cognitive psychology framework
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Cognitive Psychology Framework. Structure of Memory The Atkinson and Shiffrin Model (1968) Memory is understood as a series of structures: Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory See p. 73. Cognitive Psychology Framework. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cognitive Psychology Framework
Structure of MemoryThe Atkinson and Shiffrin Model (1968)
Memory is understood as a series of structures:
Sensory memoryShort-term memoryLong-term memory
See p. 73
Cognitive Psychology Framework
We use selective attention to focus only on a limited aspect of all that we experience. We are bombarded, according to Wilson
(2002) by 11,000,000 bits of information per second. Of that number we consciously process 40 items. ▪ Cocktail party effect: you are having a conversation
at a party, then you hear your name on the other side of the room and your attention shifts
ActivityRead the following list of words
BrewHall Help
SummerCackleBoxingSchoolPeopleWheel
Atrophy
LimitsSensesHistoryPictureExamsEffectPizza
TelephoneBook
Approach
Write down all the words you remember.
Primacy Effect Words near the start of the list have
made it into long term memory Recency Effect
Words near the end of the list are still in short term memory
ActivityRead the following list of words
BrewHall Help
SummerCackleBoxingSchoolPeopleWheel
atrophy
LimitsSensesHistoryPictureExamsEffectPizza
TelephoneBook
Approach
Principle of Cognitive LoA
So what principle did the last activity demonstrate?
Mental Processes guide behaviour.
Schema Theory & Memory Processes Memory processes
Encoding Storage Retrieval
During which stage(s) can schema processing affect memory?
Anderson & Pichert (1978) GROUP ACTIVITY In small groups (3-4), read the study
on P. 72
Does schema processing influence both encoding & retrieval?
Principle of Cognitive LoA
So what principle did the last activity demonstrate?
The mind can be studied scientifically
Ideas About Memory
Working Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968)Multi-Store Model of Memory Suggested in 1960s when the
cognitive revolution began Inspired by computer science
(humans = information processors) Two premises:
1. Memory consists of separate stores 2. Memory processes are sequential
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968)Multi-Store Model of Memory
Memory
Take out a piece of paper and pen or pencil.
Follow the directions.Memory Test
Principle of Cognitive LoA
So what principle did the last activity demonstrate?
Cognitive processes are influenced by social & cultural factors
Memory Processes Encoding
Refers to the laying down of a memory trace in LTM (See page 72 “Research in Psychology”)▪ To improve encoding we rely on:▪ Elaboration▪ Organizing▪ Integrating
Elaboration▪ Involves adding meaning to the info so it becomes
integrated with what you already know or it becomes personally relevant
▪ Example, my name is Mr. Weisse and I love soccer.▪ Why is this a good example of elaboration?
Memory Processes Method of Loci▪ Loci: means “places” in Latin, plural of locus▪ Mnemonic strategy that uses visual cues to remember
unconnected info▪ You will remember better if the item is attached to some
other characteristic Example: Mole from “Austin Powers”
Organization Grouping or chunking info can help us
remember ▪ Acronyms are a great example▪ NATO, APA, RWRCPHS
▪ Grouping similar items together is known as “clustering”▪ Example: list of 40 words made up of animals, jobs, and
fruit, you would notice the similar items and organize them. When asked to remember them you would most likely cluster.
Memory Processes Conceptual hierarchy▪ Good example are animal classifications in
biologySchemas
Organized clusters of knowledge about people, objects, and events, often based on our previous experiences
Stored in LTM We expect new info to fit in with our
schemas Write down who/what you would expect
to see and/or do at a bar▪ Now what if you saw a 5 year old by him/her
self at the bar, that does not fit in our schemata of a bar
Memory Processes
Semantic Network A structure or framework made up of individual
words or concepts that are linked to other similar words or concepts by pathways▪ Pathways are short for very similar concepts, and
longer for those less associated Contextual effects
Where learning takes place may also play a role in recall▪ Internal and external cues can lead to recall.
Therefore, learning in the place you are to take a test might help.
▪ This is known as the encoding specificity principle
Information Processing The following are included in info
processing: Perception Memory Language Reasoning Problem solving
An information processing model of human cognition suggests that a stimulus produces a sensation that is then
perceived and processed for meaning.
Information ProcessingThe processing occurs as a part of what we
know in our long term memory and short term expectations. Both of which are
analyzed in working memory to determine what response should be used.
Information Processing Influential tools cognitive psychologists
have used to understand how info is processed. Reaction Times▪ Speed at which info is processed
Working memory▪ Amount of info that can be processed
Emotional intelligence▪ The interaction between information processing and
how we and others feel.
Reaction Time The faster a task is done, the more
cognitively able that person is thought to be This has been associated with intelligence
and memory performance Reaction time is a measure of speed of
response. Why do you suppose reaction time is so
closely related to cognitive abilities?
Working Memory Everyday activities require the ability to
hold information temporarily in mind while we perform the mental task.
Working memory has limits. We can not work on to much at once or we will botch it all up. Think about driving while talking on a mobile phone, eating, looking for a CD or cassette tape.
Example from Mr. Weisse. “Telephone pole”
Emotional Intelligence Cognitive theories of emotion emphasize
how we interpret events as well as how our bodies react to events in their explanations of emotions. Easily recognizable physiological responses
can be seen with fear and rage Question for you to ponder: Do we have
any say in our choice of emotions we experience? Please explain.
Emotional Intelligence
We can exhibit a bit of control. This is called emotional regulation. Emotional regulation can be found in three
areas▪ Emotions lead to behavioural responses that are
not useful▪ When emotions arise from a mistaken or
misunderstanding of the situation▪ When emotions lead to behavioural responses that
are in conflict with other goals we have
Working Memory Model Baddeley and Hitch (1974, 1990)
Can be understood as a model with three parts▪ Short term store for verbal info▪ Short term store for visual info▪ “central executive”
The verbal and visual stores hold verbal and visual info while the central executive manipulates that info
See the model on page 73
Long Term Memory (LTM)(Page 77)
Explicit Memory Involves intentional or conscious recollection of
previous experiences Declarative Memory
Is thought to handle explicit memory and store factual information. It can be subdivided into two parts▪ Episodic memory system: made up of personal facts about
your life, a mental diary▪ Semantic Memory system: contains general facts, a mental
encyclopedia
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Implicit memory Involves unintentional or unconscious remembering
and is thought to handle:▪ Procedural memories▪ Classically conditioned responses
Procedural memory system Stores memory for skills, actions, or habits