Cold War - 1945-1989Cold War - 1945-1989“neither war nor peace”“neither war nor peace”

Definition of the Cold War

“A worldwide struggle for power between the United States and the Soviet Union . . . [which led to the creation of a bipolar world.]. . . It never resulted in direct military conflict between the two superpowers, but it did lead to competition on all fronts: ideological, diplomatic, economic, military. . . [and cultural.] Each nation felt besieged by the other.”

The West and the World Since 1945

WWII Casualties

Total casualties – 60 millionSoviet Union – 20 m. (1/3 soldiers)China – 15 m.Japan – 2 m.Germany – 4 m.Poles – 6 m.Great Britain – 400,000U.S. – 300,000 European Refugee Population – 15+ m.

30 MILLION EUROPEANS DEAD- - 16- 30 MILLION RUSSIANS

- 4.5 MILLION GERMANS- 600,000 FRENCH

-400,000 RUMANIANS,ITALIANS, ENGLISH

-POLAND- 15%OF POPULATION, MOSTLY JEWS

-15 MILLION CIVILIANS

JEWISH POPULATION-FROM 9.2M TO 3.8 M, WITH ONLY 1 M LIVING WEST OF RUSSIA

16 M REFUGEES, 11 M GERMANS DRIVEN FROM E. EUROPE FROM 1945-46.

WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE HUMAN COSTS

WWII IN EUROPEPROPERTY DAMAGE

USSR-1700 CITIES, 70,000 VILLAGES -70% OF INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY -60% OF TRANSPORTATION

GERMANY-75% HOUSES-90% INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY

EUROPEAN ALLIED DEBT TO US-$13 B-GREAT BRITAIN-$13.5B-FRANCE-CURRENCY RUINED BY GER. OCCUPATION-USSR-$9 B-GERMANY-DEBT 10X THAT OF 1939, CURRENCY INFLATION 7X

CONTRAST WITH UNITED STATES AFTER WWII-300,000 CASUALTIES-FROM 1939-1946-GNP ROSE FROM $91-166B-MERCHANT MARINE LARGER THAN ALL EUROPEAN NATIONS COMBINED

World War II - Major World War II - Major ConsequencesConsequences

1.1. End of the European AgeEnd of the European Age2.2. Rise of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Rise of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

to to Superpower Superpower StatusStatus3.3. Emergence of the Cold WarEmergence of the Cold War4.4. The Nuclear AgeThe Nuclear Age5.5. Rise of Nationalism and Rise of Nationalism and

Independence MovementsIndependence Movements6.6. Rise of Social Movements - Rise of Social Movements -

Women, Youth, Women, Youth, Human Rights, Ethnic, Human Rights, Ethnic, Religious, and Cultural Religious, and Cultural MinoritiesMinorities

7.7. Internationalism - United Internationalism - United Nations, IMF, Nations, IMF, World World BankBank

COLD WAR I – 1945-1963COLD WAR I – 1945-1963

Why?Why? (See RGH #79, p. 335) (See RGH #79, p. 335)““deep seated animosities”deep seated animosities”

What?What? Most dangerous time of the Most dangerous time of the Cold War – Cold War – NO RULESNO RULES

Policy of containment – counter the influence of the other in every way while expanding your influence and power.

Aim?

“to be second to none”

Iron Curtain

Europe

“An iron curtain has descended upon Europe”

• Allies - Free World (Western Europe) vs. Iron Curtain (Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe)• Foreign Aid - Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine vs. Soviet aid• Military Alliances – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact, Arms Race• Trade Pacts – Common Market (Free world) vs. Comecon • Culture Wars – domestic containment, Kitchen Table Debates – a race for “hearts and minds”• Science/Technology – “race to the moon,” arms race, creation of the military-industrial complex.

COLD WAR I – 1945-1963

Hot SpotsHot Spots EuropeEurope

Germany is Germany is divided, Berlin divided, Berlin Airlift, 1948,Airlift, 1948,

Berlin Wall, 1960.Berlin Wall, 1960.

Hungarian Hungarian Uprising, 1956Uprising, 1956 AsiaAsia

China “goes China “goes Communist” 1949Communist” 1949

Japan, Taiwan our Japan, Taiwan our alliesallies

Korean War – Korean War – 1950-19531950-1953

Vietnam “falling Vietnam “falling dominoes”dominoes”

Berlin Wall TodayBerlin Wall Today

Brandenburg Gate

Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962

““eyeball to eyeball to eyeball, they eyeball, they blinked first”blinked first”

http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/

Détente, CoexistenceDétente, Coexistence1963-19801963-1980

Rules of engagement Rules of engagement developeddeveloped

Disarmament, Arms Disarmament, Arms Control TreatiesControl TreatiesNuclear Test Ban, ABM, Nuclear Test Ban, ABM, START TreatiesSTART Treaties

