you are to take a test might help.

▪ This is known as the encoding specificity principle

Page 19: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Information Processing The following are included in info

processing: Perception Memory Language Reasoning Problem solving

An information processing model of human cognition suggests that a stimulus produces a sensation that is then

perceived and processed for meaning.

Page 20: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Information ProcessingThe processing occurs as a part of what we

know in our long term memory and short term expectations. Both of which are

analyzed in working memory to determine what response should be used.

Page 21: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Information Processing Influential tools cognitive psychologists

have used to understand how info is processed. Reaction Times▪ Speed at which info is processed

Working memory▪ Amount of info that can be processed

Emotional intelligence▪ The interaction between information processing and

how we and others feel.

Page 22: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Reaction Time The faster a task is done, the more

cognitively able that person is thought to be This has been associated with intelligence

and memory performance Reaction time is a measure of speed of

response. Why do you suppose reaction time is so

closely related to cognitive abilities?

Page 23: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Working Memory Everyday activities require the ability to

hold information temporarily in mind while we perform the mental task.

Working memory has limits. We can not work on to much at once or we will botch it all up. Think about driving while talking on a mobile phone, eating, looking for a CD or cassette tape.

Example from Mr. Weisse. “Telephone pole”

Page 24: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Emotional Intelligence Cognitive theories of emotion emphasize

how we interpret events as well as how our bodies react to events in their explanations of emotions. Easily recognizable physiological responses

can be seen with fear and rage Question for you to ponder: Do we have

any say in our choice of emotions we experience? Please explain.

Page 25: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Emotional Intelligence

We can exhibit a bit of control. This is called emotional regulation. Emotional regulation can be found in three

areas▪ Emotions lead to behavioural responses that are

not useful▪ When emotions arise from a mistaken or

misunderstanding of the situation▪ When emotions lead to behavioural responses that

are in conflict with other goals we have

Page 26: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Working Memory Model Baddeley and Hitch (1974, 1990)

Can be understood as a model with three parts▪ Short term store for verbal info▪ Short term store for visual info▪ “central executive”

The verbal and visual stores hold verbal and visual info while the central executive manipulates that info

See the model on page 73

Page 27: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Long Term Memory (LTM)(Page 77)

Explicit Memory Involves intentional or conscious recollection of

previous experiences Declarative Memory

Is thought to handle explicit memory and store factual information. It can be subdivided into two parts▪ Episodic memory system: made up of personal facts about

your life, a mental diary▪ Semantic Memory system: contains general facts, a mental

encyclopedia

Page 28: Cognitive Psychology Framework

Long Term Memory (LTM)

Implicit memory Involves unintentional or unconscious remembering

and is thought to handle:▪ Procedural memories▪ Classically conditioned responses

Procedural memory system Stores memory for skills, actions, or habits