Mao Zedong had Mao Zedong had massive support massive support

from all walks of life from all walks of life in China.in China.

In 1954, the American President Eisenhower put forward the Domino Theory.

1. Changes in the US and USSR leadership

Domino Theory the fall of a non-Communist state to Communism would lead to the fall of other neighbouring non-Communist states to Communism

USSR's first atomic bomb...USSR exploded its first nuclear

weapon in Kazakhstan. Many considered the test the beginning of the nuclear arms race.

- aka "First Lightning" and "Joe-1“, it had roughly the equivalent in yield to the bomb USA had dropped on Nagasaki. The successful Soviet test came as a profound shock to the West.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0dUIq8gHgc

Stalin's death in 1953

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MHQk_VQWhw

10:39

In 1953, Stalin died and Khrushchev became the Soviet leader.

He believed in peaceful co-existence, but communism could win at last.

De-Stalinization!

- Denounced Stalin in his secret speech

- Denounced Stalin's cult of personality

- lessened censorship?

However...

One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich by Solzhenitsyn

Doctor Zhivago by Pasternak

Space Race continued...Sputnik (1957)

p.402

(a) Describe the events in Hungary in 1956. [5]

(b) Why was there hope that Hungarians could gain freedom from USSR in 1956? [7]

THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING

THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING

the Hungarian people rose up in revolt in 1956Led by Nagy, the liberal Communist leader of Hungary, the people demanded free elections and the end of Soviet domination

The Soviets responded to the Hungarian revolt with tanks

The Soviets’ response was swift and brutal – 1000s of Hungarians were killed (including Nagy) as the Soviets reasserted control

Implications of the Hungarian Uprising 1956?

Who won?

Who's being discredited?

What do we learn about Khrushchev?

Implications for other Soviet satellites?

"Let's Go Wash our Hands in the Canal...""

THE COLD WAR TAKES TO THE SKIES

The Space Race was initially dominated by the Soviets

On October 4, 1957, they launched Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite

Sputnik traveled around earth at 18,000 miles an hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes

1. Nuclear Race

Remember atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

The destruction was massive!!

The number of nuclear weapons of the two powers

The two countries had many nuclear tests during the Cold War…

Th

The American Nuclear TestAmerica conducted many tests during the

Cold War. One bomb was called the Castle Bravo:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fd1IFjBNNVo

The Soviet Nuclear Test

One of the Soviet bombs was called Tsar

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PbZnZy1qr8&feature=related

Effects of a test: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys2cEeY_qF4&feature=related

1956 - Khrushchev's 'secret speech'

He condemned the policies of Stalin.

He disagreed with Lenin’s idea of war and calls for

"peaceful coexistence"

Space War On October 4, the Soviet

Union launches Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth.

In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear.

In 1961, East Germany started to build the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from escaping to West Germany.

East Germans escaping to West Berlin

2. The building of the Berlin Wall (1961)

1961 - Berlin WallOn August 15,

communist authorities begin construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

building of the Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall divided Berlin into two parts.

West Berlin

East Berlin

(a) Describe how the Berlin Wall affected the people living in Berlin.

- a physical barrier that split Berlin into two. There was only one crossing point: Checkpoint Charlie

- West Berlin was cut off from East Berlin. Families were divided. Some people were put in communist held area and others in capitalist area.- It stopped the movement of people. 100+ East Berliners who tried to cross were shot.

- It took no account of roads and buildings.

Why was the Berlin Wall built?- The Soviets built it to maintain the east-

west split and control the people within its sphere and east European satellites.

- The west enjoyed a higher standard of living. Intellectuals and skilled people left East Germany for the West. This loss of citizens was humiliating for communism. The wall was to prevent refugees escaping to the west.

- Berlin was a focus of Cold War tensions with Khrushchev trying to force the west out of Berlin.

- The East German authorities said it was to keep spies from the west out of East Berlin.

Kennedy’s visit to Berlin in 1963

Kennedy opposed the building of the Berlin Wall and sent more US troops to help defend West Germany.

A cartoon about the worsening Soviet-American relations. The Berlin problem was a test of the nerves between two countries.

Rise & Fall of the Berlin Wall

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S169PQMwNmE

Intro → 9:00-

→ 19:19-23:20

→ 50:25:28

1968 - Prague Spring On January 5, reformer

Alexander Dubcek came to power as general secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, pledging reforms and democratization

The Prague Spring movement swept across the country.

Soviet and Warsaw Pact leaders sent 650,000 troops in August.

Dubcek arrested and hard-liners restored to power.

1975 - Cambodia

Communist Khmer Rouge took power in Cambodia, April 16 1975.

Cambodia's educated and urban population forced into the countryside as part of a state experiment in agrarian communism.

Under the regime of Pol Pot, as many as 3 million Cambodians died from 1975 to 1979.

1979 - Afghanistan

December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seized control of the government.

U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a costly war against the Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988.

Afghanistan—the Soviet “Vietnam”

1983 - Star Wars

March 23, Reagan outlined his Strategic Defense Initiative, or "Star Wars," a space-based defensive shield that would use lasers and other advanced technology to destroy attacking missiles far above the Earth's surface.

Soviets accuse the U.S of violating the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty.

Soviets forced to spend heavily to match the program causing near economic collapse.

Improved Sino-American relations!

Ping-pong diplomacy (1971)!