MAD - DeterrenceMAD - Deterrence Summit Meetings, Summit Meetings,

“hotline”“hotline” Cultural Exchanges of Cultural Exchanges of

scientists, artistsscientists, artists TradeTrade Human Rights – Helsinki Human Rights – Helsinki

Conference, 1977 Conference, 1977

Cold War II – 1980-1989Cold War II – 1980-1989 Cold War heats upCold War heats up

1979 – 1980 1979 – 1980

Two key events:Two key events:

Soviet Invasion of Soviet Invasion of AfghanistanAfghanistan

Election of Ronald ReaganElection of Ronald Reagan

Cold War IICold War II1980-19891980-1989

Reagan’s USSR – “Evil Empire”Reagan’s USSR – “Evil Empire” Return to an arms raceReturn to an arms race Soviet “quagmire” in Soviet “quagmire” in

Afghanistan—very unpopular Afghanistan—very unpopular at home.at home.

Soviet sponsorship of Soviet sponsorship of revolutions in Latin America revolutions in Latin America (Nicaragua) (Nicaragua)

US covert operations in Latin US covert operations in Latin America and AfghanistanAmerica and Afghanistan

THE RUSSIANS, STING THE RUSSIANS, STING WE SHARE THE SAME BIOLOGY,WE SHARE THE SAME BIOLOGY,REGARDLESS OF IDEOLOGY.REGARDLESS OF IDEOLOGY.BELIEVE ME WHEN I SAY TO YOU,BELIEVE ME WHEN I SAY TO YOU,I HOPE THE RUSSIANS LOVE THEIR I HOPE THE RUSSIANS LOVE THEIR

CHILDREN TOO.CHILDREN TOO.

THERE IS NO HISTORICAL PRECEDENT,THERE IS NO HISTORICAL PRECEDENT,TO PUT THE WORDS IN THE MOUTH OF TO PUT THE WORDS IN THE MOUTH OF

THE PRESIDENT.THE PRESIDENT.THERE’S NO SUCH THING AS A THERE’S NO SUCH THING AS A

WINNABLE WAR,WINNABLE WAR,IT’S A LIE WE DON’T BELIEVE ANYMORE.IT’S A LIE WE DON’T BELIEVE ANYMORE.

MR. REAGAN SAYS WE WILL PROTECT MR. REAGAN SAYS WE WILL PROTECT YOU,YOU,

I DON’T SUBSCRIBE TO THIS POINT OF I DON’T SUBSCRIBE TO THIS POINT OF VIEW.VIEW.

BELIEVE ME WHEN I SAY TO YOU, BELIEVE ME WHEN I SAY TO YOU, I HOPE THE RUSSIANS LOVE THEIR I HOPE THE RUSSIANS LOVE THEIR

CHILDREN TOO.CHILDREN TOO.TICK, TOCK,TICK, TOCK, TICK, TOCKTICK, TOCK

IN EUROPE AND AMERICA,THERE’S A GROWING FEELING OF HYSTERIA.CONDITIONED TO RESPOND TO ALL THE THREATS,OF THE RHETORICAL SPECIES OF THE SOVIETS.MR. KRUSHCHEV SAID WE WILL BURY YOU,I DON’T SUBSCRIBE TO THIS POINT OF VIEW.IT WOULD BE SUCH AN IGNORANT THING TO DO,IF THE RUSSIANS LOVE THEIR CHILDREN TOO.

HOW CAN I SAVE MY LITTLE BOYFROM OPPENHEIMER’S DEADLY TOY.THERE IS NO A MONOPOLY OF COMMON SENSE,ON EITHER SIDE OF THE POLITICAL FENCE.

“Societies in the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. may have resembled one another in some ways--in their spying, in their pursuit of nuclear superiority, in their quest for cold way supremacy--but they also resembled each other in their basic humanity--a fact that may have prevented the ultimate tipping of the balance of terror.”

What ends the Cold WarWhat ends the Cold War“The Short Century” 1914-“The Short Century” 1914-

19891989 1980’s - Collapse of Communism1980’s - Collapse of Communism

1.1. Economic deteriorationEconomic deterioration2.2. Political Dissent - “people power,” Political Dissent - “people power,” the role of the role of Eastern EuropeEastern Europe3.3. Gorbachev-perestroika and glasnostGorbachev-perestroika and glasnost4.4. Environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation5.5. External factors - the role of Reagan; External factors - the role of Reagan; détente?détente?

1989 – Berlin Wall Falls1989 – Berlin Wall Falls

The end of the USSR-1991The end of the USSR-19911.1. The role of Boris YeltsinThe role of Boris Yeltsin2.2. Formation of the CIS (Commonwealth Formation of the CIS (Commonwealth of of Independent States)Independent States)