Çok partİlİ hayat baŞliyor 1946 sonrasi

ÇOK PARTİLİ HAYAT BAŞLIYOR1946 SONRASI...

İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Uuslararası

Ortam

Truman Doktrini

ve Marshall Planı

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Sömürgecilik kılıf değiştiriyor...Hoşgeldin yeni-sömrgecilik

ABD ve kimi söürgeci ülkeler “siyasal bağımsızlık” tezine sahip çıkmaya başladılar; 1944’de De Gaulle, sömürgeerin yakın gelecekte bağımsızlıklarını elde edeceklerini belirten bir söylev verdi

Lübnan (1941-43) Suriye (1941-45) Libya (1945) Endonezya(1945-54) Hindistan (1945) Pakistan (1955) Gana (1957)Seylan (1956, sonra Sri Lanka) Tunus ve Fas (1954-56) Cezayir (1962) Beçika Kongo’su (1960 daha sonra Zaire) ve tam bağımsızlığın hiç bir zaman verilemeyeceği ancak alınabileceğinin kanıtı olan Vietnam (1945’e rağmen 1975)

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IMF,Dünya Bankası ve kuruluyor...

1948-1952 yılları arasında, Marshall Planı çerçevesinde OECD üyesi 16 ülkeye % 90’ı bağış olmak üzere toplam 12.8 milyar $ tutarında kaynak aktarılmıştır. Koşulları:

1. Kaynakların donanım malları yatırımarında kullanıması

2. Dış ticarette serbestleşmeye gidilmesi

3. Dış ödemeler bilançosunda dengenin sağlanması

4. Denk bütçe ilkesine uyulması

5. ABD’nin hammadde kaynaklarına serbestçe ulaşabilmesinin önünün açılması

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ABD’nin sağladığı mali kaynaklardan yararlanan ülkeler ihtiyaç duydukları sınai ürünlerin % 60’ını ve tarımsal ürünlerin de % 78’ini ABD’den ithal etmişlerdir.

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Sosyal Haklar konusundaki gelişmeler…

- 1945’de Çalışma Bakanlığı kuruluyor- 1945 İş Kazalarıyla Meslek Hastalıkları ve Analık

Sigortası Hakkında Kanun yürürlüğe giriyor- 1946 İşçi Sigortaları Kurumu kuruluyor- 1949 Emekli Sandığı yeniden düzenleniyor;

farklı devlet kurumlarında çalışan memurlar tek çatı altında toplanıyor

Ancak…..

Bu yasalar ve düzenlemeler Türkiye’deki 14,5 milyon aktif işgücünün sadece 500 bin kadarını kapsıyordu

Türkiye’deki ilk devaüasyon

Eylül 1946 : 1 $ = 1.28’den 1’ $ = 1.80’e çıktı

Devalüasyon gerekli miydi?

http://www.kibrisgenctv.com/haber/k18/994/Dolar-Kuru-Alti-Ay-Geriye-Geriye-Gitti.html

1950 ‘ ler Amerikan Rüyası Başlıyor...

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Bugünkü ekonomik hayatın temel belirleyicisi

1950’lerdeki iktisadi dönüşümdürİktidarın ilk uygulamaları, savaş döneminin ekonomi politikasını tasviye etmek oldu..

Cumhuriyet tarihindeki ilk iktidar değişikliği: 14 Mayıs 1950

Tarımın Önlenemez Yükselişi....

