cognitive science 17 sleep julia hamstra 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 dali three images
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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17
Sleep
Julia Hamstra
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DALI Three images
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What is sleep?
“Natural periodic state of rest for the mind and body, in which the eyes usually close, and consciousness is completely or partly lost, so that there is a decrease in bodily movement or external stimuli.”
Not the absence of waking Not due to lack of sensory input An active process
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Sleep Research in the beginning
Nathaniel Kleitman monitor the sleep neurally, physiologically and behaviorally Discovers REM sleep in the 1950’s He lived to 104 years.
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Single Cycle of Sleep
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Single Cycle of Sleep
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Characteristics of N-REM and REM
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Stages of SleepI
IV
II
REM
Eye movement
EEG
Muscle movementRespiration
Heart Rate
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Hours of sleep
Min
ute
s o
f S
tag
e 4
and
RE
M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
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Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
Nightly Distribution of Sleep Stages
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Sleeping Patterns through Childhood
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Sleep changes over the lifespan
Continuous REM in gestation
Sleep quality changes with age: Amount of time in slow wave and REM sleep decreases with age
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Virtually all animals sleep Birds have short NREM and REM (9 seconds)
waterfowl can sleep while swimming
transoceanic migrators can sleep while flying Reptiles have no REM
homeothermy? (but echidna *have no REM either)
Smaller body size, more sleep regulation of body temp?
Longer life, less sleep
* Spiny anteater—egg laying mammal
Comparative Sleep Patterns
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Half-sleep marine animals
Either right or left side of the brain is in a sleep state
Evidenced by EEG
“Half-asleep” for 8 hours a day
Therefore, never fully unconscious/unaware
Advantageous to prevent predation and drifting away
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Theories of Sleep I
Sleep is adaptive (Circadian Theory)
sleep forces us to be quiet at certain times of the day this allows us to share ecological niches with other
species allows us to conserve energy (species with high
metabolic demands sleep more, though metabolism is high during REM) allows us to avoid predators (rough correlation
between predatory status and sleep properties, though many animals are predator AND prey thermoregulation (sleep may help keep us cool -
alternating REM and SWS may prevent overcooling)
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Sleep is restorative (Recuperation Theory)
sleep helps us to get back something we lose during waking
growth hormone is only secreted during sleep (though not in kids under 4, not in adults over 60
and not in all animals) correlational studies not THAT convincing
small increase in slow wave sleep after ultramarathon no decreases in sleep in quadraplegics
Theories of Sleep II
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Theories of Sleep III
Sleep promotes learning
there is NO good evidence that we can learn while asleep
sleep deprivation can have small effects on ability to learn, but impossible to disentangle other effects
of deprivation some studies show a slight increase in REM after
difficult cognitive tasks some people sleep little or not at all and show no
obvious deficits in ability to learn
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No single theory of sleep function is completely satisfactory
Perhaps sleep is multifactorial -- originally served to keep us quiet and still but now other functions (those that work best when we’re quiet and still?) piggy back onto the sleep state.
Theories of Sleep--Inconclusive
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Neural Mechanisms of Sleep
Evidence from animal lesion studies
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Reticular activating system Lesioning the system leads to sleep. Stimulating the system while the subject (usually a cat) is sleeping will
awaken them. Raphe nuclei lesions lead to insomnia
Normally promotes sleep The caudal reticular formation has many areas associated with
different aspects of REM sleep
The control of sleeping and waking is distributed in multiple areas of the brainstem to control the entire nervous system A balance and interaction between alert systems and rest systems
Neural Mechanisms of Sleep--Where
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Reticular Activating System diffuse collection of neurons in brainstem integrates sensory input and regulates arousal destruction results in somnolence
Raphe Nuclei Serotonin source destruction results in insomnia REM permanently inhibited
Locus coereleus dense nucleus of cells in brainstem NE source promotes wakefulness
Neural Mechanisms of Sleep--Where
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Pathways for Sleep related areas
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SWS
REM
Specialized centers for sleep stages
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Narcoleptic Dogs
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Narcolepsy
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Abnormal REM sleep Sleep paralysis
Hypnagogic hallucinations Cateplexy: sudden and transient paralysis triggered by high
emotional arousal e.g hysteric laughing
Hypothesis: Cholinergic hyperactivity and monaminergic hypoactivity in the pons
Single autosomal recessive genetic disorder (in canines) Hypocretin…
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Narcolepsy—Neurochemical Basis
Narcolepsy has been studied since 1880 Hyocretin protein and receptor was discovered in 1998 and
shown to be from the hypothalamus Hypocretin was attributed to narcolepsy in 1999 in canines, in
2000 for humans Greatly reduced levels of hypocretin peptides in CSF No or barely detectable hypocretin-containing neurons in their
hypothalamus
Mouse knockout for hypocretin made in 1999 and is an effective model for narcolepsy
Modafinal drug treatment
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What does hypocretin do and how? Increases wakefulness Suppresses REM sleep
Targets: Dorsal raphe Locus ceoruleus Pons Reticular formation Basal forbrain
2 receptor types Can have various effects Metabotrophic
Narcolepsy—Neurochemical Basis
SWS
REM
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For Wednesday …
Circadian Rhythms Sleep Deprivation Dreams