- Traktör Ateşi- İlaçlama- Tarım destekleri- Toprak dağıtımı- Ekili tarım alanları- Popülist politikaların devamı- Kore savaşı

http://www.korea-fans.com/forum/index.php

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Traktör Sayıları

1945 1 156

1949 9 170

1950 16 585

1952 31 415

1954 37 743

1956 43 727

1957 44 144

1959 41 896

1960 42 505

1963 43 747

1950-1960 Arası Tarım İşletmeleri

Toprak grubu (dönüm)

İşletme sayısı

Ekili topraktaki payı, %

Traktör sahipleri

Traktör payı,%

< 50 68,8 24,4 34 20

50-99 18,1 23,9 24 9

100-199 9,4 23,7 20 22

200-499 3,2 17,0 14 21

500 + 0,5 11,0 8 26

Toplam 100 100 100 ***

***Devlet çiftlikleri katılmadığı için son sutunun toplamı 100 etmemektedir

Sanayide Kamunun Etkisi

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Hizmetler Sektörü = Ulaşım Sektörü = Karayolları

Hizmetler sektöründeki gelişme aynı zamanda dönemin bir aynasıdırKarayolları 1950’de 1700 km.den 1955’de 3500 km.ye 1965’de ise 10 750 km.ye

yükseldi. Demiryollarında sadece 224 km. ilave yapılırken, deniz ticaret filosu % 70 arttı

1945

1950 1955

1960

Tarım 45,8 41,7 39,0 37,9

Sanayi 15,2 14,6 16,0 17,2

Hizmetler 39,0 43,7 45,0 44,9

İnşaat 8,2 8,7 2,4 10,8

Ticaret 17,4 16,2 17,4 20,4

Haberleşme-ulaştırma 11,7 11,4 13,3 15,6

Mali hizmetler. 3,9 3,0 4,7 5,3

Konut gelirleri 27,8 23,8 17,6 13,1

Devlet hizmetleri 17,9 19,8 18,0 16,8

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DEVALÜASYONLAR…

Tartışmalı ilk devalüasyonun ardından…- Hızla artan ithalat ve..

- Sürekli açık veren bir dış ticaret…- Artan yabancı sermaye ve dış yardımlarla birlikte

“alınan” yeni tüketim biçimi

- Üretim giderek ithal girdi mallarına dayanmaya başladı

( 1948 yılında ithalatın % 28’i makine ve araçlar, yüzde 36’sı hammaddeler ve % 25’i tüketim mallarıdır)

Bu oran 1960’ların başlarında tüketim malları için % 5, hammadde ve makine-teçhizat için yüzde 40-45’lere

yükseldi

http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.on5yirmi5.com/files/image//2009/12/30/30492.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sensizliksokagi.biz/diger-genel-kultur-konulari/254523-turkiyede-ilkler.html&usg=__OE1Zj9S0xXXI8bSjWpLRouaUWfQ=&h=377&w=550&sz=170&hl=tr&start=18&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=zZnXHE4aSlEfzM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3DDEVAL%25C3%259CASYON%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dtr%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enTR264TR266%26tbs%3Disch:1

1956 ve 1958 Devalüasyonları

19561 $ = 2,80 TL’den 1 $ = 5,25-5,5 TL’ye çıktı

1958 : IMF ile ilk yakın tanışmaDolar başına 6,22 TL vergi uygulaması sonucu1 $ = 2,80 + 6,22 = 9,02 TL

KENTLEŞME Mİ?GECEKONDULAŞMA MI?

1950’lerin Plan Kavgaları*1954 Bayar’ın Washington

ziyaretinde yaşanan ‘Türkiye’nin itibari’ ile ilgili yaşanan tatsızlık…

*1957’de ‘plansız-programsız’ gidiliyor eleştirisine Menderes’in

verdiği cevap: “Her yıl bütçe yapıyoruz ya…”

şeklinde*1950’lerin sonlarına doğru Alman

Profesör Baade’nin hazırladığı raporda iki konu üzerinde

duruluyordu: Turizm ve Erozyon

1950’lerin Plan Kavgaları…

* 1959’da Koordinasyon Bakanlığı kuruluyor

* Tinbergen’in üç aşamalı plan hazırlığı: - kalkınma hızının saptanması- İç ve dış tasarruf gereksinimi- sermaye/hasıla oranının saptanması

Çok partİlİ hayat baŞliyor 1946 sonrasi

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